The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello of

That's French for "the ancient system," as in the ancient system of feudal privileges and the exercise of autocratic power over the peasants. The ancien regime never goes away, like vampires and dinosaur bones they are always hidden in the earth, exercising a mysterious influence. It is not paranoia to believe that the elites scheme against the common man. Inform yourself about their schemes here.

Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

Postby admin » Thu Mar 29, 2018 4:09 am

APPENDIX F.—Note of MSS. of Marco Polo so far as they are known.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF MSS.

Latin French Italian German Irish Total
GREAT BRITAIN
and IRELAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Cambridge 3 … … … …
Dublin 1 … … … …
Lismore Castle … … … … 1
Glasgow 2 … … … …
London 4 2 1 … …
Oxford 1 1 … … …
FRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Paris 4 7 1 … …
LUXEMBOURG . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BELGIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Brussels … 1 … … …
ITALY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Venice 4 … 2 … …
Ferrara … … 1 … …
Milan 1 … … … …
Modena 1 … … … …
Florence 1 … 8 … …
Lucca …. … 1 … …
Siena … … 1 … …
Rome 4 1 4 … …
SPAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Escurial 1 … … … …
Toledo 1 … 1 … …
SWITZERLAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bern … 1 1 … …
Vevey … 1 … … …
GERMANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Munich 4 … … 4 …
Wolfenbüttel 2 … … … …
Berlin 1 … … 1 …
Würzburg 1 … … … …
Giessen 1 … … … …
Jena 1 … … … …
Mentz 1 … … … …
AUSTRIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Prague 1 … … … …
Vienna … … … 1 …
SWEDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Stockholm … 2 … … …
____________________________________________________________________ 41 16 21 6 1 85 ____________________________________________________________________

I add Lists of the Miniatures in two of the finer MSS. as noted from examination.

LIST OF MINIATURES IN THE GREAT VOLUME OF THE FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY, COMMONLY KNOWN AS 'LE LIVRE DES MERVEILLES' (Fr. 2810) WHICH BELONG TO THE BOOK OF MARCO POLO.

1. Frontispiece. "Comment les deux frères se partirent de Constantinople pour cherchier du monde."

2. Conversation with the Ambassadors at Bokhara (fol. 2).

3. The Brothers before the G. Kaan (f. 2 v.).

4. The Kaan giving them Letters (f. 3).

5. " " " " a Golden Tablet (f. 3 v.).

6. The Second Departure from Venice (f. 4).

7. The Polos before Pope Gregory (f. 4 v.)

8. The two elder Polos before the Kaan presenting Book and Cross (f. 5).

9. The Polos demand congé (f. 6).

10. (Subject obscure) (f. 7).

11. Georgians, and Convent of St. Leonard (f. 8).

12. The Calif shut up in his Treasury (f. 9).

13. The Calif ordering Christians to move the Mountain (f. 10).

14. Miracle of the Mountain (God is seen pushing it) (f. 10 v.)

15. The three Kings en route (f. 11 v.).

16. " " " adoring the Fire (f. 12).

17. (Subject obscure—Travelling in Persia?) (f. 12 v.)

18. Cattle of Kerman (f. 13 v.).

19. Ship from India arriving at Hormus (f. 14 v.).

20. Travelling in a Wood, with Wild Beasts (f. 15 v.).

21. The Old Man's Paradise (f. 16 v.).

22. The Old Man administering the Potion (f. 17).

23. Hunting Porcupines in Badashan (f. 18).

24. Digging for Rubies in Badashan (f. 18).

25. Kashmir—the King maintaining Justice (i.e., seeing a Man's head cut off) (f. 19 v.).

26. Baptism of Chagatai (f. 20 v.).

27. People of Charchan in the Desert (f. 21 v.).

28. Idolaters of Tangut with Ram before Idol (f. 22 v.).

29. Funeral Festivities of Tangut (f. 23).

30. (Subject obscure) (f. 24).

31. Coronation of Chinghiz (f. 25 v.).

32. Chinghiz sends to Prester John (f. 26).

33. Death of Chinghiz (f. 27).

34. (Subject obscure) (f. 28).

35. Some of Pliny's Monsters (ápropos de bottes) (f. 29 v.).

36. A Man herding White Cattle (?) (f. 30 v.).

37. Kúblái hawking, with Cheeta en croupe (f. 31 v.).

38. Kaan on Elephant, in Battle with Nayan (f. 33).

39. Nayan with his wife surprised by the enemy (f. 34).

40. The Kaan's four Queens (f. 36).

41. The Kaan's Palace, with the Lake and Green Mount (f. 37).

42. The Kaan's Son's Palace (f. 38).

43. The Kaan's Banquet (f. 39).

44. " worship of Idols (f. 40).

45. The Kaan travelling in Horse-litter (f. 41).

46. " hunting (f. 42).

47. " in Elephant litter (f. 42 v.).

48. The White Feast (f. 44).

49. The Kaan gives Paper for Treasure (f. 45).

50. Couriers arrive before Kaan (f. 46 v.).

51. The Kaan transplants big Trees (f. 47 v.).

52. The Bridge Pulisangin (f. 49).

53. The Golden King as a Cow-herd (f. 50).

54. Trade on the Caramoran (f. 51).

55. The Girls of Tibet (f. 52 v.).

56. Fishing Pearls in Caindu (f. 54).

57. Dragons of Carajan (f. 55 v.).

58. Battle of Vochan (f. 58).

59. The Forests of Mien, Elephants in the Wood (f. 59).

60. " " and Unicorns, etc. (f. 59 v.).

61. Lion hunting in Coloman (f. 61).

62. Return from the Chase (f. 62 v.).

63. The Queen of Manzi surrenders (f. 64).

64. The City of Quinsai (f. 67).

65. The Receipt of Custom at Quinsai (f. 69).

66. Curiosities brought from India to Great Kaan (f. 71).

67. War with Chipangu (f. 72).

68. Scene at Sea (an Expedition to Chipangu?) (f. 73 v.).

69. Cannibals of Sumatra (f. 74 v.).

70. Cynocephali (rather Alopecocephali!) (f. 76 v.).

71. The folk of Ma'abar, without raiment (f. 78).

72. Idol worship of Indian girls (f. 80).

73. The Valley of Diamonds (f. 82).

74. Brahmin Merchants (f. 83).

75. Pepper gathering (f. 84).

76. Wild Beasts (f. 85).

77. City of Cambaia (f. 86 v.).

78. Male and Female Islands (f. 87).

79. Madagascar (f. 88).

80. Battle of the Abyssinian Kings (f. 89 v.)

81. City of the Ichthyophagi (f. 91).

82. Arab horses at Calatu (f. 92).

83. Wars of Caidu (f. 93 v.).

84. Prowess of Caidu's daughter (f. 95 v.).[1]

LIST OF MINIATURES IN THE BODLEIAN MS. OF MARCO POLO.[2]

1. Frontispiece (f. 218).

2. The Kaan giving the Golden Tablet.

3. Presentation of Pope's Letter.

4. Taking of Baudas.

5. The Bishop before the Calif.

6. The Three Kings at Bethlehem.

7. White Oxen of Kerman.

8. Paradise of the Old Man.

9. River of Balashan.

10. City of Campichu.

11. Battle with Prester John.

12. Tartars and their Idols.

13. The Kaan in his Park at Chandu.

14. Idol Worship.

15. Battle with Nayan.

16. Death of the Rebels.

17. Kaan rewarding his Officers.

18. " at Table.

19. " hunting.

20. The Kaan and his Barons.

21. The Kaan's alms.

22. City of Kenjanfu.

23. " " Sindinfu.

24. People of Carajan.

25. The Couvade.

26. Gold and Silver Towers of Mien.

27. Funeral Customs.

28. The Great River Kian?

29. The Attack of Saianfu (with a Cannon, a Mangonel, and a Crossbow).

30. City of Quinsay.

31. Palace of Facfur.

32. Port of Zayton.

33. Cynocephali.

34. "

35. Idolaters of Little Java.

36. Pearl Divers.

37. Shrine of St. Thomas.

38. The Six Kings, subject to Abyssinia.

Part of the Frontispiece is engraved in vol. i. of the present work; the whole of the Frontispiece representing the Piazzetta reduced has been poorly reproduced in Mrs. Oliphant's The Makers of Venice. London, 1887, p. 134.
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

Postby admin » Thu Mar 29, 2018 4:11 am

APPENDIX F.—List of MSS. of Marco Polo's Book so far as they are known.[3]

The MSS. marked thus '*' are spoken of after Personal Inspection by the Editor.

NO. LOCALITIES. INDICATIONS. LANGUAGE.
DESCRIPTION OF MSS.
AUTHORITIES.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

1
British Museum Library
Harleian MSS., No. 5115
Latin.
Pipino's Version; with the work of Hayton the Armenian; Parchment; written about A.D. 1400, in a careful hand.—152 ff.—folio.

2
British Museum Library
Arundel, XIII., Plut. 163 c.
Latin.
Pipino's; followed by Odoric in same hand, but more carelessly written.
Parchment. [4to; 51 fol.,14th century.—H. Cordier, Odoric de
Pordenone, p. lxix.]

3
British Museum Library
Bibl. Reg. XIV., c. 13.—Plut. 12 f.
Latin.
Pipino's. A well-written folio [311 ff.] on parchment, containing Ranulf of Chester; Praefationes Historiographum; Gyraldus Camb. de Conq. Hyberniae; Libellus de Mirab. Sanctae Terrae; Odoric; Rubruquis; Polo; Verses of Master Michael of Cornwall; etc.—[H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxviii-lxix.].

4
British Museum Library
Bib. Reg. XIX., D.I.
French.
[Contains eight works: Le livre d'Alexandre; Jehan le Venelais, la Vengeance d'Alexandre; Marc Pol; Odoric; Ascelin, Mission chez les Tartares; le Directoire; Primat, Chronique des règnes de Louis IX.
et de Philippe III.; Extraits de la Bible; Translation of Jean de Vignay. (See H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. cv.-cvi.; 14th century.)].
Paul Meyer, Doc. ms. de l'ancienne litt. de la France, 1871, pp. 69-80

5
British Museum Library
Additional MSS., No. 19, 952 Plut. cxcii. B.
Latin.
Pipino's
Paper, small 4to.—111 ff.
Appended, f. 85 et seqq., is a notice of Mahommed and the Koran: Incipit Noticia de Machometo et de Libro Legis Sarracenorum, etc. Appears to be the work of William of Tripoli. (See vol. i. p. 23.). Purchased of D. Henry Wolff, 12th August, 1854.

6
British Museum Library
Sloane MSS., No. 251
Italian dialect.
Paper, small fol. 39 ff. A good deal abridged, and in a desperately difficult handwriting; but notable as being the only MS. besides the Geog. Text which contains the war of Toctai and Nogai at the end of the Book. It does not, however, contain the majority of the historical chapters forming our Book IV.
At the f. 39 v., is "Esplizzit Liber Milionis Ziuis Veneziani Questo libro scrissi Saluador Paxuti(?) del=1457 a viazo di Baruti [Patron Misser Cabual Volanesso, chapit. Misser Polo Barbarigo]." (The latter words [in part.—H.C.] from Marsden; being to me illegible).

7
British Museum Library
Egerton, 2176
French.
Translated from the Latin version of Pipino.
Parchment, 103 folio, 4to. Illuminated Capital Letters. Purchased of R. Townley Nordman, 22nd June, 1872.
Yule, 2nd ed., II p. 517.

8
OXFORD.
Bodleian, No. 264.
French.
This is bound up with the celebrated Alexander MS. It is a beautiful work, embellished with thirty-eight miniatures, some of which are exquisite, e.g., the Frontispiece, a large piece of about 9-1/2 in., forming a sort of condensed view of the Field of Travel; a large part of it occupied by VENICE, of which our cut (The Piazzetta) in vol. i., p. 18, Introduction, is an extract. Another fine work (f. 220) represents the three Polos presenting the Pope's Letter to the Khan. The embroidered hands on the Khan's robe form an inscription, in which is legible "Johannes me facit." This Mr. Coxe attributes to John of Cologne, a known artist of the 14th century. He considers the MS. to be of about 1380. The Alexander is dated 1338, and its illuminations as finished in 1344 by Jehan de Gruse. [See supra, p. 528, note.]
A comparison of a good many readings, as well as of the point where the version breaks off, and the words: "Explicii la Livre nommé du Gerunt Gann de la Graunt Cité de Cambaluc, Dieux ayda Amien," indicate that this MS. is of the same type as Pauthier's C (No. 20 in this List) and the Bern. MS. (No 63).
The name given in the colophon as above has caused the work to be entered in the old Printed Catalogue under a wrong title. Hence the MS., as one of Marco Polo, has been overlooked.
[P. Meyer, Romania, XI., 1882, pp. 290-301. E. W.B. Nicholson; Personal.—H. C]

9
OXFORD
Merton College, No. 312
Latin.
Pipino's; followed by Hayton, and Palladius de Agricultura.
Coxe, Catal. Codd. MSS. Oxen. Pt. I., p. 123.

10
CAMBRIDGE
University Library, D. d. I. 17, No. 12
Latin.
Pipino's.
The same folio contains Jacques de Vitry, Hayton, several works on Mahommedanism, among others that of William of Tripoli (vol. i. p. 23), Piers Plowman, etc., etc.
Catal. of MSS. in Lib. of Camb. University, I. 22.

11
CAMBRIDGE
University Library, D. d. VIII. 7
Latin.
Fragment of Marci Pauli Veneti Historia Tartarorum (probably Pipino's)
Catal. of MSS. in Lib. of Camb. University, I. 22.

12
CAMBRIDGE
Gonville and Caus College, No. 162
Latin.
Pipino's; with Odoric, and other works relating to Asia. [H. Cordier, Odoric, p. lxviii.]
Catal. of MSS. of Gonville and Caius Coll. Library, by Ref. J.J. Smith, 1849.

13
GLASGOW
Hunterian Collection, S. 5. 7
Latin.
Pipino's Version, with illuminated initials, in a volume containing Guido Colonna's Hist. destruct. Trojae; De Gestis Alex. Magni; Turpinus de Gestis Caroli Magni; M.P.V.; Oderichus de Mirabilibus Tartariae. Parchment, 4to.
Note by Rev. Prof. W.P. Dickson, D.D.

14
GLASGOW
Hunterian Collection Q. 6. 21
Latin.
Pipino's also with illuminated initials, and also followed by Odoric.
Parchment, 4to.
Note by Rev. Prof. W.P. Dickson, D.D.

15
IRELAND
Lismore Castle, and a transcript in Library of Royal Irish Academy, Dublin Irish.
See vol. i., Introduction, Irish Version, pp. 102-103.
Curry's Lectures, and special Note by Mr. J. Long, Dublin.

16
Dublin
Trinity College, No. 632
Latin.
Marco Polo: Itinerarium (ff. 43), 4to; 15th century. In a collection of "Historical and Miscellaneous Treatises" comprising: Leges S. Edwardi per Will. Conq. confirmatae; De Fundatoribus Eccles. quarundam in Anglia, etc.
Cat. of the MSS. in the Lib. Trinity College, Dublin, … by T.K. Abbott, 1900, p. 105.

FRANCE.

17
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 7367 (now Fr. 1116)
French.
This is the most precious of all MSS. of Polo. It has been fully spoken of (vol. i., Int., The Old French Text) under the name of the Geographic Text or (G.T.), because it was printed by the Société de Géographie in 1824. [See I, p. 83]
A large 4to of thick parchment; 112 ff.; very clearly though not very neatly written in Gothic text.—14th century.
A facsimile of this MS. has been made this year (1902) at Karlsruhe. (See App. H. p. 569.)

18
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 8329 (now Fr. 2810)
French.
"Ce Liure est des // Merueilles du Monde. Cest assavoir de la Terre // Saincte. Du Grant Kaan Empereur des tartars. // Et du pays Dynde. Le Quel // Liure Jehan Duc de Bourgoingne donna // a son oncle Jehan fils de Roy de // France duc de Berry et Dauviergne, Conte // de Poitou, Detampes. de Bouloingne. et Dauvergne. // Et contient le dit Liure six // Livres. Cest assavoir. Marc Pol. Frere Odric de lordre des // frères meneurs. Le Liure fait a la requeste du Cardinal Taleran de // Pierregort. L'Estat du Grant Kaan. Le Liure de Messire Guillaume // de Mandeville. Le Liure de Frere Jehan Hayton de lordre de premonstre. // Le Liure de Frere Bicul de lordre des frères Prescheurs //—Et sont en ce dit Liure Deux cens soixante six // hystoires."
Signed by N. Flamel.
Then follows.
1° Marco Polo: "Cy apres commence le liure de Marc Paule des merveilles daise la grant et dinde la maiour et mineur Et des diuerses regions du monde."—Begins: "Pour sauoir la pure verite de diuerses regions du monde. Si prenez ce liure cy et le faictes lire. Si y trouuerez les grandismes merueilles qui y sont escriptes…."
Ends (Fol. 96 verso): "Et a tant fine messire marc pol son liure de la diuision du monde et des merueilles dicelluy."
Of the 266 histoires or miniatures in this splendid book, 84 belong to the story of Polo. We have given engravings of several of them. Its value is estimated in the catalogue of the Library of the Duc de Berry in 1416 (quoted by Pauthier) at 125 livres, equivalent (if parisis) to about 115_l._ This is Pauthier's MS. B. See vol. i., Int., Various Types of the Text.
Large folio on vellum.
[H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. cviii-cxiii.].

19
PARIS
Bib. Nationale, No. 10260 (now Fr. 5631)
French.
"Ci commencement les rebriches de cest Livre qui est appelez le Deuisement du Monde, lequel je Gringoires contrefais du Livre de Messire Marc Pol le meilleur citoien de Venisse creant Crist."
At the beginning of the Text is a coarse drawing of Kúblái on his bretesche, carried by four elephants (vol. i., p. 337); and after the prologue another apparently representing the Princess Aijaruc wrestling with her wooer (vol. ii. p. 465).
This is Pauthier's MS. A. (vol. i, Int., Various Types of the Text), and also was in the Duc de Berry's Library, values at 6 livres 5 sols. [Second half of the 14th cent.].

20
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 10,270 (now Fr. 5649)
French.
This is Pauthier's MS. C. (See as before.) It is that which has the certificate about the original presented to the Seigneur de Cepoy; see Int., p. 69.
At the end is Bertran Pichart scripsit hoc. Small 4to, parchment, in a clear enough half-current hand; 134 ff. Came from the library of the Archb. of Rheims. [Middle of the 15th century.]

21
PARIS
Bib. nationale (675)?
French.
I know nothing of this MS. except its readings of names given in the Table appended to the Geographic Text. It then belonged to the Comte d'Artois. Lazari has it entered as belonging to the Bibl. Imp., I know not if correctly. [I have been unable to find it in the Bibliothèque nationale.—H.C.]
See preceding column.

22
PARIS
Bib. nationale, Fr. nonv. acq. 1880
French.
This is a copy of the time of King Louis XII., made apparently for Admiral Louis Malet de Graville, Governor of Honfleur, who died in 1516; it bears the arms of the Urfé family; it is at times modernized, but less is suppressed in it than in MSS. 5631 and 2810. The MS. ends: "Et sa auchuns disdaine qui a lui …" about the middle of ch. cxcix of Pauthier's ed., p. 738, line 4. These are also the last words of the Stockholm MS. of which it is a copy.
Purchased in 1870.
L. Delisle, Bib. Ec. Chartes, xliii. p. 219.

23
PARIS
Bib. de l'Arsenal, No. 5219
French.
Translated by Robert Frescher.—Fol. 1. "Prologue du present livre, V. p. 163. par maistre Robert Frescher, bacheloir formé en theologie translateur.—Berose, ainsi que Josephe nous a laissé par enscript, fut natif de la cité de Babilone…."—Fol. 9. Begins: "Pour scavoir la pure verité des diverses regions du monde, lisés au faictes lire ce livre…." Incomplete; ends: "… Argon fui filz de Abaga mon frere, et sa aucun disoit que a luy." (See Pauthier's ed., p. 738.)
Parchment; ff. 168; end of the 15th or beginning of 16th century. From the libraries of Charles Adrien Picard and de Paulmy. With miniatures some of which are engraved in Moeurs, Usages of Costumes du Moyen Age, par les Bibliophile Jacob, pp. 411-413.
Cat. des MSS. de l'Arsenal, V. p. 163.

24
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 3195
Latin.
This is the old Latin version, published by the Soc. de Géog., and which I have cited as Geographic Latin or G.L. (See vol. i., Int. Various Types of the Text.) [Contains: Petri Amphusi clericalis disciplina;
Odoric; Marco Polo; Bernardi cujusdam ad Raymundum Castri Ambrosii epistola de modo rei familiaris utilius gubernandae. Cf. Cat. Cod. MSS. Bib. Reg. Pars tertia., t. iii. Paris, 1744, p. 385. Parchment, small fol., 15th century.—H. Cordier, Odoric, p. lxxxiii—H.C.].
Printed Text.—H. Cordier.

25
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 1616
Latin.
Pipino's. [Paper; fol. cccvii et seqq.].
Table in the G.T.

26
PARIS
Bib. nationale, No. 6244 A.
Latin.
Pipino's. [Paper.]
Table in the G.T.

27
PARIS
Bib. Nationale, Codd. Ital., No. 10,259 [now 434]
Italian.
Paper, 4to, of 14th century. Seen, but not examined with any care, which I regret, as the readings suggest that it may have been that text from which Pipino translated [pp. 100.].
[Begins f. 2 recto: "Signori Imperadori Re e Duci e tutte altre gienti che || uolete sapere le diuerse gienerationi delle gienti || elle diuersità delle regioni del mondo leggiete que || sto libro doue retrouerrete tutte le grandissime marauigle," etc.
Ends: "Explicit Liber de Milione per Messe Marcho Polo di Vinegia. Deo gratias."]
I Manoscritti Italiani … della R. Bib. Parigina … dal Ant. Marsana, 1835, 4to.

28
PARIS
Former Library of Baron C. Walckenaer
Latin.
A miscellaneous volume, containing an imperfect copy of Pipino's version. Present locality not known.
Table in the G.T.

LUXEMBURG.

29
LUXEMBURG
City Library, No. 50
Latin.
Volume containing several works; and among them Marchi (Pauli) Veneti Liber Narrationum Morum, etc.
Paper; written 1448 by Tilman Pluntshe, "canonicus ecclesie SS. Chresanti et Darie monasterii Eyfflic."
Pertz, Archiv, viii. 594.

BELGIUM.

30
BRUSSELS
Royal Library, No. 9309
French.
Derives from the Paris 5631 and 2810 and the Stockholm MS., 14th century.
G. Raynaud, Romania, xi. pp. 429-430.

ITALY.

31
VENICE
St. Mark's Library, Cl. X. Codd. Lat. 72
Latin.
Pipino's.

Formerly belonged to the Monastery of St. John's in Viridario at Padua, to which it was presented by John Marchanova, Doctor of Arts and Medicine, 1467. Paper, 4to. (It is mentioned by Marsden as at Padua, p. lv.)
Lazari.

32
VENICE
St. Mark's Library, Cl. X. Codd. Lat. 128
Latin.
Another of Pipino's. Paper, 4to, of 15th century.
Lazari.

33
VENICE
St. Mark's Library, Cl. VI. Codd. Ital., 56
Italian (Ven. dialect).
A rude translation of Pipino's version, written late in the 15th century
Also contains a translation of the same Pipino's Tract, De Locis Terrae Sanctae. Belonged to T.G. Farsetti. Paper, folio.
Lazari.

34
VENICE
St. Mark's Library, Cl. VI. Codd. Ital., 208
Italian (Ven. dialect).
Corresponds to the Venetian edition of 1496, but even more inaccurate, with absurd interpolations.
The volume contains also Odoric, A. Ca' da Mosto, V. da Gama, Columbus, etc., being of the beginning of the 16th century.
Paper, 4to. Belonged to Morelli.
*Lazari.

35
VENICE
Museo Civico, Coll. Cicogna, No. 2389, now 2408.
Latin.
+Paper, large 4to; belonged to Gian-Giuseppe Liruti, and after to E.A. Cicogna; contains also Odoric, published by G. Venni in 1761, and other matter.
This is the MS. noticed at vol. i. Int., Ramusio's Italian Version, p. 102, as containing several passages found in no other text except Ramusio's Italian. Written in 1401 by the Notary Philip, son of Pietro Muleto of Fodan (or Fogan?)[4] in Friuli, whilst studying Rhetoric at Padua.
*[H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. xci.-xcii.]

36
VENICE
Library of Count Donà delle Rose
Italian, with a Venetian tinge.
It begins: "Quegli che desiderano d'entendere le maraviglose chose del mondo de l'Asia de Armenia persia e tartaria dell indie et diverse parti del mondo legano questo libro et intenderano quello chel nobelle citadino Veneciano Miss. Marcho Polo," etc., and end: "Explicit liber Millionis civis Veneciarum. Expleto ad CCCCXLVI mensis setembris die vigesimo-octavo."
These extracts indicate that it belongs to the same type as the Sloane MS. No. 6, in our list.
Note by Comm. Nicolò Barozzi, Director of the Museo Civico at Venice.

37
FERRARA
Public Library, No. 35n (336, N.B. 5)
Italian, with a Venetian tinge.
Incipit prologus Libri qui vulgari hominum dictur "El Milione."
This looks as if it were not Pipino's.
Note by the Abate S.B. Mondino.

38
MILAN
Ambrosian Library, M. 526, Sc. D.
Latin.
Fragments extracted from Pipino's version inserted at end of 2nd part of the Cronica Libri Ymaginis Mundi of Fr. Jacopo d'Acqui. (Vol. i. Int., Captivity of M. Polo.)
Paper, folio. 14th century.
Lazari.

39
MODENA
Este Library
Latin.
Pipino's Parchment of 14th century. Muratori speaks of this. (Script. VII.) as "fortassis autographum."
Muratoni; and Prof. Bianconi, Degli Scritta di Marco Polo, etc.

40
FLORENCE
Bib. Magliabecchiana (now Nationale), Cl. XIII., Plut. IV. c. 104 Italian (Tuscan).
The Crusca MS., of which an account has been given, vol. i. Int., Original Language of the Book.
Paper, folio, early in 14th century.

41
FLORENCE
Bib. Magliabecchiana (now Nazionale), Cl. XIII., Plut. IV. c. 73 Itailian.
Many liberties taken with the text, and much abridged and disarranged. Thus, after the Prologue it proceeds: "Al nome di Dio io Marcho Polo Veneziano racconterò tutte le maravigliose chose ch'io trovai e vidi, etc. etc." It ends the chapter on Russia with the following impertinence: "E se volete sapere più innanzi dimandatene un altro ch'io Marcho Polo non cercai più avanti." The Khalif is called Largaliffe; Reobarles, Reubarbe, with a marginal note in an old hand, "Reubarbe città di Persia, donde viene il reubarbero herba medicinale." Completed by Dolfo Spini, 16th July, 1425. Paper. Belonged to the Strozzi Collection.

42
FLORENCE
Bib. Magliabecchiana (now Nazionale), Cl. XIII., Plut. IV., c. 61
Italian.
This corresponds to the Pucci MS. noted below (No. 47). It contains the colophon quoted at vol. i. Int., Some Estimate of Polo and his Book, p. 115, note.
Paper, folio, 1392, 100 ff. of which the first 40 contain Polo.
Not well written.
Ex. Bibl. Gaddianâ.
*Baldelli-Boni.

43
FLORENCE
Bib. Magliabecchiana (now Naxionale), Cl. XIII., Plut. IV., c. 136
Italian.
Both beginning and end are missing. Slightly different from the Crusca.
14th century.
*Baldelli-Boni.

44
FLORENCE
Riccardian Library
Italian.
Ends with chapter on Russia. Followed by an extract of Mandevile and a valuable coll. of geographical documents of 15th century and beginning of 16th.
Paper 4to, 16th century.

45
FLORENCE
Riccardian Library
Latin.
Pipino's; but reaching only to Bk. III. ch. 31.
Paper, 14th century.

46
FLORENCE
Riccardian Library, No. 1924.
Italian (Ven. dialect).
Partial and defective transcript under the title of Itinerario di Levante.
G. Uzielli, Note.

47
FLORENCE
Library of Pucci family
Italian.
See remarks at vol. i. Int., Various Types of the Text. Completed 20th Nov. 1391.

48
FLORENCE
Bib. Palatina (now united to Nazionale), Cod. 572
Italian.
The language differs slightly from that of the Crusca, and, where I have compared it, is less compressed. Ends with Rossia.
Paper, small 4to, 14th century.
Written somewhat roughly in a very old hand. Rustician is Messer Restazo da Pisa. The Grand Kaan gives the Polo's a "tovaglia d'Oro."

49
LUCCA
Bib. governativa, Coll. (Lucchesini, Giacomo), No. 26 (now No. 296)
Italian (Ven. dialect).
Corresponds to the corrupt Venice epitome published in 1496. Contains also Odorico.
[Ends:—"Complito el libro de le cosse mirabile vedute per lo nobile homo Messer Marcho Polo gientelomo de Venesia a di 12 de Marzo 1465 per mi Daniele da Verona in sul Ponte de' Berettiari al onore e laude dell' Omnipotente."
Paper, 4to, 75 ff.
H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. xcvi.-xcviii.]
Baldelli-Boni.

50
SIENA
Public Library, c. V 14
Italian.
This is a miscellaneous MS. which, among other things; contains a fragment of Polo, "Qui comicio ellibro di Missere Macho Polo da Vinegia de le cose maniglose che trovo p lo mondo," etc. It calls Rusticiano Missere Stacio da Pisa.—N.B.—Baldelli gives a very similar description of a fragment at Sienna, but under press mark A. IV. 8. I assume that it is the same that I saw.

51
ROME
Vatican Library, Cod. 2207, Ottoboniano
French.
A fragment, going no further than the chapter on Georgia, and ending thus: "Autre chose ne vous en scay dire parquoi je vous fois fin en ce livre; le nom de notre Seigneur soi benoist et de sa benoiste Mere. Amen. Loys de Luxembourg."
Parchment, 14 cent.
Baldelli-Boni.

52
ROME
Vatican Library, No. 2935
Latin.
An old Latin abridgment of Polo, entitled De Mirabilibus Mundi. The same volume contains a tract, De Mirabilibus Romae, to which also Polo's name is given.
Paper, 14th cent.
Baldelli-Boni and Lazari.

53
ROME
Vatican Library, No. 3153
Latin.
Pipino's. Very neat and clean; apparently of 14th cent.
Parchment.

54
ROME
Vatican Library, No. 5260
Latin.
Pipino's. Very clearly and regularly written. Apparently 15th cent.

55
ROME
Barberini Library, XXXIV. 4
Latin.
A MS. volume, containing Ricold of Monte Croce; Tractatus divisionis et ambitûs Orbis Terrarum, etc.; Liber de divisione Orbis Terrarum; Libellus de Mirabilibus Urbis Romae; and "Incipit de Morum et Gentium Varietatibus editus a Marcho Polo Veneto." It is very cramply written, much compressed, and has no division into books or chapters. Ends with "Roscia, provincia maxima." "Explicit libellus editus a Dno. Marcho Polo de Venetiis de diversis provinciis et gentibus mundi, et earum ritibus et moribus diversis et artibus."
Parchment, large thin 4to, 14th cent.

56
ROME
Barberini Library, LVIII. 40
Italian (Venetian dial).
This is the fragment spoken of, vol. i. p. 101, note. It is a transcript made apparently in the 17th cent., from a MS. written in 1465.

57
ROME
Barberini Library, No. 934
Italian.
I give this on Baldelli's authority. I did not see it on my visit to the Barberini.
Baldelli-Boni.

58
ROME
Corsini Library, No. 1111
Italian(?).
Baldelli-Boni.

59
ROME
Chigi Library, M. VI. 140
Italian.
Bears a note in the handwriting of Pope Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi of Sienna, 1655-1667), which draws attention to Sienese peculiarities in the language, and assigns the date about 1420
Sm. 4to, paper
Baldelli-Boni.

SPAIN.

60
ESCURIAL
Library
Latin.
Pipino's
(?)

61
TOLEDO
Cathedral Library.
Latin.
Seems to be different from any of the other Latin versions. It has the prefatory address to Domini Imperatores, Reges, Duces, etc.
8vo, paper. Of 15th century.
Baldelli-Boni.

62
TOLEDO
Cathedral Library.
Italian (Venetian).
This is a copy of the Soranzo MS., of which Marsden has given an ample notice after Apostolo Zeno, and which has disappeared from knowledge.
Baldelli-Boni.

SWITZERLAND.

63
BERN
Canton Library, No. 125
French.
I have examined this MS. minutely, and am satisfied that it is a copy of Pauthier's C. i.e., No. 20, in our List. Like that (and no other), it bears the certificate regarding the Seigneur de Cepoy. (Vol. i., Int., Notices of Marco in later life.) The MS. is fully described in Sinner's Catalogue. It is in very beautiful condition, very clearly written on parchment, with all the initials filled up in gold and colours, and with numerous flowered scrolls.
It belonged to Bongars, whose autograph is on it: "Bongars—l'a de la courtoisie de Mr. de Superville."
[Parchment, fol., ff. 286, 14th century.—H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. cxiv.-cxv.]

64
BERN
Canton Library
Italian (Venetian).
In a neat running hand resembling italic type. It is much abridged, especially in the latter part.
Small Paper 4to. It is inscribed: "Bongars, de la courtoisie de Mr. Aurel, tiré de la biblioteque de Mr. de Vutron(?)."

65
VEVEY
City Museum
French.
[A double sheet; parchment, and of 14th century. Fragment: 1st sheet, end of chap. 121 and greater part of chap. 122; 2nd sheet, end of chap. 134, chaps. 135, 136, 137, and beginning of chap. 138 of Pauthier's ed. Very similar to the text of the Stockholm MS. Our No. 84.—H.C.]
Earnest Muret, Romania, t. xxx. 1901.

GERMANY

66
MUNICH
Royal Library, Codd. Lat. 249
Latin.
Pipino's.
Folio, paper, 15th century
Also Pipino's tract, De Locis Terrae Sctae., and Boccacio's De Casibus Virorum Illustrium.
Lazari.

67
MUNICH
Royal Library, Codd. Lat. 850
Latin.
Pipino's.
Paper, 4to, 15th cent.
Also Pipino's tract, De Locis Terrae Sctae., etc.
Lazari.

68
MUNICH
Royal Library?
Latin.
Excerpia de ejus Historia, principaliter Orientalis
Private Memo.

69
MUNICH
Royal Library?
Latin.
Narrationes ex ejus libro de partitus transmarinis
Private Memo.

70
MUNICH
Royal Library, Cod. Germ. 696
German.
The version published at Nuremberg in 1477.
Paper, 4to. [See Bibliography, p. 554.]
Lazari.

71
MUNICH
Royal Library, 252
German.
Fragment.
Lazari.

72
MUNICH
?
German.
The whole.
Private Memo.

73
MUNICH
?
German.
Translated for Duke William of Bavaria, 1582.
Private Memo.

74
WOLFENBÜTTEL
Ducal Library, No. 40, Weissemburg
Latin.
[Contains: Polo (Pipino's version) f. 1-57 verso; Odoric; Ricold; Boldensel.—Ricold was published by Mr. J.C. Laurent: Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatnor. Lipsiae, 1864. Paper, 15th cent., fol., ff. 110.]
H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxxiv.-lxxv.

75
WOLFENBÜTTEL
Ducal Library, No. 41, Weissemburg
Latin.
[Contains: Ciceronis orationes in Verrem, Chronicon Flandriae; R. Bacon, de regionibus ad papam Clementem; Marco Polo, ff. 122-160 verso; Ricold; Jacques de Vitry; Odoric; Plano Carpini.
Paper 15th cent, fol., ff. 253.]
H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxxv.-vi.

76
BERLIN
Royal Library
Latin.
Pipino's. Also contains Mappa-Mundi, Expositio Libri Mateorum, etc. I believe this is the Codex Brandenburgensis collated by Andreas Müller in his edition (1671).
Private Memo.

77
BERLIN
Royal Library
German.
A modern MS., said to be a copy of the Wiener MS.(?).
Private Memo.

78
WÜRZBURG
Royal Library
Latin.
Marcus Paulus de Mirabilibus Mundi. Paper.
Pertz, Archiv., viii, 100.

79
GIESSEN
University Library, No. 218
Latin.
M. Paulus de Venetiis de Regionibus Orientis (with other matter), probably Pipino's.
Paper, folio, 15th cent.
I know not if it is a second, which is cited by Mr. Major (Notes on Russia) from Catalogus Codd. MSS. Academ. Gissenses, by J. V. Adrian, Frankfort, 1840, as bound up with Eusebius and entitled
M. P. de Ven. de condit. et consuet. Orient. Regionum. Pertz, Archiv., ix, 576.

80
JENA
University Library
Latin.
Pipino's. Followed by H. of Alexander
Pertz, Archiv., viii, 698.

81
MENTZ
Metropolican Chapter, No. 52
Latin.
Pipino's. A collection containing in Latin, besides Polo, Odoric, Ricold, and Boldensel. [H. Cordier, Odoric, pp. lxxii.-iv.]
V. F. de Gudenus, Sylloge I. Variorum Diplomatariorum, etc., Frankf. 1728, p. 381.

AUSTRIA.

82
PRAGUE
Chapter of St. Vitus
Latin.
Pipino's
Pertz, Archiv., ix. 474

83 VIENNA — German?
There appears to be a MS. at Vienna; for above I have registered (No. 77) one at Berlin, which is called a copy of the Vienna MS., but I have not been able to get any particulars regarding it.

SWEDEN.

84
STOCKHOLM
Royal Library, French, No. 37
French.
This MS., published in facsimile by Baron A.E. Nordenskiöld, belongs to the "Cepoy" type of MSS. Yule wrote in The Athenaeum (17th June, 1882): "I gather that it has been produced by partial abridgement from one of the earlier MSS. of the type in question." And again (p. 766): "It will be seen that though the publication is a beautiful example of facsimile, it contributes, as far as I have been able to examine it, nothing to the amelioration or elucidation of the text or narrative."
The changes and suppressions are much less considerable than in the Paris MSS., 5631 and 2810. Cf L. Delisle, Bib. de l'Ecole des Chartres, XLIII., 1882, pp. 226-235, 424. It is incomplete, and ends: "Et se aucuns disoit quí a luí."—Cf. Paris MS., 1880. [Our No. 22]
It belonged to the Library of the French King, Charles V. (1364-1380), and later, as marked on the recto of the last folio, "Pour Symon du Solier demorant à Honnefleu," who was "procureur-syndic des manants et habitants de la ville de Honfleur."
H. Cordier.

85
STOCKHOLM
Royal Library, French, No. 38
French.
Translated from the Latin version.
G. Raymond, Romania, XI.

_____________

Notes:

[1] + This MS. Fr. 2810 (formerly 8392), known as the Livre des Merveilles, belonged to the Library of John, Duke of Berry, at the Château of Mehun-sur-Yevre, 1416, No. 116 of the catalogue; also No. 196, p. 186, of Le Cabinet des Manuscrits de la Bibl. Nationale, par. L. Delisle, III. Count A. de Bastard began publishing some of the miniatures, but did not finish the work. Of the miniatures, Nos. 1, 12, 19, 35, 41, 37, 45, 47, 52, 56, 57, 60, 66, 70, 75, 78, 81 are engraved, pp. 258, 273, 282, 310, 316, 317, 328, 332, 340, 348, 350, 354, 381, 392, 406, 411, 417 in Charton's Voyageurs du Moyen Age, vol. ii., besides two others, pp. 305, 395, not identified; [in my edition of Odoric, I reproduced Nos. 33, 41, 70, pp. 439, 377, 207.—H.C.]; in the present work, Nos 5, 31, 41, 52, 70 are engraved, vol. i. pp. 15, 244, 369; Nos. 52, 70, vol. ii. pp. 5, 311. Nos. 60 and 75 have been reproduced, pp. 97 and 98 of Faguet's Hist. de la Littérature Française, 2nd ed., Paris, 1900.

[2] [Mr. E.W.B. Nicholson, who thought at first that this MS. was written at the end of the 14th century, in his Introduction to Early Bodleian Music, by J.F.R. Stainer and C. Stainer, London, 1901, has come to the conclusion (p. xviii.) that it belongs to the first half of the 15th century. I agree with him. Mr. Nicholson thinks that the writing is English, and that the miniatures are by a Flemish artist; Mr. Holmes, the King's Librarian, believes that both writing and miniatures are English. This MS. came into the Bodleian Library between 1598 and 1605, and was probably given by Sir Thomas Bodley himself.—H.C.]

[3] [This List was printed in vol. ii. pp. 449-462 of the first edition of the Book, but was omitted in the second edition. My own experience has shown me the usefulness of this table, which contains 85 MSS. instead of 75, and some additional particulars.—H.C.]

[4] [Ser petri de Faganea (Fagagna, in Friuli).—H.C.]
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

Postby admin » Thu Mar 29, 2018 4:28 am

APPENDIX G.—Diagram showing Filiation of Chief MSS. and Editions of Marco Polo.

N.B.—Such MSS. as are not enclosed in Cartouches are hypothetical, or not known now to exist, but are recognized or demonstrable as links in the series. Nos. refer to List of MSS. in App. F. Printed Editions are in small capitals.

MARCO POLO
dictates at Genoa, 1298
|
————————-
| Rude French MS. |
———————| (No. 17), |——————————
| | undivided. | |
Italian | Printed 1824 by |———————— |
——- (undivided). | Soc. de Géog. | | |
| | ————————- A few notes | |
Italian ————————————— by M. Polo. | |
divided in ————- | | | | |
3 Books. | | —————— | | |
| | | | Italian | | | |
| | ———————— | Crusca MS. | | | |
————————- | |Latin, Cicogna's| | (No. 40). | | | |
|Latin (MS. No 24)| | | MS. (No. 35). | | Undivided. | | | |
| Printed 1824 by | | | Abridged, but | —————— | | |
| Soc. de Géog. | | |with new matter.|—————————- | |
| 3 Books. | | ———————— | |
————————- | | —————— |
——————- | | Venetian | |
| Latin of | | | (type of | |
——————-| Pipino, | | | Sloane MS.)| |
| | in 3 Books. | | Supplementary | (No. 6.) | |
| ——————- | Notes by M. Polo. —————— |
Italian | | |
or | | |
PORTUGUESE —————- | |
| | RAMUSIO'S |—- |
—————- | PRINTED | Revised French
|GRYNAEUS'S | | ITALIAN, | —————- made for Marco
| LATIN, | | 1559. | | Polo before
| 1532. | —————- | 1307.
—————- | | |
| | | French Copy
——————— —————- | given to T.
| FRENCH | | MARSDEN'S | | de Cepoy,
| PRINTED | | ENGLISH, | | 1307.
| EDITIONS, | | 1818. | | |
| OF 1556, &c. | —————- ————— ——————
——————— | French | | French |
| MSS. | | MS. C, |
| A & B | | Bern, and |
| (Nos. 19 | | Bodleian |
| & 18). | | (Nos. 20, |
————— | 63, & 8). |
| ——————
| |
| |
————————-
|
———————
| PAUTHIER'S |
| FRENCH, |
| 1865. |
———————
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

Postby admin » Thu Mar 29, 2018 4:31 am

APPENDIX H.—Bibliography of Marco Polo's Book.

I.—PRINCIPAL EDITIONS.

We attempt a list of all the editions of Polo; a task for which Sir Henry Yule had no advantages, and which will be found well done for the time in Lazari's Appendix, based on Marsden. It may be also useful to mention the chief Editions, with their dates.

1477. The first Printed Edition is in German. We give a reduced Facsimile of its Frontispiece.

1481. A reproduction of the preceding at Augsburg, in the same volume with the History of Duke Leopold and his Son William of Austria.

About 1490. Pipino's Latin; the only printed edition of that version. Without place, date, or printer's name.

1496. Edition in Venetian Dialect, printed by J.H. da Sessa.

1500. The preceding reproduced at Brescia (often afterwards in Italy).

1502. Portuguese version from Pipino, along with the Travels of Nicolo Conti. Printed at Lisbon by Valentym Fernandez Alemaão (see vol. ii. of this work). Stated to have been translated from the MS. presented by Venice to Prince Pedro (vol. i.)

1503. Spanish version by Rodrigo de Santaella. Sevilla.

1529. Ditto. Reprinted at Logroño.

1532. Novus Orbis-Basileae. (See vol. i.)

1556. French version from the Novus Orbis.

1559. Ramusio's 2nd volume, containing his version of Polo, of which we have spoken amply.

1579. First English Version, made by John Frampton, according to Marsden, from the Spanish version of Seville or Logroño.

1625. Purchas's Pilgrims, vol. iii. contains a very loose translation from Ramusio.

1664. Dutch Version, from the Novus Orbis. Amsterdam.

1671. Andreas Müller of Greiffenhagen reprints the Latin of the Novus Orbis, with a collation of readings from the Pipino MS. at Berlin; and with it the book of Hayton, and a disquisition De Chataiâ. The Editor appears to have been an enthusiast in his subject, but he selected his text very injudiciously. (See vol. i.)

1735. Bergeron's interesting collection of Mediaeval Travels in Asia, published in French at the Hague. The Polo is a translation from Müller, and hence is (as we have already indicated) at 6th hand.

1747. In Astley's Collection, IV. 580 seqq., there is an abstract of Polo's book, with brief notes, which are extremely acute, though written in a vulgar tone, too characteristic of the time.

1818. Marsden's famous English Edition.

1824. The Publication of the most valuable MS. and most genuine form of the text, by the Soc. de Géographie of Paris. (See vol. i.) It also contains the Latin Text (No. 24 in our list of MSS. App. F.).

1827. Baldelli-Boni published the Crusca MS. (No. 40), and republished the Ramusian Version, with numerous notes, and interesting dissertations. The 2 volumes are cumbered with 2 volumes more containing, as a Preliminary, a History of the Mutual Relations of Europe and Asia, which probably no man ever read. Florence.

1844. Hugh Murray's Edition. It is, like the present one, eclectic as regards the text, but the Editor has taken large liberties with the arrangement of the Book.

1845. Bürck's German Version, Leipzig. It is translated from Ramusio, with copious notes, chiefly derived from Marsden and Ritter. There are some notes at the end added by the late Karl Friedrich Neumann, but as a whole these are disappointing.

1847. Lazari's Italian edition was prepared at the expense of the late Senator T. Pasini, in commemoration of the meeting of the Italian Scientific Congress at Venice in that year, to the members of which it was presented. It is a creditable work, but too hastily got up.

1854. Mr. T. Wright prepared an edition for Bohn's Antiq. Library. The notes are in the main (and professedly) abridged from Marsden's, whose text is generally followed, but with the addition of the historical chapters, and a few other modifications from the Geographic Text.

1854-57. Voyageurs Anciens et Modernes, &c. Par M. Ed. Charion. Paris. An interesting and creditable popular work. Vol. ii. contains Marco Polo, with many illustrations, including copies from miniatures in the Livre des Merveilles. (See list in App. F. p. 528.)

1863. Signor Adolfo Bartoli reprinted the Crusca MS. from the original, making a careful comparison with the Geographic Text. He has prefixed a valuable and accurate Essay on Marco Polo and the Literary History of his Book, by which I have profited.

1865. M. Pauthier's learned edition.

1871. First edition of the present work.

1873. First publication of Marco Polo in Russian.

1875. Second edition of this work.

1882. Facsimile of the French Stockholm MS. by Baron A.E. Nordenskiöld.
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

Postby admin » Thu Mar 29, 2018 4:43 am

II.—BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINTED EDITIONS.[1]

A.—GERMAN EDITIONS.

1.—1. Nuremberg … 1477.

The first translation of Marco Polo's Book was printed in German, at Nuremberg, in 1477.

Collation: 58 ff. folio without pagination and without signatures.

Verso f. 1: Frontispiece: Portrait of Marco Polo with this inscription round the border: [Top] Das ist der edel Ritter. Marcho polo von [right] Venedig der grost landtfarer der vns beschreibt die grossen wunder der welt [Foot] die er selber gesehenn hat. Von dem auffgang [left] pis zu dem nydergãg der sunne. der gleyche vor nicht meer gehort seyn. [See p. 555.]

Recto f. 2, begins:

Hie hebt sich an das puch dés edelñ Ritters vñ landtfarers || Marcho polo. In dem er schreibt die grossen wunderlichen || ding dieser welt. Sunderlichen von den grossen kunigen vnd || keysern die da herschen in den selbigen landen | vnd von irem || volck vnd seiner gewonheit da selbs.

Verso f. 58: Hie endet sich das puch des edelñ Ritters und lañdtfarerz || Marcho polo | das do sagt võ mangerley wunder der landt || vñ lewt | vñ wie er die selbigen gesehen vñ durch faren hat || von de auffgang pisz zu dem nydergang der sune Seliglich.

Disz hat gedruckt Fricz Creïszner zu Nurmberg Nach cristi || gepurdt Tausent vierhundert vñ im siben vñ sibenczigte iar.

[Illustration: Frontispiece of the first German Edition.]

The copy which I have examined is in the Grenville Library, No. 6787. (Vide Bib. Grenvilliana, Part II. p. 305.) When Marsden edited his Marco Polo, Grenville did not possess this edition. The only known copy was in the Vienna Imperial Library, but was without the portrait. Grenville had made a transcript spoken of by Marsden, pp. lxx.-lxxi., which we describe infra. "When Mr. Marsden," says Grenville in a MS. note at the beginning of this fine volume, "published his translation of this work, the only known copy of this first German Edition was in the Imperial Library at Vienna, and I had a literal transcript made from it: Since that time a second copy was found and sold by Payne and Foss to Lord Spencer: and now I have purchased from Leipsick a third [the present] beautiful copy. I know of no fourth copy. The copy at Vienna wants the portrait."

Vide Bib. Spenceriana, vol. vi. p. 176.

Other copies are to be found at the Imperial Library, Vienna, the Royal Library, Berlin, the Germanisches Museum, Nuremberg; a sixth copy was in the Crawford Collection (London, June, 1887, 1359) with the portrait, and was purchased by B. Quaritch. [See H. Cordier, Cent. of Marco Polo, p. 41.]

—The copy we just spoke of has No. LII. in the Grenville collection, British Museum; it is a folio of 114 pages numbered with a pencil; bound with the arms of the Rt. Honble. Thos. Grenville. Page 114, the exactness of this copy is thus certified: "Apographum collatum cum prototypo, quod in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi adservatur. Illo quidem, qui descripsit, recitante ex prototypo, me vero hoc apographum inspectante. Respondet pagina paginae, versui versus & syllaba syllabae. Vindobonae die 29. Augusti 1817. B. Kopitar, Biblioth. Palatinae Vindobon. scriptor."

With this manuscript is bound a letter addressed to Mr. Grenville by the Chevalier Scotti, who had the copy made; it is dated "Vienne 20 nmbre 1817," and ends with this post-scriptum: "N.B. Comme cette Edition fort peu connue du 477. est une édition non seulement précieuse, mais à la vérité fort rare aussi, elle avoit été prise par les Francois et portée à Paris la dernière fois qu'ils ont été à Vienne. Elle y a été rendue avec tout le reste qu'on avoit emporté à la suite des heureux succès des Coilisés, auxquels L'immortel Wellington a tant contribué en y mettant la dernière couronne dont les lauriers resteront à jamais inflétrissables."

2.—2. Augsburg … 1481.

—The second German edition of Marco Polo has been reprinted at Augsburg in 1481; it is as scarce as the first edition; I have examined the copy in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg.

Collation: 60 ff. folio, without pagination nor signatures.

Recto f. 1: End of the story of William of Austria, after which is printed Marco Polo.

Verso f. 1: Frontispiece: Portrait of Marco Polo coloured with this inscription round the border: [Top] Das ist der edel ritter Marcho polo von Venedig. [right] der grõst landfarer der vas beschreibt die grossen wunder der welt die er selber gese [foot] he:n hat. Von dem auffgang biss zu dem nidergang der [left] sunnen | der geleich vor nit meer gehõrt seind.

Recto f. 2, begins:

Hie hept sich an das buch des edle ritters vñ landtfarers Marcho polo, in dem er schreibt die grossen wunderlichen ding diser welt. sunderlichen võ den grossen künigen vnd keisern | die da herschen in den selbigen landen vnd von jrem volck vnnd seiner gewonheÿt da selbs.

Recto f. 60: Hie enndet sich herczog Wilhalm von österreich vñ das buch des edeln ritters vñ landtfarers Marcho polo | das da sagt von mengerleÿ wunder der land vnd leüt. vnd wie er die selbige gesehen vñ durch faren hat von dem auffgang biss zu dem nÿdergang d'sunnen Seligklich. Diss hat gedruckt Anthonius Sorg zu Augspurg Nach xpi gepurt tausent vier hundert vnd jm lxxxj. jare.

No. fig. in the text.

3.—3. Die New Welt der landschaften vnnd Insulen … gedruckt zu Strassburg durch Georgen Vlricher … An. M.D.XXXIIII, folio.

Ff. 103-133; Marr Paulen des Venedigers Erst Buch | von den Morgenlandern.—Ff. 134-152: Haithon des Armeniers Premonstratensis ordens | von den Tartern.

Translated from the Novus Orbis Regionvm.—See 11-12.

4.—4.* M. Polus. Reise in die Tartarey und zum Grossen Chan von Chatai, uebersetzt. v. H. Megisser. Altenburg, 1609, 8vo.

H. Ternaux-Compans, Bibliothèque asiatique et africaine, No. 1031.—[Notwithstanding all my researches, I could not find this edition in any private or public library in Germany.—H.C.]

5.—5. Chorographia Tartariae: || Oder || Warhafftige Beschreibung der || vberaus wunderbahrlichen Reise | || welche der Edle vnd weit erfahrne Venedigi—|| sche GENTILHUOMO MARCUS POLUS, mit dem || zunahmen MILLION, noch vor vierthalb hundert Jah=||ren | in die Oriental vnd Morgenlãnder | Sonderlich aber in || die Tartarey | zu dem grossen Can von Cathai | zu || Land vnd Wasser Persönlich verrichtet: || Darinnen ausführlich vnd vmbständ=||lich erzehlet werden | viel zuvor vnbekandte Landschaff=||ten | Königreich vnd Städt | sampt dero Sitten vnd || Gebräuchen | vnd andern seltzamen Sachen: || Die Er | als der erste Erfinder der newen Welt | gegen || Orient | oder den Ost Indien | gesehen vnd erfahren. || In drey vnterschiedliche Bücher abge=||[t]heilet: sampt einem Discurs Herrn Johan Bapti=||stae Rhamnusij | der Herrschafft zu Vene=||dig geheimen Secretarij | von dem || Leben des Autoris. || Alles aus dem Original | so in Italianischer || Sprach beschrieben | treulich vnd mit fleis ver=|| teutschet | auch mit Kupfferstücken || geziehret | durch || HIERONYMUM MEGISERUM.—|| Anno M. DC. XI. || Leipzig | in vorlegung Henning Grossen des Jüngern. Small 8vo. pp. 354 (last page numbered by mistake 351) + 36 prel. ff. for the tit., preface, etc., and 7 ff. at the end for the table.

Plates.—See p. 350: Alphabetum Tartaricúm, et Oratio Dominica Tartaricé.

6.—6. Die Reisen des Marco Polo, oder Marcus Paulus, eines Venetianers, in die Tartarey, im Jahre 1272. (Allgemeine Historie der Reisen, Leipzig, 1750, VII, pp. 423 et seq.)

7.—7. Marco Paolo's || Reise in den Orient | || während der Jahre 1272 bis 1295. ||—Nach den || vorzüglichsten Original=Ausgaben verdeutscht, || und || mit einem Kommentar begleitet|| von || Felix Peregrin. ||— Ronneburg und Leipzig, || bei August Schumann, 1802, 8vo., pp. vi-248.

P. 248: Eisenberg, gedruckt bei Johann Wilhelm Schöne.

8.—8. Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im dreizehnten Jahrhundert.— Zum ersten Male vollständig nach den besten Ausgaben Deutsch mit einem Kommentar von August Bürck.-Nebst Zusätzen und Verbesserungen von Karl Friedrich Neumann. Leipzig, B.G. Teubner, 1845, 8vo, pp. xvi-631.

—Di un frammento inedito di Marco Foscarini intorno ai Viaggiatori Veneziani e di una nuova traduzione in tedesco dei Viaggi di Marco Polo.

[By Tommaso Gar] (Archivio Storico Italiano, Appendice, T. IV, Firenze, 1847, pp. 89 et seq.) 9.—9. Die Reisen des Venezianers Marco Polo im dreizehnten Jahrhundert.—

Zum ersten Male vollständig nach den besten Ausgaben Deutsch mit einem Kommentar von August Bürck. Nebst Zusätzen und Verbesserungen von Karl Friedrich Neumann. Zweite unveränderte Ausgabe.

—Leipzig, Druck und Verlag von B.G. Teubner, 1855, 8vo, pp. xvi-631.

B.—LATIN EDITIONS.

10.—1. Commence; In nomine dni nri ihu xpi filij dei viui et veri amen. Incipit plogus i libro dni marci pauli de venecijs de cosuetudinibus et codicionibus orientaliu regionu.

Then the declaration of "Frater franciscus pepur. de bononia frm pdicatoru" who translated the work from the vulgar language into Latin.

End p. 147: Explicit liber dni marci de venecijs Deo gracias.

Collation: 74 f. or 148 pages; the last is blank, 4to, no title, no pagination; signatures p. 1, a. 1 = p. 141, k. 3 (a-h, par 8; i, by 4; k, by 6); maximum 33 lines by page; [1485?].

It is interesting to note that Christopher Columbus had a copy of this edition of Marco Polo, now kept in the Colombina at Seville. The margins of the following folios contain the autograph notes of the great navigator:

9 v. 31 r. & v. 46 v. 55 r. & v. 66 r. & v. 13 v. 36 v. 47 r. & v. 57 r. & v. 67 r. & v. 15 r. & v. 38 v. 48 r. & v. 59 r. & v. 68 r. & v. 17 v. 39 r. 49 r. & v. 60 r. & v. 69 r. & v. 18 r. & v. 40 r. & v. 50 r. & v. 61 r. & v. 70 r. & v. 19 r. 41 r. 51 r. & v. 62 r. & v. 71 r. & v. 23 r. & v. 42 r. & v. 52 r. & v. 63 r. 72 r. & v. 24 r. & v. 43 r. & v. 53 r. & v. 64 v. 73 r. & v. 25 r. 44 r. & v. 54 r. 65 r. & v. 74 r.

Cf. Simón de la Rosa y Lopéz, pp. XXIII, XLIII-XLIV of vol. II, Sevilla, 1891, 4to: Biblioteca Colombina.—Catálogo de sus libros impresos publicado por primera vez en virtud de acuerdo del Excmo. é Ilmo. Sr. Déan y Cabildo de la Santa Metropolitana y Patriarcal Iglesia de Sevilla bajo la immediata dirección de su Bibliotecario el Ilmo. Sr. Dr. D. Servando Arbolf y Faraudo Dignidad de Capellán Mayor de San Fernando.—See also H. Harrisse, Bibl. americana vetustissima.—Additions, p. XII.

"Edition fort rare, dit Brunet, et la plus ancienne que l'on ait de cette version latine de Marco Polo, faite par Pipino, vers 1320. Elle est imprimée avec les mêmes caractères, que l'Itinerarium de Joan. de Mandeville, c'est-à-dire par Gerard de Leeu, à Anvers, vers 1485, et non pas à Rome et à Venise, comme on l'avait supposé. Vend. 4 liv. 14 sh. 6d. Hanrott; 7 liv. Libri en 1859. (Choicer portion, 1562.)" Brunet writes elsewhere (cf. Mandeville par H. Cordier) about Mandeville from the same press: "…La souscription que nous allons rapporter semble prouver qu'elle a été imprimée à Venise; cependant Panzer, IX, 200, la croit sortie des presses de Theodoric Martin, à Aloste, et M. Grenville en trouvait les caractères conformes à ceux que Gérard Leeu a employés à Anvers, de 1484-1485. M. Campbell (Ann. de la typ. néerlandaise) la donne à Gérard Leeu, et fixe la date de l'impression à la première année du séjour de ce typographe à Anvers, après son départ de Gouda."

It is certain from the use of the signatures a, aa, a, and the similitude of the type of the three works, that the Mandeville, the Ludolphe, and the Marco Polo come from the same printing office, and have been printed together as it seems to be proved by the copy of the Sunderland Library, which was complete and contained the three works.

Lazari, p. 460, writes: "Jo. de Mandeville itineraria: Dom. Ludolph. de itinere ad Terrain Sanctam: M. Paul. Venet. de regionibus orientalibus. Liber rariss. Zwollis, 1483, in-4.

"Leggiamo questa nota nell' opera Bibliotheca Beauclerkiana or Sale catalogue of the books of Topham Beauclerk's Library, London, 1781, P. II., p. 15, n. 430. Marsden però ritiene celarsi sotto quell'erronea indicazione la seguente prima edizione [s.a., 4to] latina de' viaggi di M. Polo. Fgli istitui molte ricerche per rinvenire in Inghilterra quell' esemplare, ma non gli è stato possibile di averne traccia."

11.—2. Marci Pavli Veneti, de Regionibvs orientalibvs Libri III. (Novus Orbis Regionum).

Editions of 1532, 1537, 1555.—See 3-3.

12.—3. Marci Pavli || Veneti Itinerarivm, || seu de rebus Orientalibus || Libri tres. || Helmaestadii, || M.D. LXXXV, 4to.

Part of the Collection of Reineccius:

—Reineri Reinecii || Polyhistoris clarissimi || Historia O—|| rientalis:
|| Hoc est || Rerum in oriente à Christianis, Saracenis, Tur-||cis &
Tartaris gestarum diuersorum || Auctorum. || Totum opus in duas partes
tribulum est, || contenta in singulis sequens || pagina indicat. ||
Helmaestadii, || Typis Iacobi Lucij, impensis heredum Ludolphi || Brandes.
Anno 1602, 4to.
Verso of the title:

Primus Tomus continet:

—Chronicon Hierosolomytanum, cum appen-||dice Reineri Reineccij & Chronologia || Henr. Meibomij.

In Altero sunt:

—Vita Henrici VII. Imp. auctore Conrado Vec-||erio.

—Vita Caroli IIII. Imp. ab ipso Carolo con-||scripta.

—Historia Orientalis Haythoni Armenij.

—Pauli Veneti Itinerarium.

—Fragmentum de reb. orientalibus ex Speculo || Historiali Vincentij Beluacensis.

—Appendix ad Expositiones Haythoni auctore || Rein. Reineccio.

The colophon at the end of the first part has the date of 1584; at the end of the second part, 1585.

—This Marco Polo was reprinted according to Lazari, p. 465, in 1602.

13.—4. MARCI PAULI VENETI, || Historici fidelissimi juxta ac praestantissimi, || de || REGIONIBUS || orientalibus || libri III. || Cum Codice Manuscripto Biblio-|| thecae Electoralis Brandenburgicae collati, exq'; || eo adjectis Notis plurimum turn suppleti || tum illustrati. || Accedit, propter cognationem materiae, || HAITHONI ARMENI HISTORIA || orientalis: quae & de Tartaris || inscribitur; || Itemque || ANDREAE MULLERI, Greiffenhagii, || de CHATAJA, cujus praedictorum Auctorum uter-|| que mentionem facit, DISQUISITIO; inque ipsum || Marcum Paulum Venetum PRAEFATIO, & || locupletissimi INDICES. || Coloniae Brandenburgicae, ||—Ex Officina Georgii Schulzii, Typogr. Elect. || Anno M. DC. LXXI. 4to.

Contains:

Engraved frontispiece.

Dedicatory Epistle, 3 ff. not numbered.

Andreae MÜLLERI Greiffenhagii, in Marci Pauli Veneti Chorographiam, Praefatio pp. 26.
Doctorum Virorum De hoc Marci Pauli Veneti Opere Testimonia, ac Judicia …
(Franciscus Pipinus, etc.) 8 ff. n. ch.

MARCI PAULI Veneti De Regionibus orientalibus Libri III, pp. 167.

Index primus Historicus, Sive alphabetica Recensio omnium eorum, quae Autor passim observavit, atque aliàs memoranda reliquit, 22 ff. not numbered.

Index secundus Chronographicus, qui Annos & cujuslibet anni NOTABILIA (quae quidem Autor designavit) continet, 1 page.

Index tertius Itineraries, Ubi Loca recensentur, quae auctor pertransiit, & Distanstantiae Locorum, quas ipse annotavit, 2 ff. not numbered.

Index quartus Glossarius, Estque vocum exoticarum, quas Autor ipse interpretatus est, 1 half p.

Emendanda in Marco Paulo Veneto, quaeq; ad hunc pertinent: aut ad eadem Addenda, 1 f. not numbered.

HAITHONI Armeni || Historia ori-||entalis: || Qvae eadem & De Tartaris || inscribitur.|| Anno || CIC. ICC. LXXI, 2 ff. not numbered + pp. 107.

[Errata] 2 pp. not numbered.

Index, 7 pp. not numbered.

Andreae MÜLLERI, || Greiffenhagii, || DISQUISITIO || Geographica & Historica, || De || CHATAJA, || In Quâ || I. Praecipuè Geographorum nobilis || illa Controversia: Quaenam CHATAJA sit, & an || sit idem ille terrarum tractus, quem Sinas, & vul-|| gó Chinam vocant, aut pars ejus aliqua? || latissimè tractatur; || 2. Eâdem verò operâ pleraque rerum, quae unquam || de Chataja, deque Sinis memorabilia || fuerunt, atque etiam nunc sunt, compendiosè || enarrantur. ||—Ecclesiastae I. v. 15. ||: [Hebrew] || Senec. de Beneficiis VI. I. || Etiam quod discere supervacuum est prodest || cognoscere. ||—Berolini, Typis Rungianis. || Anno M. DC. LXX, 2 ff. not numbered + pp. 115 on 2 col.

C.—ITALIAN EDITIONS.

14.—1. Marco Polo da Venie || sia de le merauegliose || cose del Mondo.

Below this title the mark of the printer SESSA: a cat holding a mouse in its mouth with the initials I and B on the right and on the left of the coat of arms (with a ducal crown above) which exhibits this group, and S at foot. Verso of f. 83:

Finisse lo libro de Marco Polo da Venie || sia dele merauegliose cose del modo Im || presso in Venetia per zoanne Baptista || da Sessa Milanese del M. ccccxcvi. || adi. xiii. del mese de Iunio regna || do lo Illustrissimo Principe Au || gustino Barbadico inclyto || Duce di Venetia.

Recto of folio 84: "Registro. a b c d e f g h i k l Tutti questi sono quaderni excepto l chie duerno"; audessous le monogramme de l'imprimeur en blanc sur fond noir.—Verso of folio 84 is blank.

The copy which I have examined is in the Grenville Library, No. 6666. It is in fine condition and complete, notwithstanding what the Sobolewski Sale Catalogue says to the contrary (No. 1730): it is a small 8vo ff. 84; each quire containing, as is indicated by the register, eight sheets, except quire 1, which has but four.

Grenville added to his copy the following note: "This appears to be the first edition printed in the original Italian.—The Abbé Morelli who sent me this book from Venice had found great difficulty in procuring a copy for the Library of St. Marc.—Panzer III. 396, refers only to the mention made of it by Denis. Supp. I, p'e 415. I know of no other copy in England…."

Lazari, p. 460, says: "Prima e rarissima edizione del compendio veneziano. Un capitolo che parla di Trebisonda, tratto dal viaggio di Fr. Odorico, precede il testo del Polo mutilo e scorrettissimo: quel capitolo non forma però parte d'esso, come nelle molte ristampe di questo compendio."

See Odoric de Pordenone, par Henri Cordier, p. 9.

Ternaux-Compans (29) mentions an edition of Sessa of 1486, which does not seem to exist.

15—2. Marco Polo da Vene || sia de le maraueliose || cose del Mondo. || Small 8vo.; 64 ff. non chif., sig. a-i: a-g by 8 = 56 ff., h and i by 4 = 8 ff., total 64 ff.

Collation:

Recto 1st f.: border; vignette; above the vig. title ut supra.

Verso 1st f. begins: Tractate delle più maraueliose cose e delle piu notabile: che si ri || trouano nelle pte del modo. Re || dutte & racolte sotto breuita …

Recto f. 64: Impressa la presente opera per el Venerabile mi || ser pre Batista da Farfengo nella Magnifica cita de || Bressa. adi. xx. December. M. CCCCC. ||

"Ristampa dell' edizione 1496, leggiermente modificata nella introduzione.
Rarissima." (Lazari, p. 460.)

16.—3. Marco Polo da Veniesia || de le marauegliose co= || se del Mondo.
small 8vo, 56 ff. not numbered, sig. a-g by 8.
Collation: title ut supra: Printer's mark: a cat holding a mouse in its mouth, M O on the sides; S at foot.—Ends, recto f. 56; Impresso in Venetia per Melchior Sessa. An||no Dñi. M. CCCCC VIII. Adi. xxi. zugno.

17.—4. Marco Polo || Venetiano || in CVI si tratta le meravi||gliose cose del mondo per lui uedute: del costu=||me di uarij paesi, dello stranio uiuere di || quelli; della descrittione de diuersi || animali, e del trouar dell' o=||ro, dell' argento, e delle || pietre preciose, co=||sa non men uti||le, che bel||la. [Vignette.] || In Venetia, 8vo; 56 ff. n. ch., sig. a-g by 8.

At the end: Finite é lo libro de Marco Polo da Venetia delle: || marauegliose cose del mondo. || In Venetia per Matthio Pagan, in Frezaria, || al segno della Fede. 1555.

"Ristampa dell' edizione 1496. La edizione 1555 fu riprodotta dello stesso Mathio Pagan senza data." (Lazari, p. 463.)

A copy s.d. exists in the Grenville Library (304. a. 23), this is the title of it:

18.—5. Marco Polo || Venetiano. || In cvi si tratta le meravi||gliose cose del mondo per lui uedute, del costu||me di uarij paesi, dello stranio uiuere di || quelli; della descrittione de diuersi || animali, e del trouar dell' oro || dell' argento, e delle pie||tre preciose, cosa || non men utile, || che bel||la. In Venetia. s.d., 8vo., 56 ff. not numbered, sig. a-g by 8. At the end: In Venetia per Mathio Pagan, in Freza||ria, al Segno della Fede.—On the title M. Pagan's mark.

19.—6. Opera stampata nouame||te delle marauigliose co=||se del mondo: comin=||ciado da Leuante a ponente fin al me||zo di. El mondo nouo & isole & lo=||chi incogniti & siluestri abonda||ti e sterili & doue aboda loro || & largento & Zoglie & pie || tre pciose & animali & || mostri spaurosi & do||ue manzano car=||ne humana e || i gesti & vi=||uer & co=||stumi || de quelli paesi cosa certamete molto cu=|lriosa de intendere & sapere.

Small 8vo, 56 ff. not numbered, sig. a-g by 8. At foot of recto f. 56: Finito lo libro de Marco Polo da Venetia de le || marauegliose cose del mondo. || Stampata in Venetia per Paulo Danza Anno. || Dni M.D. xxxiij. Adi 10 Febraro. ||

Reprint of the 1496 edition.

20.—7. De i Viaggi di Messer Marco Polo Gentil'hvomo Venetiano (Ramusio, II, 1606.)

See the former editions of Ramusio.

21.—8. Marco Polo || Venetiano, || Delle Merauiglie del Mondo || per lui vedute; || Del Costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio || viuer di quelli. || Della Descrittione de diuersi Animali. || Del trouar dell' Oro, & dell' Argento. || Delle Pietre Preciose. || Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. || Di nouo Ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine || suo vero nel dire. || In Treuigi, Ad instantia di Aurelio Reghet||tini Libraro. M DXC. 8vo, 57 ff. numbered, a-g x 8 = 56 ff. + h X 1 = 57 ff.; vignette on the title; 1 wood-cut, not inserted in the text.

The wood-cut is not to be found in the copy of the British Museum, G bbb 8.

22.—9. Marco Polo Venetiano, Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per lui vedute; Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuer di quelli. Della Descrittione de diuersi Animali. Del trouar Dell' Oro, & dell' Argento. Delle Pietre Preciose. Cosa non meno vtile, che bella, Di nouo Ristampato, & Osseruato l'ordine suo vero nel dire. In Venetia, Appresso Marco Claseri, M DXCVII, 8vo, pp. 128, no cut.

23.—10. Marco Polo || Venetiano, || Delle Maraviglie del Mondo || per lui vedute. || Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuer || di quelli. || Della Descrittione de diuersi Animali. || Del trouar dell' Oro, & dell' Argento. || Delle Pietre Pretiose. || Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. || Di nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo || vero nel dire. || [fleuron] In Venetia, M DCII. || Appresso Paolo Vgolino, small 8vo pp. 104; no cut.

Page 104: Finito è lo Libro di Marco Polo da Venetia delle ||Marauigliose cose del Mondo.

This edition differs from the following bearing the same date:

24.—11. Marco Polo Venetiano, Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per lui vedute. Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuere di quelli. Della Descritione de diuersi Animali. Del trouar Dell' oro, & dell' Argento. Delle Pietre Preciose. Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. Di nouo Risstampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo vero nel dire. In Venetia. M DCII. Appresso Paulo Vgolino, 8vo, pp. 128; on the title, vig. exhibiting David carrying the head of Goliath; no cut.

25.—12. Marco Polo Venetiano, Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per lui vedute. Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuer di quelli. Della Descrittione de diuersi Animali. Dell trouar dell' Oro, & dell'
Argento. Delle Pietre Preciose. Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. Di nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo vero nel dire. Con licenza de' Superiori, & Priuilegio. In Venetia, M. DC. XXVI. Appresso
Ghirardo, & Iseppo Imberti, small 8vo, pp. 128; 1 wood-cut, not inserted in the text.

26.—13. Marco Polo || Venetiano. || Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per || lui vedute. || Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuer di quelli. || De la Descrittione de diuersi Animali. || Del trouar dell'
Oro, & de l'Argento. || Delle Pietre preciose. || Cosa non meno utile, che bella. || Di nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine || suo vero nel dire. || In Venetia, & poi in Treuigi per Angelo Righettini. 1267 [read 1627]. || Con Licenza de' Superiori, small 8vo, pp. 128; 1 wood-cut, not inserted in the text.

27.—14. Marco Polo || Venetiano. || Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per || lui vedute. || Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello stranio viuer di quelli. || De la Descrittione de diuersi Animali. || Del trouar dell'
Oro, & de l'Argento. || Delle Pietre preciose. || Cosa non meno utile, che bella. Di nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo || vero nel dire. || In Treuigi, Appresso Girolamo Righettini: 1640. || Con Licenza de Superiori, small 8vo, 128 pages with a vignette on the title, printer's mark; wood-cut f. 2 verso.

28.—15.—* In Trevigi M. DC. LVII., appresso Girolamo Righettini, 8vo.

29.—16. Marco Polo Venetiano. Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per lui vedute. I. Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello strano viuer di quelli. II. De la Descrittione de diuersi Animali. III. Del trouar dell' Oro, & dell'
Argento. IV. Delle Pietre pretiose. Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. Si nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo vero nel dire. In Trevigi, Per il Righettini. M. DC. LXV. Con Licenza de' Svperiori, small 8vo, 128 pp. with a wood-cut.

30.—17. Marco Polo Venetiano Delle Merauiglie del Mondo per lui vedute. I. Del costume di varij Paesi, & dello strano viuer di quelli. II. Della Descrittione de diuersi Animali. III. Del trouar dell' Oro, &
dell' Argento. IV. Delle Pietre pretiose. Cosa non meno vtile, che bella. Di nuouo ristampato, & osseruato l'ordine suo vero nel dire. In Trevigi, Per il Reghettini. M. DC. LXXII. Con Licenza de' Svperiori, small 8vo. pp. 128; 1 cut not inserted in the text. These various editions are reprints of the text of 1496.

31.—18. Il Milione || di Marco Polo || Testo di lingua || del secolo decimoterzo || ora per la prima volta || pubblicato ed illustrato || dal Conte || Gio. Batt. Baldelli Boni. || Tomo primo || Firenze || Da' Torchi di Giuseppe Pagani || M. DCCCXXVII. || Con approv. e privilegio, 4to, pp. XXXII.-CLXXV.-234+1 f. not numbered for the index.

INDICE: Vita di Marco Polo, P.I.—Sommario Cronologico della Vita del Polo, P. XXV.—Storia del Milione, P.I.—Illustrazione della Tela del Salone dello Scudo, P. CV.—Descrizione dell' Atlante Cinese, posseduto dalla Magliabechiana, P. CIX.—Schiarimento relativo all' età dell' Atlante Cinese, P. CXXI.—Notizia dei Manoscritti del Milione, di cui si è fatto uso nell' Opera, o veduti, o fatti riscontrare, P. CXXIII.—Della Porcellana. Discorso, P. CXXXVII.—Del Portulano Mediceo, e delle Scoperte dei Genovesi nell' Atlantico. Discorso, P. CLIII.—Voci del Milione di Marco Polo, citate dal Vocabolario della Crusca, P. CLXXIII.—Voci tratte dal Testo del Polo, e da citarsi dal Vocabolario della Crusca, P. CLXXIV. —Il Milione di Marco Polo, TESTO DELLA CRUSCA, P.I.

—Il Milione || di || Messer Marco Polo || Viniziano || Secondo la lezione Ramusiana || illustrato e comentato || dal Conte || Gio. Batt. Baldelli Boni || Tomo Secondo || Firenze || Da' Torchi di Giuseppe Pagani || M DCCC XXVII. || Con approv. e privilegio, 4to, pp. XXVI.-514 + 2 ff. n. ch.
INDICE: Dichiarazione al Libro Primo, P. 1.—Proemio di Fra Pipino al Milione, P. 3.—TESTO RAMUSIANO del Milione. Libro Primo, P. 5—Dichiarazione al Libro Secondo, per rischiarare le Legazioni di Marco Polo, P. 147.—Libro Secondo, P. 153.—Dichiarazione alla parte seconda del Libro Secondo. Delia Lingua Cinese, P. 223.—Libro Terzo, P. 357.—Aggiunte e Correzioni, P. 481.

—Storia || delle || Relazioni vicendevoli || Dell' Europa e dell' Asia || dalla Decadenza di Roma || fino alla || distruzione del Califfato || del Conte || Gio. Batt. Baldelli Boni. || Parte Prima || Firenze || Da' Torchi di Giuseppe Pagani || M DCCC XXVII. || Con approv. e privilegio, 4to, 4 ff. n. c. for the tit. and the ded.: "A Sua Altezza Imperiale e Reale Leopoldo Secondo Principe Imperiale d'Austria …" +pp. 466.

—Parte Seconda || Firenze || Da' Torchi di Giuseppe Pagani || M DCCC

XXVII. || Con approv. e privilegio, 4to, pp. 467 to 1004 + 1 f. n. ch.
Eighty copies of Baldelli-Boni's work were printed on large paper, and two on vellum.

Two maps generally bound apart accompany the work.

32.—19. I Viaggi in Asia in Africa, nel mare dell' Indie descritti nel secolo XIII da Marco Polo Veneziano. Testo di lingua detto Il Milione illustrato con annotazioni. Venezia, dalla tipografia di Alvisopoli, M DCCC XXIX, 2 parts, 8vo, pp. xxi + 1-189, 195-397.

"Ristampa del Testo di Crusca procurata da B. Gamba il quale vi appose piccole note a pie di pagina." (Lazari, p. 470.)

"Il en a été tiré 100 exemplaires, in-8, auxquels est jointe la carte géographique qui fait partie de l'ouvrage de Zurla. Il y en a aussi des exemplaires in-8, très grand Pap., et sur des papiers de différentes couleurs." (Brunet.)

33.—20. Il Libro di Marco Polo intitolato il Milione. (Relazioni di Viaggiatori, Venezia, co' tipi del Gondoliere, M DCCC XLI, I, pp. 1-231.)

Reprint of the Crusca Text.—See Baldelli-Boni, supra 31-18.

Gondoliere's Collection form vol. i. and ii. of the class XI. of the Biblioteca classica italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti disposta e illustrata da Luigi Carrer.

34.—21. I Viaggi in Asia in Africa, nel marc dell' Indie descritti nel secolo XIII da Marco Polo Veneziano testo di lingua detto Il Milione illustrato con annotazioni. Volume unico. Parma, per Pietro Fiaccadori, M DCCC XLIII, Small 8vo, pp. IV.-308.

Reprint of the Crusca Text.

35.—22. I Viaggi in Asia, in Africa, nel mare dell' Indie descritti nel secolo XIII da Marco Polo Veneziano. Testo di lingua detto II Milione. Udine, Onofrio Turchetto, Tip. edit. 1851, 16mo, pp. X.-207

36.—23. I Viaggi || di || Marco Polo || Veneziano || tradotti per la prima volta dall' originale francese || di Rusticiano di Pisa || e corredati d'illustrazioni e di documenti || da Vincenzo Lazari || pubblicati per cura || di Lodovico Pasini || membro eff. e segretario dell' I.R. Istituto Veneto. || Venezia || M DCCC XLVII, 8vo, pp. LXIV.-484, map.

Verso of the title: "Coi Tipi di Pietro Naratovitch."

See pp. 447-471, Bibliografia.—Pp. 473-484, Indice Alfabetico delle Materie.

37.—24. I Viaggi di Marco Polo secondo la lezione del Codice Magliabechiano più antico reintegrati col testo francese a stampa per cura di Adolfo Bartoli. Firenze, Felice Le Monnier, 1863, small 8vo, pp. LXXXIII.—439.

38.—25. Il Milione ossia Viaggi in Asia, in Africa e nel Mar delle Indie descritti nel secolo XIII da Marco Polo Veneziano. Torino, Tip. dell' oratorio di S. Franc, di Sales, 1873, 32mo, pp. 280.

Biblioteca della Gioventù Italiana.

39.—26. Giulio Verne. I Viaggi di Marco Polo unica versione originale fedelmente riscontrata sub codice Magliabeccano e sulle opere di Charton per cura di Ezio Colombo. Volume Unico. Milano, Serafino Muggiani e Comp., 1878, 16mo, pp. 143.

The frontispiece is a coarse wood-cut exhibiting Marco Polo; this vol. is part of a popular Collection of Travels.

40.—27. Marco Polo.—I Viaggi secondo la lezione del codice Magliabechiano più antico. Milano, Sonzogno, 1886, 16mo.

See supra 37-24.

D.—PORTUGUESE EDITION

41.—1. MARCO || PAULO. ¶ Ho liuro de Nycolao veneto. ¶ O trallado da carta de huu genoues das ditas terras. ¶ Cõ priuilegio del Rey nosso senhor q nenhuu faça a impres || sam deste liuro ne ho venda em todollos se' regnos & senho=||rios sem liçeça de Valentim fernãdez so pena cõteuda na car || ta do seu preuilegio. Ho preço delle. Cento & dez reaes. folio of 106 ff.

Collation: 8 prel. ff. n. chiff., and 98 ff. numbered.

Recto 1st f.: Titre ut supra.—Vignette showing a sphere.

Verso 2nd f.: Começase a epistola sobre a tralladaça do liuro de || Marco paulo. Feita per Valetym fernãdez escudey || ro da excellentissima Raynha Dona Lyanor. Ende || rençada ao Serenissimo & Inuictissimo Rey & Sen ||hor Dom Emanuel o primeiro. Rey de Portugal & || dos Alguarues. daque & alem mar em Africa. Sen || hor de Buynee. E da conquista da nauegaçom & co||mercio de Ethiopia. Arabia. Persia. & da India.

Recto 7th f.: Começase a tauoa dos capitulos do liuro Primeyro.

Recto 1st f. chif.: Começase ho Liuro Primeiro de Marco paulo || de Veneza das condiçoões & custumes das getes || & das terras & prouincias orientaes. E prime y ra||mente de como & em que maneyra Dom Marco=|| paulo de Veneza & Dom Maffeo seu irmaão se pas||sarom aas partes do oriente; vig. repres. a galley; border.

Verso f. 77: End of Marco Polo.

Recto f. 78: Nicolo Conti.

Verso f. 95: End of Nicolo Conti.

Recto f. 96: A Carta do genoues.

Verso f. 98: Acabase ho liuro de Marco paulo. cõ ho liuro de Nicolao ve=||neto ou veneziano. & assi mesmo ho trallado de hua carta de huu || genoues mercador. que todos escreuerõ das Indias. a seruiço || de d's. & auisameto daquelles q agora vam pera as ditas Indias || Aos quaes rogo & peço humilmente q benignamete queirã eme||dar & correger ho que menos achare no escreuer. s. nos vocabul' || das prouincias. regnos. çidades. ylhas. & outras cousas muytas || & nõ menos em a distãcia das legoas de hua terra pa outra. Im=|| primido per Valentym fernãdez alemaão. Em a muy nobre çida || de Lyxboa. Era de Mil & quinhentos & dous annos. Aos. qua||tro dias do mes de Feureyro.—At the top, printer's mark.

A detailed description of this edition is to be found in Figanière's Bibliographia, No. 947.

E.—SPANISH EDITIONS.

42.—1. Cosmographia || breue introdu||ctoria en el libro || d' Marco paulo. ||—El libro del famoso Marco paulo || veneciano d'las cosas marauillosas || q vido enlas partes orietales cõuie || ne saber enlas Indias. Armenia. A||rabia. Persia & Tartaria. E d'l pode || rio d'l gra Ca y otros reyes. Co otro || tratado de micer Pogio floretino q || trata delas mesmas tierras & yslas.

Folio; 2 col.; 34 ff. numbered and 4 prel ff. not numbered.

On the title page 4 woodcuts exhibiting:
Marc paulo.
Micer pogio.
S. Domingo, ela ysla Isabela.
Calicu.
—The 4 prelim. ff. contain:
—Recto 1 f.: Title.
—Verso 1 f.: Prologo primero.
—F. 2 and 3: Maestre Rodrigo al lector.
—F. 4: Tabla de los capitulos.
—Marco Polo, ff. 1/26.

—Tratado de Micer Pogio, ff. 27-recto f. 27 [read 34].

—Last f. v. [numbered xxvij erroneously for xxxiv.]

"Acabase el libro del famoso Marco paulo vene||ciano el ql cueta de todas las tierras prouicias & islas delas Indias. Arabia || Persia Armenia y Tartaria y d'las cosas marauillosas que enellas se ha||llan assi mesmo el gra señorio y riquezas del gran Can de Catayo se||ñor delos tartaros | añadido en fin vn tratado breue de micer Pogio || florentino el qual el mesmo escriuio por mandado de eugenio papa || quarto deste nombre por relacion de vn Nicolao [Conti] veneciano el || qual assi mesmo auia andado las ptidas orietales & de otros || testigos dinos d' fe como por el parece fiel mete trasladado || en lengua castellana por el reueredo señor maestre Rodri||go de santa ella | Arcediano de reyna y canonigo ela sa || ta yglesia de Seuilla. El ql se eprimio por La [?] alao || polono y Jacome Crõberger alemano ela muy || noble y muy leal ciudad d'Seuilla. Año de || mil & q' nietos y tres a. xxviij. dias d'mayo."

43—2. Libro del famoso Marco || Polo veneciano delas cosas maraui||llosas q vido enlas partes orien=||tales: conuiene saber enlas|| Indias | Armenia | Ara||bia | Persia | & Tarta||ria. Edel poderio || del gran Can y || otros reyes. || Con otro || tratado || de mi||cer || Pogio Florentino & trata || delas mesmas tie=||rras & islas. s.l.n.d., fol.; 2 col. [Logroño, 1529].

Collation: 4 prel. ff. not numbered + signatures a-d × 8 = 32 ff.; in all 36 ff. F. 1. v.: Prologo del Interprete.—f. 2 r. Cosmographia introductoria.—f. 3. v.: Tabla—f. 4 v.: Fin dela Tabla.—32 numbered f. follow: F. i.—Begins: Libro de Marco Polo Veneciano || (col. 1.) Aqui comiença vn || libro que trata delas cosas marauillosas || que el noble varon micer Marco Polo de || Venecia vido enlas partes de Oriente.

Ends: recto f. xxxij: La presente obra del famoso Marco || Polo veneciano q fue traduzida fielmete de lengua veneciana en || castellano por el reueredo señor maestre Rodrigo Arcedia||no de reyna y canonigo enla yglesia de Seuilla. || Fue impressa y corregida de nueuo enla || muy constante y leal civdad de || Logroño en casa d'Mi||guel de eguia || a treze || de junio de mill & qui||nientos y. xx. & nueue. ||

"Cette édition de 1529, says Brunet est fort rare: 2 liv. 9 sh. Heber; 210 flor. Butsch, et 130 fr. en 1859.—Il y en a une plus ancienne de Séville, Cromberger, 1520 in-fol., que cite Panzer d'après Vogt."

Lazari says of this edition of 1520, p. 461: "Di estrema rarità. Questa traduzione è tratta da un antico testo italiano: l'autore n'é Maestro Rodrigo de Santaella."

44.—3. Historia || de las Gran-||dezas y Cosas || marauillosas de las Prouin-||cias Orientales. || Sacada de Marco Pavlo || Veneto, y traduzida de Latin en Romance, y aña-|| dida en muchas partes por Don Martin de Bolea || y Castro, Varon de Clamosa, || señor de la Villa de || Sietamo. || Dirigida a Don Beltran de || la Cueba, Duque de Alburquerque, Marques de|| Cuellar, Conde de Ledesma y Guelma, Lugar- || teniente, y Capitan Geneial por su Ma-||gestad, en el Reyno de || Aragon. || Con Licencia, en Caragoça. || Por Angelo Tauano, Año. M. DCI, 8vo, 8 ff. n. ch.+163 ff.+ 8 ff. n. ch. for the tab. and errata. Last f. n. ch. verso: En Caragoça || Por Angelo Tauano || Año. 1601.

45.—4. Biblioteca universal. Coleccion de los Mejores autores antiguos y modernos, nacionales y extranjeros. Tomo LXVI. Los Viages de Marco Polo veneciano. Madrid. Direccion y administracion, 1880, 16mo, pp. 192.

"La edicion que hemos tenido principalmente à la vista, para formar este volúmen de nuestra Biblioteca, es la de Ludovico Pasini, Venecia 1847."

F.—FRENCH EDITIONS.

46.—1. La || description geo-||graphiqve des Provinces || & villes plus fameuses de l'Inde Orientale, meurs, || loix, & coustumes des habitans d'icelles, mesme-||ment de ce qui est soubz la domination du grand || Cham Empereur des Tartares. || Par Marc Paule gentilhomme Venetien, || Et nouuellement reduict en || vulgaire François. || [mark] A Paris, || Pour Vincent Sertenas tenant sa boutique au Palais en la gallerie par || ou on va a la Chacellerie. Et en larue neuue Nostre dame l'image sainct lehan l'Euangeliste. || 1556. || Avec Privilege dv Roy, || 4to, 10 prel. f. not numbered + 123 ff. numbered + I f. not numbered.

Sommaire dv Privilege du Roy (verso of title).—Episle "A Adrian de Lavnay sei||gneur de sainct Germain le Vieil, Viconte de || sainct Siluain, Notaire & Secretaire || du Roy." F.G.L.S.—De Paris ce xviii. iour d'Aoust 1556, 3 pages.—Preface av lectevr par F.G.L., 5 pages.—Table, 8 pages.—Pièces de vers 2 pages at the beginning and an advertisement (1 page) at the end.

Begins page 1: "Lors que Bauldoyn Prince Chre||stien tat fameux & renommé tenoit || l'Empire de Constãtinople, assavoir || en Pan de l'incarnation de nostre || Saulueur mil deux cens soixante & || neuf, deux nobles & prudes citoyes || de Venise….

Verso of last f. not numbered, the mark of Vincent Sertenas.

Oldest edition in French.

Marsden and Yule believe that it has been translated from the Latin of the Novus Orbis.

47.—2. Same title. A Paris, || Pour Estienne Groulleau, demourant en la rue neuue Nostre || dame, à l'image sainct Iehan Baptiste. || 1556. || Avec privilege dv Roy, 4to.

Same edition with a different bookseller.

48.—3. La Description geographique … de l'Inde Orientale … Par Marc Paule … || A Paris, || Pour Jehan Longis tenant sa boutique au Palais en la gallerie par || ou on va à la Chancellerie. || 1556.|| Auec Priuilege du Roy. 4to.

Same edition as Sertenas' with the privilege of this bookseller. A copy is marked in the Catalogue des livres … de … James de Rothschild, II, Paris, 1887, No. 1938. M.E. Picot remarks that the Preface by F.G. L., as well as the motto Inter utrumque belong to FRANÇOIS GRUGET, Lochois, who in the same year edited with the same booksellers the Dodechedron de Fortune.

49.—4. Les || Voiages || très-curieux & fort remarquables, || Achevées par toute || l'Asie, Tartarie, Mangi, Japon, || les || Indes orientales, iles adjacentes, || & l'Afrique, || Commencées l'An 1252. || Par Marc Paul, Venitien, || Historien recommandable pour sa fidelité. || Qui contiennent une Relation très-exacte des Païs Orientaux: || Dans laquelle il décrit très exactement plusieurs Païs & Villes, lesquelles || Lui même a Voiagées & vües la pluspart: & où il nous enseigne briévement || les Moeurs & Coutumes de ces Peuples, avant ce tems là inconnues aux|| Européens; || Comme aussi l'origine de la puissance des Tartares, quand à leurs Conquêtes || de plusieurs Etats ou Païs dans la Chine, ici clairement proposée & expliquée. || Le tout divisé en III. Livres, || Conferé avec un Manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de S.A.E. de Brandebourg, || & enrichi de plusieurs Notes & Additions tirées du dit Manuscrit, || de l'Edition de Ramuzio, de celle de Purchas, || & de celle de Vitriare.

Form a part of 43 and 185 col. in vol. ii. of Voyages faits principalement en Asie … par Pierre Bergeron. A la Haye, Chez Jean Neaulme M. DCC. XXXV, in 4.

After André Müller Greiffenhag.

Remark on the title-page the date of the voyage 1252! In the text, col. 6, it is marked 1272.

50.—5. Marco Polo—Un Vénitien chez les Chinois avec étude biographique et littéraire par Charles Simond. Paris, Henri Gautier, s.d. [1888], pp't 8vo, pp. 32.

Forms No. 122 of Nouvelle Bibliothèque populaire à 10 Cent. Besides a short biographical notice, it contains Bergeron's Text.

51.—6. Voyages de Marco Polo. Première partie. Introduction, Texte. Glossaire et Variantes.
Introduction, pp. xi.-liv. [by Roux.]

Voyage de Marc Pol, pp. 1-288—Table des Chapitres, pp. 289-296.
[Published from MS. 7367 of the Bibliothèque nationale.]

Peregrinatio Marci Pauli. Ex Manuscripto Bibliothecae Regiae, No 3195 f°, pp. 297-494—Index Capitum, pp. 495-502.

Glossaire des mots hors d'usage, pp. 503-530 [by Méon].

Errata, pp. 531-532.

Variantes et Tableau comparatif des noms propres et des noms de lieux cités dans les voyages de Marco Polo, pp. 533-552.

(Vol. i. 1824, of the Recueil de Voyages, de la Société de géographie de Paris.)

—Rapport sur la Publication des Voyages de Marco Polo, fait au nom de la section de publication, par M. Roux, rapporteur. (Bull. de la Soc. de Géog., I. 1822, pp. 181-191.)

—Itinéraires à Jérusalem et Descriptions de la Terre Sainte rédigés en français aux xi'e, xii'e, & xiii'e siècles publiés par Henri Michelant & Gaston Raynaud. Genève, Fick, 1882, in-8.

Voyage des Polo, pp. xxviii.-xxix.—Ext. of MS. fr. 1116 are given, pp. 201-212, et of the version called after Thiébault de Cépoy, pp. 213-226.

The Fr. MS. 1116, late 7367, has been reproduced by photography (including the binding, a poor modern one in calf!) at Karlsruhe this year (1902) under the title:

—Le divisiment dou monde de Messer March Pol de Venece.—Die Handschrift Fonds Français No. 1116 der National bibliothek zu Paris photographisch aufgenommen auf der Gr. Hof-und Landes bibliothek zu Karlsruhe von Dr. A. Steiner.—Karlsruhe. Hof-Buchdruckerei Friedrich Gutsch. 1902, in-4. Has No. Impr. 5210 in the National Library, Paris.

52.—7. Marco Polo. (Charton, Voy. anc. et mod., II. pp. 252-440.)

Modernized Text of the Geographical Society.—Notes, Bibliography, etc.

53.—8. [Chinese]

—Le livre || de || Marco Polo || citoyen de Venise || Conseiller privé et commissaire impérial || de || Khoubilaï-Khaân; || rédigé en français sous sa dictée en 1298 || par Rusticien de Pise; || Publié pour la première fois d'après trois manuscrits inédits de la Bibliothèque impériale de Paris, || présentant la rédaction primitive du Livre, revue par Marc Pol lui-même et donnée par lui, en 1307, à Thiébault de Cépoy, || accompagnée des variantes, de l'explication des mots hors d'usage, et de Commentaires géographiques et historiques, || tirés des écrivains orientaux, principalement chinois, avec une Carte générale de l'Asie; || par || M.G. Pauthier. ||—Paris || Librairie de Firmin Didot…. M. DCCC. LXV, 2 parts, large 8vo.

—Polo (Marco) par G. Pauthier.

Extrait de la Nouvelle Biographie générale, publiée par MM. Firmin Didot frères et fils. Ppt. 8vo, on 2 col.

—A Memoir of Marco Polo, the Venetian Traveller to Tartary and China [translated from the French of M.G. Pauthier]. (Chin. & Jap. Rep., Sept. & Oct. 1863.)

54.—9. Les Récits de Marco Polo citoyen de Venise sur l'histoire, les moeurs et les coutumes des Mongols, sur l'empire Chinois et ses merveilles; sur Gengis-Khan et ses hauts faits; sur le Vieux de la Montagne; le Dieu des idolâtres, etc. Texte original français du XIII'e siècle rajeuni et annoté par Henri Bellenger. Paris, Maurice Dreyfous, s.d., 18mo, pp. iv-280.

55.—10. Le Livre de Marco Polo—Facsimile d'un manuscrit du XIV'e siècle conservé à la Bibliothèque royale de Stockholm, 4to, 4 ff. n. c. for the title ut supra and preface + 100 ff. n. c. [200 pages] of text facsimile.

We read on the verso of the title-page: "Photolithographie par l'Institut lithographique de l'Etat-Major—Typographie par l'Imprimerie centrale—Stockholm, 1882."—We learn from the preface by the celebrated A.E. Nordenskiöld, that 200 copies, two of which on parchment have been printed. In the preface is printed a letter, Paris, 22nd Nov. 1881, written by M. Léopold Delisle, which shows that the Stockholm MS. belonged to the library of the King of France, Charles V. (who had five copies of Polo's Book) and had No. 317 in the Inventory of 1411; it belonged to the Louvre, to Solier of Honfleur, to Paul Petau when it was purchased by King Christina.

—Le "Livre de Marco Polo." Facsimile d'un manuscrit du XIV'e siècle conservé à la Bibliothèque royale de Stockholm. Stockholm, 1882, in-4 (Signed: LÉOPOLD DELISLE)—Nogent-le-Rotrou, imp. de Daupeley-Gouverneur. [1882], pp. 8vo.

Extrait de la Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes. t. xliii. 1882.—

This is a reprint of an article by M. Delisle in the Bib. de l'Éc. des Chartes, xliii. 1882, pp. 226-235.—see also p. 434.—M.G. Raynaud has also given a notice of this edition of Stockholm in Romania, xl. 1882, pp. 429-430, and Sir Henry Yule, in The Athenaeum, 17th June, 1882, pp. 765-766.

—Il libro di Marco Polo facsimile d'un manoscritto del XIV secolo. Nota del prof. G. Pennesi. (Bol. Soc. Geog. Ital., 1882, pp. 949-950.)

—See MURET, Ernest, pp. 547 and 582.

G.—ENGLISH EDITIONS.

56.—1. The most noble || and famous trauels of || Marcus Paulus, one || of the nobilitie of the state of || Venice, into the East partes || of the world, as Armenia, Per||sia, Arabia, Tartary, with || many other kingdoms || and Prouinces. || No lesse pleasant, than || profitable, as appeareth || by the Table, or Contents || of this Booke. || Most necessary for all sortes || of Persons, and especially || for Trauellers. || Translated into English. || At London, || Printed by Ralph Nevvbery, || Anno. 1579. Small 4to. pp. [28]+167+[1]. Sig. *-**** A-X.

Pp. 167 without the 28 first pages which contain the title (2 p.), the epistle of the translator, Iohn Frampton (2 p.). Maister Rothorigo to the Reader: An introduction into Cosmographie (10 pages), the Table of the Chapters (6 p.). The Prologue (8 p.).

57.—2. The first Booke of Marcvs Pavlvs Venetvs, or of Master Marco Polo,
a Gentleman of Venice, his Voyages. (Purchas, His Pilgrimes. London,
Printed by William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, … 1625, Lib. I.
Ch. 1111. pp. 65-108.)
After Ramusio.

58.—3. The Travels of Marco Polo, or Mark Paul, the Venetian, into Tartary, in 1272. (Astley's Collection of Travels, IV. pp. 580-619).

French translation in l'Hist. Gén. des Voyages.

59.—4. Harris's Navigantium atque Itin. Bib., ed. of 1715 and of 1744.

60.—5. The curious and remarkable Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, a Gentleman of Venice who in the Middle of the thirteenth Century passed through a great part of Asia, all the Dominions of the Tartars, and returned Home by Sea through the Islands of the East Indies. [Taken chiefly from the accurate Edition of Ramusio, compared with an original Manuscript in His Prussian Majesty's Library and with most of the Translations hitherto published.] (Pinkerton, VII. p. 101.)

61.—6. Marco Polo. Travels into China and the East, from 1260 to 1295. (Robert Kerr, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels…. Edinburgh, 1811-1824, vol. i.)

62.—7. The || Travels || of || Marco Polo, || a Venetian, || in the Thirteenth Century: || being a || Description, by that early traveller, || of || remarkable places and things, || in || the || Eastern Parts of the World. || Translated from the Italian, || with || Notes, || by William Marsden, F.R.S., &c. || With a Map. || London: || M. DCCC. XVIII., large 4to, pp. lxxx.-782 + 1 f. n. ch. for the er.

The first 80 pages are devoted to a remarkable Introduction, in which are treated of various subjects enumerated on p. 782: Life of Marco Polo; General View of the Work; Choice of Text for Translation;
Original Language, etc. There is an index, pp. 757-781.

63.—8. The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian. The Translation of Marsden revised, with a Selection of his Notes. Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq. M.A., etc. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854, small 8vo, pp.
xxviii.-508.

64.—9. The Travels of Marco Polo … By Hugh Murray … Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd … M. DCCC. XLIV, 8vo, pp. 368.

Vol. 38 of the Edinburgh Cabinet Library, published at 5s.

—Second Edition, … Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd … M DCCC XLIV, 8vo.

—The Travels of Marco Polo, greatly amended and enlarged from valuable early manuscripts recently published by the French Society of Geography, and in Italy by Count Baldelli Boni. With copious Notes, illustrating the routes and observations of the author and comparing them with those of more recent Travellers. By Hugh Murray, F.R.S.E. Two Maps and a Vignette. New York, Harper, 1845, 12mo, pp. vi-326.

—4th ed., Edinburg, s.a.

65.—10. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly Translated and edited, with Notes. By Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of the Royal Engineers
(Bengal), Hon. Fellow of the Geographical Society of Italy. In two volumes. With Maps, and other Illustrations. London, John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1871, 2 vol. 8vo.

66.—11. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly translated and edited, with Notes, Maps, and other Illustrations. By Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of the Royal Engineers (Bengal) … In two volumes. Second edition, revised. With the addition of new matter and many new illustrations. London: John Murray, 1875, 2 vols. 8vo.

—Marco Polo e il suo Libro del Colonnello Henry Yule, C.B. Por Guglielmo Berchet. (Archivio Veneto, II. 1871, pp. 124-174, 259-350.)

Contains a Translation of the Introductory Essay, etc.

—The Story of Marco Polo. With Illustrations. London, John Murray, 1898, 8vo, pp. xiv.-247.

Preface by Noah Brooks. "In his comments … the author has made use of the erudite notes of Colonel Henry Yule…."

67.—12. Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo.—London, Cassell, 1886, 16mo, pp. 192.

The Preface is signed H. M[osley].—From Pinkerton.—Popular Edition. Cassell's National Library.

H.—DUTCH EDITIONS

—Die nieuvve vveerelt der Landtschappen ende Eylanden … Gheprint Thantwerpen … Anno. M.D. LXIII. folio.

Marcus Pauwels, f. xxvii.

68.—1. MARKUS PAULUS VENETUS || Reisen, || En || Beschryving || Der || oostersche || Lantschappen; || Daar in hy naaukeuriglijk veel Landen en Steden, die hy zelf ten meestendeel || bereist en bezichtigt heeft, beschrijft, de zeden en gewoonten van die Vol-||ken, tot aan die tijt onbekent, ten toon stelt, en d'opkoomst van de Heer-||schappy der Tartaren, en hun verövering van verscheide landen in Sina, || met ander namen genoemt, bekent maakt. || Beneffens de || Historie || Der || oostersche Lantschappen, || Door HAITHON van ARMENIEN te zamen gestelt. || Beide nieuwelijks door J.H. GLAZEMAKER vertaalt. || Hier is noch by gevoegt De Reizen van Nicolaas Venetus, en || Jeronymus van St. Steven naar d'oostersche Landen, en || naar d'Indien. Door P.P. vertaalt. || Als ook een Verhaal van de verovering van 't Eilant Formosa, door || de Sinezen; door J.V.K.B. vertaalt. || Met Kopere Platen verciert. || t' Amsterdam, || Voor Abraham Wolfgang, Boekverkoper, aan d'Opgang van de || Beurs, by de Beurstooren, in 't Geloof, 1664. 4to, 6 ff. not numbered for the tit., prf. + pp. 99 + 4 ff. not numbered for the tab. etc. of Marco Polo.

The other works have a special pagination.

I.—TCHÈQUE EDITION.

69.—1. Million Marka Pavlova. Fragment of the tchèque translation of the Berlin Museum. Prague, No. 3 F. 26, XVth cent., by an Anonym, Moravian? (Výbor z Literatury ceské II. v Praze, 1868.)

70.—2. Pohledy do Velkorise mongolské v cas nejmocnejsího rozkvetu jejího za Kublaje kána. Na základe cestopisu Marka Polova podává A.J. Vrtatko. (Výnato z Casopisu Musea král. Ceského 1873.) V Praze, J. Otto, 1873, 8vo, pp. 71.

M.A. Jarosl. Vrtatko has translated the whole of Marco Polo, but he has published only this fragment.

J.—RUSSIAN EDITIONS.

71.—1. [Russian: Marko Polo puteshestvie v' 1286 godu po Tatarii i drugim' stranam' vostoka venetsianskago dvoryanina Marko Polo, proevannago Millionerom',—Tri chasti.]—St. Petersburg, 1873, 8vo, pp. 250.

72.—2. [Russian: I.P. Minaev'.—Puteshestvie Marko Polo perevod' starofrantsueskago teksta.—Izdanie Imp. Rysskago Geog. Ouschestva pod' redaktsiei d'istvitel'nago chlena V.V. Bartol'da.]—St. Petersburg, 1902, 8vo, pp. xxix + 1 f. + pp. 355.

Vol. xxvi. of the Zapiski of the Russian Geog. Society, translated from the French.

K.—IRISH EDITION.

73.—The Gaelic Abridgment of the Book of Ser Marco Polo. By Whitley Stokes. (Zeit. f. Celtische Philologie, 1 Bd., 2 & 3 Hft. Halle a. S. 1896-7, 8vo, pp. 245-273, 362-438.)

Book of Lismore.—See our Introduction, I. p. 103, note.

L.—VARIOUS EDITIONS.

74.—1. The edition of Marco Polo in preparation by Klaproth is announced in the part of June, 1824 of the Journal Asiatique pp. 380-381.

"M. Klaproth vient de terminer son travail sur Marco Polo, qui l'a occupé depuis plusieurs années….

"La nouvelle édition de Marco Polo, que notre confrère prépare, contiendra l'italien de Ramusio, complété, et des Notes explicatives en bas des pages. Elle sera accompagnée d'une Carte représentant les pays visités ou décrits par le célèbre Vénitien."

—See also on this edition of Klaproth, the Bulletin des Sciences historiques, antiquités etc., juin 1824, art. 580; the Jour. des Savans, juillet 1824, pp. 446-447, and the Jour. As. of 1824-1828: Recherches sur les Ports de Gampou. Klaproth's materials for this edition were sold after his death Fr.200 to the bookseller Duprat; See Cat. des Livres composant la Bib. de M.K., II'e Partie, No. 292.

75.—2. Marco Polos Beskrivelse af det ostlige asiatiske Hoiland, forklaret ved C.V. Rimestad. Forste Afdeling, indeholdende Indiedningen og Ost-Turkestan. Indbydelseskrift til den aarlige offentlige Examen i Borgerdydskolen i Kjobenhavn i Juli 1841. Kjobenhavn, Trykt hos Bianco Luno. 1841, 8vo, pp. 80.

76.—3. Marco Polo's Resa i Asien.

Small ppt. square 12mo, pp. 16; on p. 16 at foot: Stockholm, tryckt hos P.G. Berg, 1859.

On the title-page a cut illustrating a traveller in a chariot drawn by elephants.
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III.—TITLES OF SUNDRY BOOKS AND PAPERS WHICH TREAT OF MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK.

1. SALVIATI, Cavalier LIONARDO. Degli Avvertimenti delta Lingua sopra'l Decamerone. In Venezia, 1584.

Has some brief remarks on Texts of Polo, and on references to him or his story in Villani and Boccaccio.

2. MARTINI, MARTINO. Novus Atlas Sinensis. Amstelodami, 1655.

The Maps are from Chinese sources, and are surprisingly good. The Descriptions, also from Chinese works but interspersed with information of Martini's own, have, in their completeness, never been superseded. This estimable Jesuit often refers to Polo with affectionate zeal, identifying his localities, and justifying his descriptions. The edition quoted in this book forms a part of Blaeu's Great Atlas (1663). It was also reprinted in Thévenot's Collection.

3. KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS. China Illustrata. Amstelodami, 1667.

He also often refers to Polo, but chiefly in borrowing from Martini.

4. MAGAILLANS, GABRIEL DE (properly Magalhaens). Nouvelle Description de la Chine, contenant la description des Particularités les plus considérables de ce Grand Empire. Paris, 1688, 4to.

Contains many excellent elucidations of Polo's work.

5. CORONELLI, VINCENZO. Atlante Veneto. Venezia, 1690.

Has some remarks on Polo, and the identity of Cathay and Cambaluc with China and Peking.

6. MURATORI, LUD. ANT. Perfetta Poesia, con note di SALVINI. Venezia, 1724.

In vol. ii. p. 117, Salvini makes some remarks on the language in which he supposes Polo to have composed his Book.

7. FOSCARINI, MARCO. Delia Letteratura Veneziana. Padova, 1752. Vol. i. 414 seqq.

8. FOSCARINI, MARCO. Frammento inedito di, intorno at Viaggiatori Veneziani; accompanied by Remarks on Bürck's German edition of Marco Polo, by TOMMASO GAR (late Director of the Venice Archives). In Archivio Storico Italiano, Append. tom. iv. p. 89 seqq. [See Bibliography, supra 8-8, p. 557.]

9. ZENO, APOSTOLO, Annotazioni sopra la Biblioteca dell' Eloquenza Italiana di Giusto Fontanini. Venezia, 1753.

See Marsden's Introduction, passim.

10. TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO. Storia della Letteratura Italiana. Modena, 1772-1783.

There is a disquisition on Polo, with some judicious remarks (iv. pp. 68-73).

11. TOALDO, GIUSEPPE. Saggi di Studj Veneti nell' Astronomia e nella Marina. Ven. 1782.

This work, which I have not seen, is stated to contain some remarks on Polo's Book. The author had intended to write a Commentary thereon, and had collected books and copies of MSS. with this view, and read an article on the subject before the Academy of Padua, but did not live to fulfil his intention (d. 1797).

[See Cicogna, II. p. 386; vi. p. 855.]

12. LESSING. Marco Polo, aus einer Handschrift ergänzt, und aus einer andern sehr zu verbessern: (Zur Geschichte und Litteratur … von G.E. Lessing. II. Beytrag. Braunschweig, 1773, 8vo, pp. 259-298.)

13. FORSTER, J. REINHOLD. H. des Découvertes et des Voyages faits dans le Nord. French Version. Paris, 1788.

14. SPRENGEL, MATHIAS CHRISTIAN. Geschichte der wichtigsten geographischen Entdeckungen &c. 2nd Ed. Halle, 1792.

This book, which is a marvel for the quantity of interesting matter which it contains in small space, has much about Polo.

15. ZURLA, Abate PLACIDO. Life of Polo, in Collezione di Vite e Ritratti d'Illustri Italiani. Padova, 1816.

This book is said to have procured a Cardinal's Hat for the author. It is a respectable book, and Zurla's exertions in behalf of the credit of his countrymen are greatly to be commended, though the reward seems inappropriate.

16. ——, ——. Dissertazioni di Marco Polo e degli altri Viaggiatori Veneziani, &c. Venezia, 1818-19, 4to.

17. 18, 19. QUARTERLY REVIEW, vol. xxi. (1819), contains an Article on Marsden's Edition, written by John Barrow, Esq.; that for July, 1868, contains another on Marco Polo and his Recent Editors, written by the present Editor; and that for Jan. 1872, one on the First Edition of this work, by R.H. Major, Esq.

20. ASIA, Hist. Account of Discovery and Travels in. By HUGH MURRAY Edinburgh, 1820.

21. STEIN, C.G.D. Rede des Herrn Professor Dr. Christian Gottfried Daniel Stein. (Gesprochen den 29sten September, 1819.) Ueber den Venetianer Marco Polo. Pages 8-19 of Einladung zur Gedächtniszfeier der Wohlthater des Berlinisch-Köllnischen Gymnasiums … von dem Direktor Johann Joachim Bellermann. Sm. 8vo, s.d. [1821].

22. KLAPROTH, JULIUS. A variety of most interesting articles in the Journal Asiatique (see sér. I. tom. iv., tom. ix.; sér. II. tom. i. tom. xi. etc.), and in his Mémoires Relatifs à l'Asie. Paris, 1824.

Klaproth speaks more than once as if he had a complete Commentary on Marco Polo prepared or in preparation (e.g., see J. As., sér. i. tom. iv. p. 380). But the examination of his papers after his death produced little or nothing of this kind.—[Cf. supra, p. 573.]

23. CICOGNA, EMMANUELE ANTONIO. Delle Iscrizioni Veneziane, Raccolte ed Illustrate. Venezia, 1824-1843.

Contains valuable notices regarding the Polo family, especially in vol. ii.

24. RÉMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL. Mélanges Asiatiques. Paris, 1825. Nouveaux Mélanges As. Paris, 1829.

The latter contains (i. 381 seqq.) an article on Marsden's Marco Polo, and one (p. 397 seqq.) upon Zurla's Book.

25. ANTOLOGIA, edited by VIEUSSIEUX. Tom. xix. B. pp. 92-124. Firenze, 1825.

A review of the publication of the old French Text by the Soc. de Géographie.

26. ANNALI UNIVERSALI DI STATISTICA. Vol. xvi. p. 286. Milano. 1828. Article by F. CUSTODI.

27. WALCKENAER, Baron C. Vies de plusieurs Personnages Célèbres des temps anciens et modernes. Laon, 1830, 2 vol. 8vo.

This contains a life of Marco Polo, vol. ii. pp. 1-34.

28. ST. JOHN, JAMES AUGUSTUS. Lives of Celebrated Travellers. London (circa 1831).

Contains a life of Marco Polo, which I regret not to have seen.

29. COOLEY, W.D. Hist. of Maritime and Inland Discovery. London, (circa 1831).

This excellent work contains a good chapter on Marco Polo.

30. RITTER, CARL. Die Erdkunde von Asien. Berlin, 1832, seqq.

This great work abounds with judicious comments on Polo's Geography, most of which have been embodied in Bürck's edition.

31. DELECLUZE, M. Article on Marco Polo in the Revue des Deux Mondes for 1st July, 1832. Vol. vii. 8vo, pp. 24.

32. PAULIN PARIS. Papers of much value on the MSS. of Marco Polo, etc., in Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie for 1833, tom. xix. pp. 23-31; as well as in Journal Asiatique, sér. II. tom. xii. pp. 244-54; L'Institut, Journal des Sciences, &c., Sect. II tom. xvi. Jan, 1851.

33. MALTE-BRUN. Précis de la Géog. Universelle, 4th Ed. par HUOT. Paris, 1836.

Vol. i. (pp. 551 seqq.) contains a section on Polo, neither good nor correct.

34. DE MONTÉMONT, ALBERT. Bibliothèque Universelle des voyages.

In vol. xxxi. pp. 33-51 there is a Notice of Marco Polo.

35. PALGRAVE, Sir FRANCIS. The Merchant and the Friar. London, 1837.

The Merchant is Marco Polo, who is supposed to visit England, after his return from the East, and to become acquainted with the Friar Roger Bacon. The book consists chiefly of their conversations on many subjects.

It does not affect the merits of this interesting book that Bacon is believed to have died in 1292, some years before Marco's return from the East.

36. D'AVEZAC, M. Remarks in his most valuable Notice sur les Anciens Voyages de Tartarie, &c., in the Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, tom. iv. pp. 407 seqq. Paris,1839. Also article in the Bulletin de la Soc. de Géog., &c., for August, 1841; and in Journal Asiat. sér. II. tom. xvi. p. 117.

37. PARAVEY, Chev. DE. Article in Journ. Asiatique, sér. II. tom. xvi. 1841, p. 101.

38. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, in Bull. de la Soc. de Géog., tom. iii. No. 21, p. 45.

39. QUATREMÈRE, ÉTIENNE. His translations and other works on Oriental subjects abound in valuable indirect illustrations of M. Polo; but in Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque du Rio, tom. xvi. Pt. i. pp. 281-286, Paris, 1843, there are some excellent remarks both on the work itself and on Marsden's Edition of it.

40. MACFARLANE, CHARLESE Romance of Travel. London, C. Knight. 1846.

A good deal of intelligent talk on Marco Polo.

41. MEYER, ERNST H.F. Geschichte der Botanik. Königsberg, 1854-57.

In vol. iv, there is a special chapter on Marco Polo's notices of plants.

42. THOMAS, Professor G.M. Zu Marco Polo, aus einem Cod. ital. Monacensis in the Sitzungsberichten der Münchner Akademie, 4th March, 1862, pp. 261-270

43. KHANIKOFF, NICOLAS DE. Notice sur le Livre de Marco Polo, édité et commenté par M.G. Pauthier. Paris, 1866. Extracted from the Journal Asiatique. I have frequently quoted this with advantage, and sometimes have ventured to dissent from it.

44. CAHIER, Père. Criticism of Pauthier's Marco Polo, and reply by G. Pauthier, in Études Littéraires et Religieuses of 1866 and 1867. Paris.

45. BARTHÉLEMY ST. HILAIRE. A series of articles on Marco Polo in the Journal des Savants of January-May, 1867, chiefly consisting of a reproduction of Pauthier's views and deductions.

46. DE GUBERNATIS, Prof. ANGELO. Memoria intorno ai Viaggiatori italiani nelle Indie Orientali, dal secolo XIII. a tutto il XVI. Firenze, 1867.

47. BIANCONI, Prof. GIUSEPPE. Degli Scritti di Marco Polo e dell' Uccello RUC da lui menzionato. 2 parts large 8vo. Bologna, 1862 and 1868, pp. 64, 40.

A meritorious essay, containing good remarks on the comparison of different Texts.

48. KINGSLEY, HENRY. Tales of Old Travel renarrated. London, 1869.

This begins with Marco Polo. The work has gone through several editions, but I do not know whether the author had corrected some rather eccentric geography and history that were presented in the first. Mr. Kingsley is the author of another story about Marco Polo in a Magazine, but I cannot recover the reference.

49. NOTES AND QUERIES for CHINA AND JAPAN. This was published from January, 1867, to November, 1870, at Hong-Kong under able editorship, and contained some valuable notes connected with Marco Polo's chapters on China.

50. GHIKA, Princess ELENA (Dora d'Istria). Marco Polo, Il Cristoforo Colombo dell' Asia. Trieste, 1869, 8vo, pp. 39.

51. BUFFA, Prof. GASPARE. Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa, Letta nel R. Liceo Cristoforo Colombo il 24 marzo 1872. Genova, 8vo, pp. 18.

52. EDINBURGH REVIEW, January, 1872, pp. 1-36. A review of the first edition of the present work, acknowledged by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, and full of Oriental knowledge. (See also No. 19 supra.)

53. OCEAN HIGHWAYS, for December, 1872, p. 285. An interesting letter on Marco Polo's notices of Persia, by Major OLIVER ST. JOHN, R.E.

54. RICHTHOFEN, Baron F. VON. Das Land und die Stadt Caindu von Marco Polo, a valuable paper in the Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. No. 1 of 1874, p. 33.

55. BUSHELL, Dr. S.W., Physician to H.M.'s Legation at Peking. Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China, embracing an account of the first modern visit to the site of Kúblái's Palace at Shang-tu. Appeared in J.R.G.S. vol. xliv. An abstract was published in the Proc. R.G.S. xviii., 1874, pp. 149-168.

56. PHILLIPS, GEORGE, of H.M.'s Consular Service in China.—Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta in Fookien (Chinese Recorder, III., 1870-1871, pp. 12, 44, 71, 87, 125); Notices of Southern Mangi, with Remarks by COLONEL HENRY YULE, C.B. (from the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society); Notices of Southern Mangi [Abridgment] (Proc. R. Geog. Soc., XVIII., 1873-1874, pp. 168-173); Zaitun Researches (Chin. Rec., V. pp. 327-339; VI. 31-42; VII. pp. 330-338, 404-418; VIII. 117-124); Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times, read before the Society, 19th November, 1888 (Jour. C.B.R.A.S., XXIII. N.S., n'o 1, 1888, pp. 23-30); The Identity of Marco Polo's Zaitun with Chang-chau, with a sketch-map of Marco-Polo's route (T'oung Pao, I., Oct. 1890, pp. 218-238); Two Mediaeval Fuh-kien Trading Ports, Chüan-chow and Chang-chow.—Part I. Chang-chow (T'oung-Pao, VI. No. 5, déc. 1895, pp. 449/463).—Part II. Chüan-Chow (Ibid., VII. No. 3, Juillet 1896 pp. 223/240, with 3 photog.).

57. WHEELER, J. TALBOYS. History of India (vol. iii. pp. 385-393) contains a résumé of, and running comment on, Marco Polo's notices of India.

Mr. Wheeler's book says; "His travels appear to have been written at Comorin, the most southerly point of India" (p. 385). The words that I have put in Italics are evidently a misprint, though it is not clear how to correct them.

58. DE SKATTSCHKOFF, CONSTANTIN. Le Vénitien Marco Polo, et les services qu'il a rendus en faisant connaître l'Asie. Read before the Imp. Geog. Society at St. Petersburg, 6/18 October, 1865; translated by M. Emile Durand in the Journ. Asiatique, sér. VII. tom. iv. pp. 122-158 (September, 1874).

The Author expresses his conviction that Marco Polo had described a number of localities after Chinese written authorities; for in the old Chinese descriptions of India and other transmarine countries are found precisely the same pieces of information, neither more nor fewer, that are given by Marco Polo. Though proof of this would not be proof of the writer's deduction that Marco Polo was acquainted with the Chinese language, it would be very interesting in itself, and would explain some points to which we have alluded (e.g., in reference to the frankincense plant, p. 396, and to the confusion between Madagascar and Makdashau, p. 413). And Mr. G. Phillips has urged something of the same kind. But M. de Skattschkoff adduces no proof at all; and for the rest his Essay is full of inaccuracy.

59. CANTÙ, CESARE. Italiani Illustri Ritratti, 1873, vol. i. p. 147.

60. MARSH, JOHN B. Stories of Venice and the Venetians … illustrated by C. Berjeau. London, 1873, 8vo, pp. vii.-418.

Chaps, VI., VII. and VIII. are devoted to Marco Polo.

61. KINGSMILL, THOS. W. Notes on the Topography of some of the Localities in Manji, or Southern China mentioned by Marco Polo. (Notes and Queries on China and Japan, vol. i. pp. 52-54.)

—— Notes on Marco Polo's Route from Khoten to China. (Chin. Recorder, VII. 1876, pp. 338-343.)

62. PAQUIER, J.B. Itinéraire de Marco Polo à travers la région du Pamir au XIII'e siècle. (Bull. Soc. Géog., 1876, août, pp. 113-128.)

63. PALLADIUS, ARCHIMANDRITE. Elucidations of Marco Polo's Travels in North-China, drawn from Chinese Sources. (Jour. N.C.Br.R.As.Soc., x. 1876, pp. 1-54.)

Translated into English by A. Wylie and E. Bretschneider. The Russian text has just been published (T. xxxviii. 1902, of the Isviestiya) by the Imp. Russian Geog. Society.

Sir Henry Yule wrote in the Addenda of the second edition:

"And I learn from a kind Russian correspondent, that an early number of the J. N. China Branch R. Asiatic Society will contain a more important paper, viz.: Remarks on Marco Polo's Travels to the North of China, derived from Chinese Sources; by the ARCHIMANDRITE PALLADIUS. This celebrated traveller and scholar says (as I am informed): 'I have followed up the indications of Marco Polo from Lobnor to Shangdu, and in part to Peking…. It would seem that I have been so fortunate as to clear up the points that remained obscure to Yule.' I deeply regret that my book cannot now profit by these promised remarks. I am not, however, without hope, that in the present edition, with its Appendices, some at least of the Venerable Traveller's identifications may have been anticipated."

The greater part of the notes of my late friend, the Archimandrite Palladius Katharov, have been incorporated in the present edition of Marco Polo.—H.C.

64. JIRECEK, JOSEF. Básen o pobití Tataruv a "Million" Marka Pavlova, (Casopis Musea království ceského, 1877, pp. 103-119).

65. GEBAUER, J. Ein Beitrag zur Erklärung der Königinhofer Handschrift. (J. Gebauer, in Archiv für Slavische Philologie, Berlin, 1877, ii. pp. 143-155.)

66. ZANETTI, V. Quattro Documenti inediti dell' Archivio degli Esposti in Venezia (Marco Polo e la sua Famiglia—Marin Falier). Por V. Zanetti. (Archivio Veneto, xvi. 1878, pp. 95-110.)

See Calendar, Nos. 6, 19, and 20 for the three Documents relating to the Polo Family.

—Marco Polo e la sua famiglia. (Ibid., xvii. 1879, pp. 359-362.) Letters of Comm. G. Berchet and Yule regarding these documents.

67. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, Gen. Notes on Marco Polo's Itinerary in Southern Persia (Chapters xvi. to xxi., Col. Yule's Translation). (Jour. R. As. Soc., N.S., vol. xiii. Art. XX. Oct. 1881, pp. 490-497.)

—— Marco Polo's Camadi. (Ibid., Jan. 1898, pp. 43-46.)

68. THOMSON, J.T. Marco Polo's Six Kingdoms or Cities in Java Minor, identified in translations from the ancient Malay Annals, by J.T.T., Commissioner of Crown Lands, Otago, 1875. (Proc.R.G.Soc., XX. 1875-1876, pp. 215-224.)

Translation from the "Salafat al Salatin perturan segala rajaraja," or Malay Annals.

69. K.C. AMREIN. Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch—Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. Zurich, 1879, 8vo.

70. VIDAL-LABLACHE, PAUL. Bibliothèque des Écoles et des Families.—Marco Polo, son temps et ses voyages. Paris, 1880, 8vo, pp. 192.

There is a second edition.

71. G.M. URBANI DE GHELTOF. III. Congresso Geografico Internazionale in Venezia.—La Collezione del Doge Marin Faliero e i tesori di Marco Polo. Venezia, 1881, 8vo, pp. 8.

From the Bulletino di Arti, industrie e curiosità veneziane III. pp. 98-103.—See Int. p. 79.

72. SEGUSO, L. La Casa dei Milioni o labitazione di Marco Polo. (Venezia e il Congresso, 1881.)

73. CORDIER, HENRI. Maison de Marco Polo [à Venise.] (Revue de l'Extrême-Orient, i. No. 1, p. 157); Statue de Marco Polo. (Revue de l'Extrême-Orient, i. No. 1, pp. 156-157.)

74. Illustrazione Italiana, No. 38, Sept. 18, 1881.

75. YULE, Sir HENRY. Marco Polo. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1885, 9th ed., xix. pp. 404-409.)

76. SCHUMANN, Dr. K. Marco Polo, ein Weltreisender des XIII. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1885. 8vo, pp. 32.

Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, herausgegeben von Rud. Virchow und Fr. von Holtzendorff. XX. Serie. Heft 460.

77. Marco Polo. (Blackwood's Mag., clxii. Sept. 1887, pp. 373-386.) (Rep. in Littell's Living Age, Boston, CLXXV., p. 195.)

78. EDKINS, JOSEPH. Kan Fu. (China Review, xv. pp. 310-331.)

79. OLIPHANT, Mrs.—The Makers of Venice. London, 1887, 8vo. Part II.—Chap. i. The Travellers: Niccolo, Matteo, and Marco Polo, pp. 134-157.

80. DUCLAU, S.—La Science populaire—Marco Polo, sa Vie et ses Voyages. Par S. Duclau. Limoges, Eugène Ardant, s.d. [1889], 8vo, pp. 192.

81. PARKER, E.H. Charchan. (China Review, xviii. p. 261); Hunting Lodges (Ibid., p. 261); Barscol. (Ibid.); Life Guards (p. 262); Canfu or Canton (Ibid., xiv. pp. 358-359); Kaunchis (Ibid., p. 359); Polo (Ibid., xv., p. 249); Marco Polo's Transliterations (Ibid., xvi., p. 125); Canfu (Ibid., p. 189).

82. SCHALLER, M.—Marco Polo und die Texte seiner "Reisen".—Programm der Kgl. Studien—Anstalt Burghausen für das Studienjahr 1889-90 von Michael Schaller, Kgl. Studienlehzer f.n. Sprachen. Burghausen, Russy, 8vo, pp. 57.

83. SEVERTZOW, Dr. NICOLAS. Etudes de Géographie historique sur les anciens itinéraires à travers le Pamir, Ptolémée, Hiouen-Thsang, Song-yuen, Marco Polo. (Bul. Soc. Géog., 1890, pp. 417-467, 553-610.)

(Marco Polo, pp. 583 seqq.)

84. AMENT, W.S. Marco Polo in Cambaluc: A Comparison of foreign and native Accounts. (Journ. Peking Orient. Soc., III. No. 2, 1892, pp. 97-122.)

85. COLLINGRIDGE, GEORGE. The Early Cartography of Japan. By George Collingridge. (Geographical Journal, May, 1894, pp. 403-409.)—Japan or Java? An Answer to Mr. George Collingridge's Article on "The Early Cartography of Japan," by F.G. Kramp. Overgedrukt uit het "Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Jaargang 1894." Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1894, 8vo, pp. 14. The Early Cartography of Japan. By H. Yule Oldham. (Geographical Journal, Sept. 1894, pp. 276-279.)

86. HIRTH, FRIED. Ueber den Schiffsverkehr von Kinsay zu Marco Polo's Zeit. (T'oung Pao, Dec. 1894, pp. 386-390.)

87. DRAPEYRON, LUDOVIC.—Le Retour de Marco Polo en 1295. Cathay et Sypangu. (Revue de Géographie, Juillet, 1895, pp. 3-8.)

88. CORDIER, HENRI. Centenaire de Marco Polo. Paris, 1896, 8vo.

A Lecture with a Bibliography which is the basis of the list of this edition of Marco Polo.

89. MANLY.—Marco Polo and the Squire's Tale. By John Matthews Manly. (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. xi. 1896, pp. 349-362.)

Cf. our Introduction, p. 128.

90. SUEZ, IUMING C. Marco Polo. (St. John's Echo, Shanghaï, Nov. 1899.)

91. NORDENSKIÖLD, A.E.—Om det inflytande Marco Polos reseberättelse utöfvat på Gastaldis kartor öfver Asien. (ur Ymer, Tidskrift utgifven af Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi, Årg. 1899, H. 1, pp. 33 to 42).

—— The Influence of the "Travels of Marco Polo" on Jacobo Gastaldi's Map of Asia. (Geog. Journal, April, 1899, pp. 396 to 406.)

See Introduction, p. 137.

92. CHAIX, PAUL. Marco Polo. (Le Globe, Soc. Géog. Genève, fév.-avril, 1900, pp. 84-94.)

93. LE STRANGE, GUY. The Cities of Kirman in the time of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi and Marco Polo. (J. R. As. Soc., April, 1901, pp. 281-290.)

94. MURET, ERNEST. Un fragment de Marco Polo. Paris, 1901, 8vo., pp. 8.

From Romania, tom. xxx. See p. 547, App. F., 65.

95. GREAT EXPLORERS.—Marco Polo, Ferdinand Magellan, Mungo Park, Sir John Franklin, David Livingstone, Christopher Columbus, etc., etc. Thomas Nelson, London, 1902, 8vo, pp. 224.

Marco Polo, pp. 7-21.

_______________

Notes:

[1] [Sir Henry Yule expressed his regret to me that he had not the facility at Palermo to undertake this Bibliography which I consider as a legacy from the first and illustrious editor of this book.—H.C.]
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APPENDIX I.—Titles of Works which are cited by abbreviated References in this Book.

ABDALLATIF. Relation de l'Egypte. Trad. par M. Silvestre de Sacy. Paris, 1810.

ABULPHARAGIUS. Hist. Compend. Dynastiarum, etc., ab Ed. Pocockio. Oxon. 1663.

ABR. ROGER. See La Porte ouverte.

ACAD. Mém. de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

AIN-I-AKBARI or AIN. AKB. BL. refers to Blochmann's Translation in Bibliotheca Indica. Calcutta, 1869, seqq.

ALEXANDRIADE, ou Chanson de Geste d'Alexandre-le-Grand, de Lambert Le Court et Alex. de Bernay. Dinan et Paris, 1861, 12mo.

ALPHABETUM TIBETANUM Missionum Apostolicarum commodo editum; A.A. Georgii. Romae, 1762, 4to.

AM. EXOT. Engelbert Kaempfer's Amoenitatum Exoticarum Fasciculi V. Lemgoviae, 1712.

AMYOT. Mémoires concernant les Chinois, etc. Paris v. y.

ARABS., ARABSHAH. _Ahmedis Arabsiadis Vitae …. Timuri …. Historia. Latine vertit … _S.H. Manger. Franequerae, 1767.

ARCH. STOR. ITAL. Archivio Storico Italiano. Firenze, v. y.

ASSEMANI, Bibliotheca Orientalis. Romae, 1719-28.

ASTLEY. A New General Collection of Voyages, etc. London, 1745-1747.

AVA, MISSION TO, Narrative of Major Phayre's. By Capt. H. Yule. London, 1858

AYEEN AKBERY refers to Gladwin's Transl., Calcutta, 1787.

BABER, Memoir of. Transl. by Leyden and Erskine. London, 1826.

BABER, E. COLBORNE. Travels and Researches in Western China. London, 1882, 8vo. Vol. i. Pt. I. Supp. Papers R. Geog. Society.

BACON, ROGER. Opus Majus. Venet. 1750.

BAER UND HELMERSEN. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches, etc. St. Petersburg, 1839, seqq.

BAUDUIN DE SEBOURC. Li Romans de Bauduin de S., III'e Roy de Jherusalem. Valenciennes, 1841, 2 vol. large 8vo.

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA. Quoted from T. Wright's Early Travels in Palestine. Bohn, London, 1848.

BRETSCHNEIDER, DR. E. Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West. Shanghai, 1875, 8vo.

—— Archaeological and Historical Researches on Peking and its Environs. Shanghai, 1876, 8vo.

—— Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources. London, 1888, 2 vol. 8vo.

—— History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. London [St. Petersburg], 1898, 2 Pts. 8vo. Begins with Marco Polo, pp. 1-5.

All these works are most valuable.

BRIDGMAN, Rev. Dr. Sketches of the Meaou-tszé, transl. by. In J. N. Ch. Br. R. As. Soc. for Dec. 1859.

BROWNE'S Vulgar Errors, in Bohn's Ed. of his Works. London, 1852.

BUCHON. Chroniques Étrangères relatives aux Expéditions Françaises pendant le XIII'e Siècle. Paris, 1841.

BURNES, ALEX. Travels into Bokhara. 2nd Ed. London, 1835.

BÜSCHING'S Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie. Halle, 1779, seqq.

CAHIER ET MARTIN. Mélanges d'Archéologie. Paris, v. y.

CAPMANY, ANTONIO. Memorias Historicas sobre la marina … de Barcelona. Madrid, 1779-1792.

CARP., CARPINI. As published in Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires de laSoc. de Géog. Tom. iv. Paris, 1839.

CATHAY, and the Way Thither. By Col. H. Yule. Hakluyt Society, 1866.

CHARDIN, Voyages en Perse de. Ed. of Langlès. Paris, 1811.

CHAVANNES, EDOUARD. Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les Religieux éminents qui allêrent chercher la loi dans les Pays d'Occident par I-TSING. Paris, 1894, 8vo.

CHINA ILLUSTRATA. See Kircher.

CHINE ANCIENNE. By Pauthier, in L'Univers Pittoresque. Paris, 1837.

—— MODERNE. By do. and Bazin, in do. Paris, 1853.

CHIN. REP. Chinese Repository. Canton, 1832, seqq.

CLAVIJO. Transl. by C.R. Markham. Hak. Society, 1859.

CONSULAR REPORTS. (See this vol. p. 144.)

CONTI, Travels of Nicolo. In India in the XVth Century. Hak. Society, 1857.

CORDIER, HENRI. Les Voyages en Asie au XIV'e Siècle du Bienheureux Frère Odoric de Pordenone. Paris, 1891, 8vo.

——. L'Extrême-Orient dans l'Atlas Catalan de Charles V., Roi de France. Paris, 1895, 8vo.

CURZON, GEORGE N. Persia and the Persian Question. London, 1892, 2 vol. 8vo.

D'AVEZAC. See App. H., III., No. 36.

DAVIES'S REPORT. Rep. on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the N.W. Boundary of Br. India (By R.H. Davies, now (1874) Lieut.-Governor of the Panjáb).

DEGUIGNES. Hist. Gén. des Huns, etc. Paris, 1756.

—— (the Younger). Voyage à Peking, etc. Paris, 1808.

DELLA DECIMA, etc. Lisbone e Lucca (really Florence) 1765-1766. The 3rd volume of this contains the Mercantile Handbook of Pegolotti (circa 1340), and the 4th volume that of Uzzano (1440).

DELLA PENNA. Breve Notizia del Regno del Thibet. An extract from the Journal Asiatique, sér. II. tom. xiv. (pub. by Klaproth).

DELLA VALLE, P. Viaggi. Ed. Brighton, 1843.

DE MAILLA. H. Générale de la Chine, etc. Paris, 1783.

DEVÉRIA, G. La Frontière Sino-Annamite. Paris, 1886, 8vo.

—— Notes d'Épigraphie mongole-chinoise. Paris, 1897, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—— Musulmans et Manichéens chinois. Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—— Stèle Si-Hia de Leang-tcheou. Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

DICT. DE LA PERSE. Dict. Géog. Hist. et Litt. de la Perse, etc.; par Barbier de Meynard. Paris, 1861.

D'OHSSON. H. des Mongols. La Haye et Amsterdam, 1834.

DOOLITTLE, Rev. J. The Social Life of the Chinese. Condensed Ed. London, 1868.

DOUET D'ARCQ. Comptes de l'Argenterie des Rois de France au XV'e Siècle Paris, 1851.

DOZY AND ENGELMANN. Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais dérivés de l'Arabe. 2de. Ed. Leyde, 1869.

DUCHESNE, ANDRÉ, Historiae Francorum Scriptores. Lut. Par. 1636-1649.

EARLY TRAVELS in Palestine, ed. by T. Wright, Esq. Bohn, London, 1848.

EDRISI. Trad. par Amédée Jaubert; in Rec. de Voy. et de Mém., tom. v. et vi. Paris, 1836-1840.

ÉLIE DE LAPRIMAUDAIE. Études sur le Commerce au Moyen Age. Paris, 1848.

ELLIOT. The History of India as told by its own Historians. Edited from the posthumous papers of Sir H.M. Elliot, by Prof. Dowson. 1867, seqq.

ERDMANN, Dr. FRANZ v. Temudschin der Unerschütterliche. Leipzig, 1862.

ERMAN. Travels in Siberia. Transl. by W.D. Cooley. London, 1848.

ESCAYRAC DE LAUTURE. Mémoires sur la Chine. Paris, 1865.

ÉTUDE PRATIQUE, etc. See Hedde.

FARIA Y SOUZA. History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese. Transl. by Capt. J. Stevens. London, 1695.

FERRIER, J.P. Caravan Journeys, etc. London, 1856.

FORTUNE. Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China. London, 1853.

FRANCISQUE-MICHEL. Recherches sur le Commerce, la fabrication, et l'usage des étoffes de Soie, etc. Paris, 1852.

FRESCOB. Viaggi in Terra Santa di L. Frescobaldi, etc. (1384). Firenze, 1862.

GARCIA DE ORTA. Garzia dall' Horto, Dell' Istoria dei semplici ed altre cose che vengono portate dall' Indie Orientali, etc. Trad. dal Portughese da Annib. Briganti. Venezia, 1589.

GARNIER, FRANCIS. Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine. Paris, 1873.

GAUBIL. H. de Gentchiscan et de toute la Dinastie des Mongous. Paris, 1739.

GILDEM., GILDEMEISTER. Scriptorum Arabum de Rebus Indicis, etc. Bonn, 1838.

GILL, CAPT. WILLIAM. The River of Golden Sand … With an Introductory Essay by Col. HENRY YULE…. London, 1880, 2 vol. 8vo.

GODINHO DE EREDIA. Malaca l'Inde méridionale et le Cathay reproduit en facsimile et traduit par M. LÉON JANSSEN. Bruxelles, 1882, 4to.

GOLD. HORDE. See Hammer.

GRENARD, F. J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins-Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, 1890-1895. Paris, 1897-1898, 3 vol. 4to and Atlas.

GROENEVELDT, W.P. Notes on the Archipelago and Malacca. Compiled from Chinese Sources. [Batavia, 1877] 8vo. Rep. by Dr. R. Rost in 1887.

—— Supplementary Jottings to the Notes. T'oung Pao, VII., May, 1896, pp. 113-134.

HAMILTON, A. New Account of the East Indies. London, 1744.

HAMMER-PURGSTALL. Geschichte der Goldenen Horde. Pesth, 1840.

—— Geschichte der Ilchane. Darmstadt, 1842.

HEDDE ET RONDOT. Étude Pratique du Commerce d'Exportation de la Chine, par I. Hedde. Revue et complétée par N. Rondot. Paris, 1849.

HEYD, Prof. W. Le Colonie Commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente nel Media Evo; Dissert. Rifatt. dall' Autore e recate in Italiano dal Prof. G. Müller. Venezia e Torino, 1866.

—— Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age … éd. française … par Furcy Raynaud. Leipzig, 1885-6, 2 vol. 8vo.

HOSIE, ALEXANDER. Three Years in Western China; a Narrative of three Journeys in Ssu-ch'uan, Kuei-chow, and Yún-nan. London, 1890, 8vo.

H.T. or HIUEN TSANG. Vie et Voyages, viz. Hist. de la Vie de Hiouen Thsang et de ses Voyages dans l'Inde, &c. Paris, 1853.

—— or ——. Mémoires sur les Contrées Occidentales, &c. Paris, 1857. See Pèlerins Bouddhistes.

HUC. Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, &c. Condensed Transl. by Mrs. P. Sinnett. London, 1852.

I.B., IBN. BAT., IBN BATUTA. Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah par Defrémery et Sanguinetti. Paris, 1853-58, 4 vol. 8vo.

IBN KHORDÂDHBEH…. Cum versione gallica edidit…. M.J. de Goeje. Lug. Bat., 1889, 8vo.

ILCH., ILCHAN., HAMMER'S ILCH. See Hammer.

INDIA IN XVTH CENTURY. Hak. Soc. 1857.

IND. ANT., INDIAN ANTIQUARY, a Journal of Oriental Research. Bombay, 1872, seqq.

J.A.S.B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

J. As. Journal Asiatique.

J.C.BR.R.A.S. Journal of the China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J. IND. ARCH. Journal of the Indian Archipelago.

J.N.C.BR.R.A.S. Journal of the North China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J.R.A.S. Journal of the Royal As. Society.

J.R.G.S. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

JOINVILLE. Edited by Francisque-Michel. Firmin-Didot: Paris, 1867.

KAEMPFER. See Am. Exot.

KHANIKOFF, NOTICE. See App. H., III., No. 43.

—— MÉMOIRE sur la Partie Méridionale de l'Asie Centrale, Paris, 1862.

KIRCHER, Athanasius. China, Monumentis, &c., Illustrata. Amstelod. 1667.

KLAP. MÉM. See App. H., III., No. 22.

KOEPPEN, Die Religion des Buddha,, von Carl Friedrich. Berlin, 1857-59

LA PORTE OUVERTE, &c., ou la Vraye Representation de la Vie, des Moeurs, de la Religion, et du Service Divin des Bramines, &c., par le Sieur Abraham Roger, trad. en Francois. Amsterdam, 1670.

LADAK, &c. By Major Alex. Cunningham. 1854.

LASSEN. Indische Alterthumskunde. First edition is cited throughout.

LECOMTE, Père L. Nouveaux Mémoires sur la Chine. Paris, 1701.

LEVCHINE, ALEXIS DE. Desc. des Hordes et des Steppes des Kirghiz Kaïssaks; trad. par F. de Pigny. Paris, 1840.

LINSCHOTEN. Hist. de la Navigation de Jean Hugues de Linschot. 3ièm ed. Amst., 1638.

MAGAILLANS. See App. H., III., No. 4.

MAKRIZI. See Quat. Mak.

MAR. SAN., MARIN. SANUT., MARINO SANUDO. Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, in Bongarsii Gesta Dei per Francos. Hanoviae, 1611. Tom. ii.

MARTÈNE ET DURAND. Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum. Paris, 1717.

MARTINI. See App. H., III., No. 2.

MAS'UDI. Les Prairies d'Or, par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille. Paris, 1861, seqq.

MATTHIOLI, P.A. Commentarii in libros VI. Pedacii Dioscoridis de Medicâ Materiâ. Venetiis, 1554; sometimes other editions are cited.

MAUNDEVILE. Halliwell's Ed. London, 1866.

MÉM. DE L'ACAD. See Acad.

MENDOZA. H. of China. Ed. of Hak. Society, 1853-54.

MERVEILLES DE L'INDE. Livre des Merveilles de l'Inde … Texte arabe par P.A. Van der Lith. Trad. française par L. Marcel Devic. Leide, 1883-1886, 4to.

MICHEL. See Francisque-Michel.

MID. KINGD. See Williams.

MOORCROFT and Trebeck's Travels; edited by Prof. H.H. Wilson, 1841.

MOSHEIM. Historia Tartarorum Ecclesiastica. Helmstadt, 1741.

MUNTANER, in Buchon, q.v.

N. & E., NOT. ET EXT. Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque du Roy. Paris, v. y.

N. & Q. Notes and Queries.

N. & Q.C. & J. Notes and Queries for China and Japan.

NELSON, J.H. The Madura Country, a Manual. Madras, 1868.

NEUMANN, C.F. His Notes at end of Bürck's German ed. of Polo.

NOVUS ORBIS Regionum &c. Veteribus incognitarum. Basil. Ed. 1555.

P. DE LA CROIX. PÉTIS DE LA CROIX, Hist. de Timurbec, &c. Paris, 1722.

P. DELLA V. See Della Valle.

P. VINC. MARIA, P. VINCENZO. Viaggio all' Indie Orientali del P.F.V. M. di S. Catarina da Siena. Roma, 1672.

PALLAS. Voyages dans plusieurs Provinces de l'Empire de Russie, &c. Paris, Pan XI.

PAOLINO. Viaggio alle Indie, &c. da Fra P. da S. Bartolomeo. Roma, 1796.

PEGOLOTTI. See Della Decima.

PÈLERINS BOUDDHISTES, par Stan. Julien. This name covers the two works entered above under the heading H.T., the Vie et Voyages forming vol. i., and the Mémoires, vols. ii. and iii.

PEREG. QUAT. Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, &c. Recens. J.M. Laurent. Lipsiae, 1864.

POST UND REISE ROUTEN. See Sprenger.

PRAIRIES D'OR. See Mas'udi.

PUNJAUB TRADE REPORT. See Davies.

Q.R., QUAT. RASHID. H. des Mongols de la Perse, par Raschid-ed-din, trad. &c. par M. Quatremère. Paris, 1836.

QUAT. MAK., QUATREMÈRE'S MAK. H. des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, par Makrizi. Trad. par Q. Paris, 1837, seqq.

RAS MALA, or Hindoo Annals of Goozerat. By A.K. Forbes. London, 1856.

REINAUD, REL. Relations des Voyages faits par les Arabes dans l'Inde et la Chine, &c. Paris, 1845.

——, INDE, Mém. Géog. Histor. et Scientifique sur l', &c. Paris, 1849.

RELAT., RELATIONS. See last but one.

RICHTHOFEN, Baron F. VON. Letters (addressed to the Committee of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce) on the Interior Provinces of China. Shanghai, 1870-72.

ROCKHILL, W.W. The Land of the Lamas. London, 1891, 8vo.

—— Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892. Washington, 1894, 8vo.

—— The Journey of William of Rubruck. London, Hakluyt Society, 1900, 8vo.

ROMAN., ROMANIN, Storia Documentata di Venezia. Venezia, 1853, seqq.

RUB., RUBRUQUIS. Cited from edition in Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, tom. iv. Paris, 1839. See ROCKHILL.

S.S., SAN. SETZ., SS. SSETZ. See Schmidt.

SANTAREM, Essai sur l'Hist. de la Cosmographie, &c. Paris, 1849.

SANUDO. See Mar. San.

SCHILTBERGER, Reisen des Johan. Ed. by Neumann. München, 1859.

SCHLEGEL, G. Geographical Notes, I.-XVI., in T'oung Pao, Leiden, 1898-1901.

SCHMIDT. Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen, &c., verfasst von Ssanang-Ssetzen Chungtaidschi. St. Petersburg, 1829.

SONNERAT. Voyage aux Indes Orientales. Paris, 1782.

SPRENGER. Post und Reise Routen des Orients. Leipzig, 1864.

ST. MARTIN, M.J. Mémoires Historiques et Géographiques sur l'Arménie, &c. Paris, 1818-19.

SYKES, MAJOR PERCY MOLESWORTH. Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, or Eight Years in Irán. London, 1902, 8vo. Chap, xxiii. Marco Polo's Travels in Persia.

—— Recent Journeys in Persia. (Geog. Journal, X, 1897, pp. 568-597.)

TEIXEIRA, Relaciones de Pedro, del Origen Descendencia y Succession de los Reyes de Persia, y de Harmuz, y de un Viage hecho por el mismo aotor, &c. En Amberes, 1670.

TIMKOWSKI. Travels, &c., edited by Klaproth. London, 1827.

UZZANO. See Della Decima.

VARTHEMA'S Travels. By Jones and Badger. Hak. Soc., 1863.

VIGNE, G.T. Travels in Kashmir, &c. London, 1842.

VIN. BELL., VINC. BELLOV. Vincent of Beauvais' Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, &c.

VISDELOU. Supplément to D'Herbelot. 1780.

WILLIAMS'S Middle Kingdom. 3rd. Ed. New York and London, 1857.

WILLIAMSON, Rev. A. Journeys in N. China, &c. London, 1870.

WEBER'S Metrical Romances of the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries Edinburgh, 1810.

WITSEN. Noord en Oost Tartaryen. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785.
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

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APPENDIX K.—Values of certain Moneys, Weights, and Measures, occurring in this Book.

FRENCH MONEY.

The LIVRE TOURNOIS of the period may be taken, on the mean of five valuations cited in a footnote at p. 87 of vol. i., as equal in modern silver value to … 18.04 francs.

Say English money … 14_s._ 3.8_d._

The LIVRE PARISIS was worth one-fourth more than the Tournois,[1] and therefore equivalent in silver value to … 22.55 francs.

Say English money … 17_s._ 10.8_d._

(Gold being then to silver in relative value about 12:1 instead of about 15:1 as now, one-fourth has to be added to the values based on silver in equations with the gold coin of the period, and one-fifth to be deducted in values based on gold value. By oversight, in vol. i. p. 87, I took 16:1 as the present gold value, and so exaggerated the value of the livre Tournois as compared with gold.)

M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,[2] and his result is:

LIVRE TOURNOIS = 20.26 francs.

LIVRE PARISIS = 25.33 "

Though there is something arbitrary in this mode of valuation, it is, perhaps, on the whole the best; and its result is extremedy handy for the memory (as somebody has pointed out) for we thus have

One LIVRE TOURNOIS = One Napoleon.

" " PARISIS = One Sovereign.

VENETIAN MONEY.

The MARK of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 2_l._ 4_s._ of our money in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.[3]

The Venice GOLD DUCAT or ZECCHIN, first coined in accordance with a Law of 31st October 1283, was, in our gold value, worth … 11.82 francs.[4] or English … 9_s._ 4.284_d._

The Zecchin when first coined was fixed as equivalent to 18 grossi, and on this calculation the GROSSO should be a little less than 5_d._ sterling.[5] But from what follows it looks as if there must have been another grosso, perhaps only of account, which was only 3/4 of the former, therefore equivalent to 3-3/4_d._ only. This would be a clue to difficulties which I do not find dealt with by anybody in a precise or thorough manner; but I can find no evidence for it.

Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz.:

1. LIRA DEI GROSSI, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.[6] Like every Lira or Pound, this consisted of 20 soldi, and each soldo of 12 denari or deniers.[7] In this case the Lira was equivalent to 10 golden ducats; and its Denier, as the name implies, was the Grosso. The Grosso therefore here was 1/240 of 10 ducats or 1/24 of a ducat, instead of 1/18.

2. LIRA AI GROSSI (L. den. Ven. ad grossos). This by decree of 2nd June, 1285, went two to the ducat. In fact it is the soldo of the preceding Lira, and as such the Grosso was, as we have just seen, its denier; which is perhaps the reason of the name.

3. LIRA DEI PICCOLI (L. den. Ven. parvulorum). The ducat is alleged to have been at first equal to three of these Lire (Romanin, I. 321); but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300-1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3.2 lire of piccoli.[8]

In estimating these Lire in modern English money, on the basis of their relation to the ducat, we must reduce the apparent value by 1/5. We then have:

1. LIRA DEI GROSSI equivalent to nearly 3_l._ 15_s._ 0_d._ (therefore exceeding by nearly 10_s._ the value of the Pound sterling of the period, or Lira di Sterlini, as it was called in the appropriate Italian phrase).[9]

2. LIRA AI GROSSI … 3_s._ 9_d._

3. LIRA DEI PICCOLI … 2_s._ 4_d._

The TORNESE or TORNESEL at Venice was, according to Romanin (III. 343) = 4 Venice deniers: and if these are the deniers of the Lira ai Grossi, the coin would be worth a little less than 3/4_d._, and nearly the equivalent of the denier Tournois, from which it took its name.[10]

* * * * *

The term BEZANT is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dínár, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10_s._ 6_d._ or 11_s._ (See Cathay, pp. 440-441; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506-507.) The exchange of Venice money for the Bezant or Dinar in the Levant varied a good deal (as is shown by examples in the passage in Cathay just cited), but is always in these examples a large fraction (1/6 up to 1/3) more than the Zecchin. Hence, when Joinville gives the equation of St. Lewis's ransom as 1,000,000 bezants or 500,000 livres, I should have supposed these to be livres Parisis rather than Tournois, as M. de Wailly prefers.

There were a variety of coins of lower value in the Levant called Bezants,[11] but these do not occur in our Book.

* * * * *

The Venice SAGGIO, a weight for precious substances was 1/6 of an ounce, corresponding to the weight of the Roman gold solidus, from which was originally derived the Arab MISKÁL And Polo appears to use saggio habitually as the equivalent of Miskál. His POIS or PESO, applied to gold and silver, seems to have the same sense, and is indeed a literal translation of Miskál. (See vol. ii. p. 41.)

* * * * *

For measures Polo uses the palm rather than the foot. I do not find a value of the Venice palm, but over Italy that measure varies from 9-1/2 inches to something over 10. The Genoa Palm is stated at 9.725 inches.

Jal (Archéologie Nav. I. 271) cites the following Table of Old Venice Measures of Length.

4 fingers = 1 handbreadth. 4 handbreadths = 1 foot. 5 feet = 1 pace. 1000 paces = 1 mile. 4 miles = 1 league.

_______________

Notes:

[1] See (Dupré de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d'Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c.

[2] He takes the silver value of the gros Tournois (the sol of the system) at 0.8924 fr., whence the Livre = 17.849 fr. And the gold value of the golden Agnel, which passed for 12-1/2 sols Tournois, is 14.1743 fr. Whence the Livre = 22.6789 fr. Mean = 20.2639 fr.

[3] The Mark was 2/3 of a pound. The English POUND STERLING of the period was in silver value = 3_l._ 5_s._ 2_d._ Hence the MARK = 2_l._ 3_s._ 5.44_d._ The Cologne Mark, according to Pegolotti, was the same, and the Venice Mark of silver was = 1 English Tower Mark + 3-1/2 sterlings (i.e. pence of the period), = therefore to 2_l._ 4_s._ 4.84_d._ The French Mark of Silver, according to Dupré de St. Maur, was about 3 Livres, presumably Tournois, and therefore 2_l._ 2_s._ 11-1/2_d._

[4] Cibrario, Pol. Ec. del Med. Evo. III. 228. The GOLD FLORIN of Florence was worth a fraction more = 9_s._ 4.85_d._

Sign. Desimoni, of Genoa, obligingly points out that the changed relation of Gold ducat and silver grosso was due to a general rise in price of gold between 1284 and 1302, shown by notices of other Italian mints which raise the equation of the gold florin in the same ratio, viz. from 9 sols tournois to 12.


[5] For 1/18 of the florin will be 6.23_d._, and deducting 1/6, as pointed out above, we have 4.99_d._ as the value of the grosso.

I have a note that the grosso contained 42-88/144 Venice grains of pure silver. If the Venice grain be the same as the old Milan grain (.051 grammes) this will give exactly the same value of 5_d._


[6] Also called, according to Romanin, Lira d'imprestidi. See Introd. Essay in vol. i. p. 66.

[7] It is not too universally known to be worth noting that our £. s. d. represents Livres, sois, deniers.

[8] He also states the grosso to have been worth 32 piccoli, which is consistent with this and the two preceding statements. For at 3.2 lire to the ducat the latter would = 768 piccoli, and 1/24 of this = 32 piccoli. Pegolotti also assigns 24 grossi to the ducat (p. 151).

The tendency of these Lire, as of pounds generally, was to degenerate in value. In Uzzano (1440) we find the Ducat equivalent to 100 soldi, i.e. to 5 lire.

Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or Livre was only 20 Pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or Italian Pound is only 20 halfpence, or less!


[9] Uzzano in Delia Decima, IV. 124.

[10] According to Galliccioli (II. 53) piccoli (probably in the vague sense of small copper coin) were called in the Levant [Greek: tornésia].

[11] Thus in the document containing the autograph of King Hayton, presented at p. 13 of Introductory Essay, the King gives with his daughter, "Damoiselle Femie," a dowry of 25,000 besans sarrazinas, and in payment 4 of his own bezants staurats (presumably so called from bearing a cross) are to count as one Saracen Bezant. (Cod. Diplomat. del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim. I. 134.)
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

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APPENDIX L.—Sundry Supplementary Notes on Special Subjects.—(H.C.)

1.—The Polos at Acre.
2.—Sorcery in Kashmir.
3.—PAONANO PAO.
4.—Pamir.
5.—Number of Pamirs.
6.—Site of Pein.
7.—Fire-arms.
8.—La Couvade.
9.—Alacan.
10.—Champa.
11.—Ruck Quills.
12.—A Spanish Edition of Marco Polo.
13.—Sir John Mandeville.

1.—THE POLOS AT ACRE. (Vol. i. p. 19. Int.)

M. le Comte Riant (Itin. à Jérusalem, p. xxix.) from various data thinks the two sojourns of the Polos at Acre must have been between the 9th May, 1271, date of the arrival of Edward of England and of Tedaldo Visconti, and the 18th November, 1271, time of the departure of Tedaldo. Tedaldo was still in Paris on the 28th December, 1269, and he appears to have left for the Holy Land after the departure of S. Lewis for Tunis (2nd July, 1270).—H.C.

2.—SORCERY IN KASHMIR. (Vol. i. p. 166.)

In Kalhanda's Rajatarangini, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kásmir translated by M.A. Stein, we read (Bk. IV. 94, p. 128): "Again the Brahman's wife addressed him: 'O king, as he is famous for his knowledge of charms (Kharkhodavidya), he can get over an ordeal with ease.'" Dr. Stein adds the following note: "The practice of witchcraft and the belief in its efficiency have prevailed in Kásmir from early times, and have survived to some extent to the present day; comp. Bühler, Report, p. 24…. The term Kharkhoda, in the sense of a kind of deadly charm or witchcraft, recurs in v. 239, and is found also in the Vijayésvaramah (Adipur.), xi. 25. In the form Kharkota it is quoted by the N. P.W. from Caraka, vi. 23. Kharkhota appears as the designation of a sorcerer or another kind of uncanny persons in Haracar., ii. 125, along with Krtyas and Vetalas…."

3.—PAONANO PAO. (Vol. i. p. 173.)

In his paper on Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythians' Coins (Babylonian and Oriental Record, August, 1887, pp. 155-166; rep. in the Indian Antiquary, 1888), Dr. M.A. Stein has demonstrated that the legend PAONANO PAO on the coins of the Yue-Chi or Indo-Scythian Kings (Kanishka, Huvishka, Vasudeva), is the exact transcription of the old Iranian title Shahanan Shah (Persian Shahan-shah), "King of Kings"; the letter P, formerly read as P(r), has since been generally recognised, in accordance with his interpretation as a distinct character expressing the sound sh.

4.—PAMIR. (Vol. i. pp. 174-175.)

I was very pleased to find that my itinerary agrees with that of Dr. M.A. Stein; this learned traveller sends me the following remarks: "The remark about the absence of birds (pp. 174-175) might be a reflex of the very ancient legend (based probably on the name zend Upairi-saena, pehlevi Aparsin, 'higher than the birds') which represents the Hindu Kush range proper as too high for birds to fly over. The legend can be traced by successive evidence in the case of the range north of Kabul."— Regarding the route (p. 175) from the Wakhjir (sic) Pass down the Taghdum-bash Pamir, then viâ Tash-kurghan, Little Karakul, Bulun Kul, Gez Daria to Tashmalik and Kashgar, Dr. Stein says that he surveyed it in July, 1900, and he refers for the correct phonetic spelling of local names along it to his map to be published in J.R.G.S., in December, 1902. He says in his Prel. Report, p. 10: "The Wakhjir Pass, only some 12 miles to the south-west of Kök-török, connects the Taghdumbash Pamir and the Sarikol Valleys with the head-waters of the Oxus. So I was glad that the short halt, which was unavoidable for survey purposes, permitted me to move a light camp close to the summit of the Wakhjir Pass (circ. 16,200 feet). On the following day, 2nd July, I visited the head of Ab-i-Panja Valley, near the great glaciers which Lord Curzon first demonstrated to be the true source of the River Oxus. It was a strange sensation for me in this desolate mountain waste to know that I had reached at last the eastern threshold of that distant region, including Bactria and the Upper Oxus Valley, which as a field of exploration had attracted me long before I set foot in India. Notwithstanding its great elevation, the Wakhjir Pass and its approaches both from west and east are comparatively easy. Comparing the topographical facts with Hiuen-Tsiang's account in the Si yu-ki, I am led to conclude that the route followed by the great Chinese Pilgrim, when travelling about A.D. 649 from Badakshan towards Khotan, through 'the valley of Po-mi-lo (Pamir)' into Sarikol, actually traversed this Pass."

Dr. Stein adds in his notes to me that "Marco Polo's description of the forty days' journey to the E.N.E. of Vokhan as through tracts of wilderness can well be appreciated by any one who has passed through the Pamir Region, in the direction of the valleys W. and N. of Muztagh Ata. After leaving Táshkurghan and Tagharma, where there is some precarious cultivation, there is no local produce to be obtained until the oasis of Tashmalik is reached in the open Kashgar plains. In the narrow valley of the Yamanyar River (Gez Defile) there is scarcely any grazing; its appearance is far more desolate than that of the elevated Pamirs."—"Marco Polo's praise (p. 181) of the gardens and vine-yards of Kashgar is well deserved; also the remark about the trading enterprise of its merchants still holds good, if judged by the standard of Chinese Turkestan. Kashgar traders visit Khotan far more frequently than vice versa. It is strange that no certain remains of Nestorian worship can be traced now."—"My impression [Dr. Stein's] of the people of the Khotan oasis (p. 188) was that they are certainly a meeker and more docile race than e.g. the average 'Kashgarlik' or Yarkandi. The very small number of the Chinese garrison of the districts Khotan and Keria (only about 200 men) bears out this impression."

We may refer for the ancient sites, history, etc., of Khotan to the Preliminary Report of Dr. Stein and to his paper in the Geographical Journal for December, 1902, actually in the press.

5.—NUMBER OF PAMIRS. (Vol. i. p. 176.)

Lord Curzon gives the following list of the "eight claimants to the distinction and title of a Pamir": (1) Taghdumbash, or Supreme Head of the Mountains Pamir, lying immediately below and to the north of the Kilik Pass. (2) The Pamir-i-Wakhan. (3) The Pamir-i-Khurd, or Little Pamir. (4) The Pamir-i-Kalan, or Great Pamir. (5) The Alichur Pamir. (6) The Sarez Pamir. (7) The Rang Kul Pamir. (8) The Khargosh or Hare Pamir, which contains the basin of the Great Kara Kul. See this most valuable paper, The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, reprinted from the Geographical Journal of 1896, in 1896, 1898, and 1899.

[Illustration: Some of the objects found by Dr. M.A. Stein in Central Asia.]

6.—PEIN. (Vol. i. p. 192.)

Dr. M.A. Stein, of the Indian Educational Service, appears to have exactly identified the site of Pein, during his recent archaeological researches in Central Asia; he writes (Prel. Report on a Journey of Archaeological and Topog. Exploration in Chinese Turkestan, Lond., 1901, pp. 58-59): "Various antiquarian and topographical considerations made me anxious to identify the position of the town of Pi-mo, which Hiuen-Tsiang describes as some 300 li to the east of the Khotan capital. It was probably the same place as the Pein, visited by Marco Polo. After marching back along the Keriya River for four days, I struck to the south-west, and, after three more marches, arrived in the vicinity of Lachin-Ata Mazar, a desolate little shrine in the desert to the north of the Khotan-Keriya route. Though our search was rendered difficult by the insufficiency of guides and the want of water, I succeeded during the following few days in tracing the extensive ruined site which previous information had led me to look for in that vicinity. 'Uzun-Tati' ('the distant Tati,') as the débris-covered area is locally designated, corresponds in its position and the character of its remains exactly to the description of Pi-mo. Owing to far-advanced erosion and the destruction dealt by treasure-seekers, the structural remains are very scanty indeed. But the débris, including bits of glass, pottery, china, small objects in brass and stone, etc., is plentiful enough, and in conjunction with the late Chinese coins found here, leaves no doubt as to the site having been occupied up to the Middle Ages."

Our itinerary should therefore run from Khotan to Uzun Tati, and thence to Nia, leaving Kiria to the south; indeed Kiria is not an ancient place.—H.C.

[Illustration: MARCO POLO'S ITINERARY CORRECTED]

Mr. E.J. Rapson, of the British Museum, with the kind permission of Dr. Stein, has sent me a photograph (which we reproduce) of coins and miscellaneous objects found at Uzun Tati. Coin (1) bears the nien-hao (title of reign) Pao Yuen (1038-1040) of the Emperor Jen Tsung, of the Sung Dynasty; Coin (2) bears the nien-hao, K'ien Yuen (758-760) of the Emperor Su Tsung of the T'ang Dynasty; Coin (3) is of the time of the Khan of Turkestan, Muhammad Arslan Khan, about 441 A.H. = 1049 A.D. From the description sent to me by Mr. Rapson and written by Mr. Andrews, I note that the miscellaneous objects include: "Two fragments of fine Chinese porcelain, highly glazed and painted with Chinese ornament in blue. That on the left is painted on both sides, and appears to be portion of rim of a bowl. Thickness 3/32 of an inch. That to the right is slightly coarser, and is probably portion of a larger vessel. Thickness 1/4 inch (nearly). A third fragment of porcelain, shown at bottom of photo, is decorated roughly in a neutral brown colour, which has imperfectly 'fluxed.' It, also, appears to be Chinese. Thickness 1/8 inch (nearly).—A brass or bronze object, cast. Probably portion of a clasp or buckle.—A brass finger ring containing a piece of mottled green glass held loosely in place by a turned-over denticulated rim. The metal is very thin."—H.C.

7.—FIRE-ARMS. (Vol. i. p. 342.)

From a paper on Siam's Intercourse with China, published by Lieutenant-Colonel Gerini in the Asiatic Quarterly Review for October, 1902, it would appear that fire-arms were mentioned for the first time in Siamese Records during the Lau invasion and the siege of Swankhalôk (from 1085 to 1097 A.D.); it is too early a date for the introduction of fire-arms, though it would look "much more like an anachronism were the advent of these implements of warfare [were] placed, in blind reliance upon the Northern Chronicles, still a few centuries back. The most curious of it all is, however, the statement as to the weapons in question having been introduced into the country from China." Following W.F. Mayers in his valuable contributions to the Jour. North-China B.R.A.S., 1869-1870, Colonel Gerini, who, of course, did not know of Dr. Schlegel's paper, adds: "It was not until the reign of the Emperor Yung Lê, and on occasion of the invasion of Tonkin in A.D. 1407, that the Chinese acquired the knowledge of the propulsive effect of gunpowder, from their vanquished enemies."

8.—LA COUVADE. (Vol. ii. p. 91.)

Mr. H. Ling Roth has given an interesting paper entitled On the Signification of Couvade, in the Journ. Anthropological Institute, XXII. 1893, pp. 204-243. He writes (pp. 221-222):—"From this survey it would seem in the first place that we want a great deal more information about the custom in the widely isolated cases where it has been reported, and secondly, that the authenticity of some of the reported cases is doubtful in consequence of authors repeating their predecessors' tales, as Colquhoun did Marco Polo's, and V. der Haart did Schouten's. I should not be at all surprised if ultimately both Polo's and Schouten's accounts turned out to be myths, both these travellers making their records at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, so that in the end, we may yet find the custom is not, nor ever has been, so widespread as is generally supposed to have been the case."

I do not very well see how Polo, in the 13th and 14th centuries could make his record at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, discovered at the end of the 15th century! Unless Mr. Ling Roth supposes the Venetian Traveller acquainted with the various theories of the Pre-Columbian discovery of America!!

9.—ALACAN. (Vol. ii. pp. 255 and 261.)

Dr. G. Schlegel writes, in the T'oung Pao (May, 1898, p. 153): "Abakan or Abachan ought to be written Alahan. His name is written by the Chinese Ats'zehan and by the Japanese Asikan; but this is because they have both confounded the character lah with the character ts'ze; the old sound of [the last] character [of the name] was kan and is always used by the Chinese when wanting to transcribe the title Khan or Chan. Marco Polo's A_b_acan is a clerical error for A_l_acan."

10.—CHAMPA. (Vol. ii. p. 268.)

In Ma Huan's account of the Kingdom of Siam, transl. by Mr. Phillips (Jour. China B.R.A.S., XXI. 1886, pp. 35-36) we read: "Their marriage ceremonies are as follows:—They first invite the priest to conduct the bridegroom to the bride's house, and on arrival there the priest exacts the 'droit seigneurial,' and then she is introduced to the bridegroom."

11.—RUCK QUILLS. (Vol. ii. p. 421.)

Regarding Ruck Quills, Sir H. Yule wrote in the Academy, 22nd March, 1884, pp. 204-405:—

"I suggested that this might possibly have been some vegetable production, such as a great frond of the Ravenala (Urania speciosa) cooked to pass as a ruc's quill. (Marco Polo, first edition, ii. 354; second edition, ii. 414.) Mr. Sibree, in his excellent book on Madagascar (The Great African Island, 1880) noticed this, but said:

"'It is much more likely that they [the ruc's quills] were the immensely long midribs of the leaves of the rofia palm. These are from twenty to thirty feet long, and are not at all unlike an enormous quill stripped of the feathering portion'" (p. 55).

In another passage he describes the palm, Sagus ruffia (? raphia):

"The rofia has a trunk of from thirty to fifty feet in height, and at the head divides into seven or eight immensely long leaves. The midrib of these leaves is a very strong, but extremely light and straight pole…. These poles are often twenty feet or more in length, and the leaves proper consist of a great number of fine and long pinnate leaflets, set at right angles to the midrib, from eighteen to twenty inches long, and about one and a half broad," etc. (pp. 74, 75).

When Sir John Kirk came home in 1881-1882, I spoke to him on the subject, and he felt confident that the rofia or raphia palm-fronds were the original of the ruc's quills. He also kindly volunteered to send me a specimen on his return to Zanzibar. This he did not forget, and some time ago there arrived at the India Office not one, but four of these ruc's quills. In the letter which announced this despatch Sir John says:—

"I send to-day per s.s. Arcot … four fronds of the Raphia palm, called here 'Moale.' They are just as sold and shipped up and down the coast. No doubt they were sent in Marco Polo's time in exactly the same state, i.e. stripped of their leaflets, and with the tip broken off. They are used for making stages and ladders, and last long if kept dry. They are also made into doors, by being cut into lengths, and pinned through. The stages are made of three, like tripods, and used for picking cloves from the higher branches."

The largest of the four midribs sent (they do not differ much) is 25 feet 4 inches long, measuring 12 inches in girth at the butt, and 5 inches at the upper end. I calculate that if it originally came to a point the whole length would be 45 feet, but, as this would not be so, we may estimate it at 35 to 40 feet. The thick part is deeply hollowed on the upper (?) side, leaving the section of the solid butt in form a thick crescent. The leaflets are all gone, but when entire, the object must have strongly resembled a Brobdingnagian feather. Compare this description with that of Padre Bolivar in Ludolf, referred to above.

"In aliquibus … regionibus vidi pennas alae istius avis prodigiosae, licet avem non viderim, Penna illa, prout ex formâ colligebatur, erat ex mediocribus, longitudine 28 palmorum, latitudine trium. Calamus vero a radice usque ad extremitatem longitudine quinque palmorum, densitatis instar brachii moderati, robustissimus erat et durus. Pennulae inter se aequales et bene compositae, ut vix ab invicem nisi cum violentiâ divellerentur. Colore erant valdè nigro, calamus colore albo." (Ludolfi, ad suam Hist. Aethiop., Comment., p. 164.)

The last particular, as to colour, I am not able to explain: the others correspond well. The palmus in this passage may be anything from 9 to 10 inches.

I see this tree is mentioned by Captain R.F. Burton in his volume on the Lake Regions (vol. xxix. of the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, p. 34),[1] and probably by many other travellers.

I ought to mention here that some other object has been shown at Zanzibar as part of the wings of a great bird. Sir John Kirk writes that this (which he does not describe particularly) was in the possession of the Roman Catholic priests at Bagamoyo, to whom it had been given by natives of the interior, who declared that they had brought it from Tanganyika, and that it was part of the wing of a gigantic bird. On another occasion they repeated this statement, alleging that this bird was known in the Udoe (?) country near the coast. These priests were able to communicate directly with their informants, and certainly believed the story. Dr. Hildebrand, also, a competent German naturalist, believed in it. But Sir John Kirk himself says that "what the priests had to show was most undoubtedly the whalebone of a comparatively small whale."

12.—A SPANISH EDITION OF MARCO POLO.

As we go to press we receive the newly published volume, El Libro de Marco Polo—Aus dem vermächtnis des Dr. Hermann Knust nach der Madrider Handschrift herausgegeben von Dr. R. Stuebe. Leipzig, Dr. Seele & Co., 1902, 8vo., pp. xxvi.-114. It reproduces the old Spanish text of the manuscript Z-I-2 of the Escurial Library from a copy made by Señor D. José Rodriguez for the Society of the Spanish Bibliophiles, which, being unused, was sold by him to Dr. Hermann Knust, who made a careful comparison of it with the original manuscript. This copy, found among the papers of Dr. Knust after his death, is now edited by Dr. Stuebe. The original 14th century MS., written in a good hand on two columns, includes 312 leaves of parchment, and contains several works; among them we note: 1°, a Collection entitled Flor de las Ystorias de Oriente (fol. 1-104), made on the advice of Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1377), of which Marco Polo (fol. 50-104) is a part; 2° and Secretum Secretorum (fol. 254 r-fol. 312 v.); this MS. is not mentioned in our List, App. F., II. p. 546, unless it be our No. 60.

The manuscript includes 68 chapters, the first of which is devoted to the City of Lob and Sha-chau, corresponding to our Bk. I., ch. 39 and 40 (our vol. i. pp. 196 seqq.) ch. 65 (p. 111) corresponds approximatively to our ch. 40, Bk. III. (vol. ii. p. 451); chs. 66, 67, and the last, 68, would answer to our chs. 2, 3, and 4 of Bk. I. (vol i., pp. 45 seqq.). A concordance of this Spanish text, with Pauthier's, Yule's, and the Geographic Texts, is carefully given at the beginning of each of the 68 chapters of the Book.

Of course this edition does not throw any new light on the text, and this volume is but a matter of curiosity.

13.—SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE.

One of the last questions in which Sir Henry Yule[2] took an interest in, was the problem of the authorship of the book of Travels which bears the name of SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE, the worthy Knight, who, after being for a long time considered as the "Father of English Prose" has become simply "the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of Travels, written in French, and published between 1357 and 1371."[3]

It was understood that "JOHAN MAUNDEUILLE, chiualer, ia soit ceo qe ieo ne soie dignes, neez et norriz Dengleterre de la ville Seint Alban," crossed the sea "lan millesme ccc'me vintisme et secund, le jour de Seint Michel,"[4] that he travelled since across the whole of Asia during the 14th century, that he wrote the relation of his travels as a rest after his fatiguing peregrinations, and that he died on the 17th of November, 1372, at Liège, when he was buried in the Church of the Guillemins.

No work has enjoyed a greater popularity than Mandeville's; while we describe but eighty-five manuscripts of Marco Polo's, and I gave a list of seventy-three manuscripts of Friar Odoric's relation,[5] it is by hundreds that Mandeville's manuscripts can be reckoned. As to the printed editions, they are, so to speak, numberless; Mr. Carl Schönborn[6] gave in 1840, an incomplete bibliography; Tobler in his Bibliographia geographica Palestinae (1867),[7] and Röhricht[8] after him compiled a better bibliography, to which may be added my own lists in the Bibliotheca Sinica[9] and in the T'oung-Pao.[10]

Campbell, Ann. de la Typog. néerlandaise, 1874, p. 338, mentions a Dutch edition: Reysen int heilighe lant, s.l.n.d., folio, of which but two copies are known, and which must be dated as far back as 1470 [see p. 600], I believed hitherto (I am not yet sure that Campbell is right as to his date) that the first printed edition was German, s.l.n.d., very likely printed at Basel, about 1475, discovered by Tross, the Paris Bookseller.[11] The next editions are the French of the 4th April, 1480,[12] and 8th February of the same year,[13] Easter being the 2nd of April, then the Latin,[14] Dutch,[15] and Italian[16] editions, and after the English editions of Pynson and Wynkin de Worde.

In what tongue was Mandeville's Book written?

The fact that the first edition of it was printed either in German or in Dutch, only shows that the scientific progress was greater and printing more active in such towns as Basel, Nuremberg and Augsburg than in others. At first, one might believe that there were three original texts, probably in French, English, and vulgar Latin; the Dean of Tongres, Radulphus of Rivo, a native of Breda, writes indeed in his Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium, 1616, p. 17: "Hoc anno Ioannes Mandeuilius natione Anglus vir ingenio, & arte medendi eminens, qui toto fere terrarum orbe peragrato, tribus linguis peregrinationem suam doctissime conscripsit, in alium orbê nullis finibus clausum, lögeque hoc quietiorem, & beatiorem migrauit 17. Nouembris. Sepultus in Ecclesia Wilhelmitarum non procul à moenibus Ciuitatis Leodiensis." The Dean of Tongres died in 1483;[17] Mr. Warner, on the authority of the Bulletin de l'Inst. Archéol. Liégeois, xvi. 1882, p. 358, gives 1403 as the date of the death of Radulphus. However, Mandeville himself says (Warner, Harley, 4383) at the end of his introduction, p. 3:—"Et sachez qe ieusse cest escript mis en latyn pur pluis briefment deuiser; mes, pur ceo qe plusours entendent mieltz romantz qe latin, ieo lay mys en romance, pur ceo qe chescun lentende et luy chiualers et les seignurs et lez autres nobles homes qi ne sciuent point de latin ou poy, et qount estee outre meer, sachent et entendent, si ieo dye voir ou noun, et si ieo erre en deuisant par noun souenance ou autrement, qils le puissent adresser et amender, qar choses de long temps passez par la veue tornent en obly, et memorie de homme ne puet mye tot retenir ne comprendre." From this passage and from the Latin text: "Incipit itinerarius a terra Angliae ad partes Iherosolimitanas et in ulteriores transmarinas, editus primo in lingua gallicana a milite suo autore anno incarnacionis Domini m. ccc. lv, in civitate Leodiensi, et paulo post in eadem civitate translatus in hanc formam latinam." (P. 33 of the Relation des Mongols ou Tartars par le frère Jean du Plan de Carpin, Paris, 1838). D'Avezac long ago was inclined to believe in an unique French version. The British Museum, English MS. (Cott., Titus. C. xvi.), on the other hand, has in the Prologue (cf. ed. 1725, p. 6): "And zee schulle undirstonde, that I have put this Boke out of Latyn into Frensche, and translated it azen out of Frensche into Englyssche, that every Man of my Nacioun may undirstonde it…."[18]

But we shall see that—without taking into account the important passage in French quoted above, and probably misunderstood by the English translator—the English version, a sentence of which, not to be found in the Latin manuscripts, has just been given, is certainly posterior to the French text, and therefore that the abstract of Titus C. xvi, has but a slight value. There can be some doubt only for the French and the Latin texts.

Dr. Carl Schönborn[19] and Herr Eduard Mätzner,[20] "respectively seem to have been the first to show that the current Latin and English texts cannot possibly have been made by Mandeville himself. Dr. J. Vogels states the same of unprinted Latin versions which he has discovered in the British Museum, and he has proved it as regards the Italian version."[21]

"In Latin, as Dr. Vogels has shown, there are five independent versions. Four of them, which apparently originated in England (one manuscript, now at Leyden, being dated in 1390) have no special interest; the fifth, or vulgate Latin text, was no doubt made at Liège, and has an important bearing on the author's identity. It is found in twelve manuscripts, all of the 15th century, and is the only Latin version as yet printed."[22]

The universal use of the French language at the time would be an argument in favour of the original text being in this tongue, if corrupt proper names, abbreviations in the Latin text, etc., did not make the fact still more probable.

The story of the English version, as it is told by Messrs. Nicholson and Warner, is highly interesting: The English version was made from a "mutilated archetype," in French (Warner, p. x.) of the beginning of the 15th century, and was used for all the known English manuscripts, with the exception of the Cotton and Egerton volumes—and also for all the printed editions until 1725. Mr. Nicholson[23] pointed out that it is defective in the passage extending from p. 36, l. 7: "And there were to ben 5 Soudans," to p. 62, l. 25: "the Monkes of the Abbeye of ten tyme," in Halliwell's edition (1839) from Titus C. xvi, which corresponds to Mr. Warner's Egerton text, p. 18, l. 21: "for the Sowdan," and p. 32, l. 16, "synges oft tyme." It is this bad text which, until 1725,[24] has been printed as we just said, with numerous variants, including the poor edition of Mr. Ashton[25] who has given the text of East instead of the Cotton text under the pretext that the latter was not legible.[26]

Two revisions of the English version were made during the first quarter of the 15th century; one is represented by the British Museum Egerton MS. 1982 and the abbreviated Bodleian MS. e. Mus. 116; the other by the Cotton MS. Titus C. xvi. This last one gives the text of the edition of 1725 often reprinted till Halliwell's (1839 and 1866).[27] The Egerton MS. 1982 has been reproduced in a magnificent volume edited in 1889 for the Roxburghe Club par Mr. G.F. Warner, of the British Museum;[28] this edition includes also the French text from the Harley MS. 4383 which, being defective from the middle of chap. xxii. has been completed with the Royal MS. 20 B.X. Indeed the Egerton MS. 1982 is the only complete English manuscript of the British Museum,[29] as, besides seven copies of the defective text, three leaves are missing in the Cotton MS. after f. 53, the text of the edition of 1725 having been completed with the Royal MS. 17 B.[30]

Notwithstanding its great popularity, Mandeville's Book could not fail to strike with its similarity with other books of travels, with Friar Odoric's among others. This similarity has been the cause that occasionally the Franciscan Friar was given as a companion to the Knight of St. Albans, for instance, in the manuscripts of Mayence and Wolfenbüttel.[31] Some Commentators have gone too far in their appreciation and the Udine monk has been treated either as a plagiary or a liar! Old Samuel Purchas, in his address to the Reader printed at the beginning of Marco Polo's text (p. 65), calls his countryman! Mandeville the greatest Asian traveller next (if next) to Marco Polo, and he leaves us to understand that the worthy knight has been pillaged by some priest![32] Astley uses strong language; he calls Odoric a great liar![33]

Others are fair in their judgment, Malte-Brun, for instance, marked what Mandeville borrowed from Odoric, and La Renaudière is also very just in the Biographie Universelle. But what Malte-Brun and La Renaudière showed in a general manner, other learned men, such as Dr. S. Bormans, Sir Henry Yule, Mr. E.W.B. Nicholson,[34] Dr. J. Vogels,[35] M. Léopold Delisle, Herr A. Bovenschen,[36] and last, not least, Dr. G.F. Warner, have in our days proved that not only has the book bearing Mandeville's name been compiled from the works of Vincent of Beauvais, Jacques of Vitry, Boldensel, Carpini, Odoric, etc., but that it was written neither by a Knight of St. Albans, by an Englishman, or by a Sir John Mandeville, but very likely by the physician John of Burgundy or John a Beard.

In a repertory of La Librairie de la Collégiale de Saint Paul à Liège au XV'e. Siècle, published by Dr. Stanislas Bormans, in the Bibliophile Belge, Brussels, 1866, p. 236, is catalogued under No. 240: Legenda de Joseph et Asseneth ejus uxore, in papiro. In eodem itinerarium Johannis de Mandevilla militis, apud guilhelmitanos Leodienses sepulti.

Dr. S. Bormans has added the following note: "Jean Mandeville, ou Manduith, théologien et mathématicien, était né à St. Alban en Angleterre d'une famille noble. On le surnomma pour un motif inconnu, ad Barbam et magnovillanus. En 1322, il traversa la France pour aller en Asie, servit quelque temps dans les troupes du Sultan d'Egypte et revint seulement en 1355 en Angleterre. Il mourut à Liège chez les Guilhemins, le 17th Novembre, 1372. Il laissa au dit monastère plusieurs MSS. de ses oeuvres fort vantés, tant de ses voyages que de la médecine, écrits de sa main; il y avait encore en ladite maison plusieurs meubles qu'il leur laissa pour mémoire. Il a laissé quelques livres de médecine qui n'ont jamais été imprimés, des tabulae astronomicae, de chorda recta et umbra, de doctrina theologica. La relation de son voyage est en latin, français et anglais; il raconte, en y mêlant beaucoup de fables, ce qu'il a vu de curieux en Egypte, en Arabie et en Perse."

Then is inserted, an abstract from Lefort, Liège Herald, at the end of the 17th century, from Jean d'Outremeuse, which we quote from another publication of Dr. Bormans' as it contains the final sentence: "Mort enfin, etc." not to be found in the paper of the Bibliophile Belge.

In his introduction to the Chronique et geste de Jean des Preis dit d'Outremeuse, Brussels, F. Hayez, 1887 (Collection des Chroniques belges inédites), Dr. Stanislas Bormans writes, pp. cxxxiii.-cxxxiv.: "L'an M.CCC.LXXII, mourut à Liège, le 12 Novembre, un homme fort distingué par sa naissance, avant de s'y faire connoître sous le nom de Jean de Bourgogne dit à la Barbe. Il s'ouvrit néanmoins au lit de la mort à Jean d'Outremeuse, son compère, et institué son exécuteur testamentaire. De vrai il se titra, dans le précis de sa dernière volonté, messire Jean de Mandeville, chevalier, comte de Montfort en Angleterre, et seigneur de l'isle de Campdi et du château Perouse. Ayant cependant eu le malheur de tuer, en son pays, un comte qu'il ne nomme pas, il s'engagea à parcourir les trois parties du monde. Vint à Liège en 1343. Tout sorti qu'il étoit d'une noblesse très-distinguée, il aima de s'y tenir caché. Il étoit, au reste, grand naturaliste, profond philosophe et astrologue, y joint en particulier une connoissance très singulière de la physique, se trompant rarement lorsqu'il disoit son sentiment à l'égard d'un malade, s'il en reviendroit ou pas. Mort enfin, on l'enterra aux F.F. Guillelmins, au faubourg d'Avroy, comme vous avez vu plus amplement cydessous."

It is not the first time that the names Jean de Mandeville and Jean à la Barbe are to be met with, as Ortelius, in his description of Liège, included in his Itinerary of Belgium, has given the epitaph of the knightly physician:[37(1)]

"Leodium primo aspectu ostentat in sinistra ripa (nam dextra vinetis plena est,) magna, & populosa suburbia ad collium radices, in quorum iugis multa sunt, & pulcherrima Monasteria, inter quae magnificum illud ac nobile D. Laurentio dicatum ab Raginardo episcopo, vt habet Sigebertus, circa ann. sal. M XXV aedificatum est in hac quoq. regione Guilelmitaru Coenobium in quo epitaphiu hoc Ioannis à Mandeuille excepimus: Hic iacet vir nobilis Dns Ioes de Mandeville al Dcus ad barbam miles dns de Capdi natus de Anglia medicie pfessor deuotissimus orator et bonorum largissimus paupribus erogator qui toto quasi orbe lustrato leodii diem vite sue clausit extremum ano Dni M CCC° LXXI°[37(2)] mensis novebr die XVII.[37(3)]

"Haec in lapide, in quo caelata viri armati imago, leonem calcantis, barba bifurcata, ad caput manus benedicens, & vernacula haec verba: vos ki paseis sor mi pour lamour deix proies por mi. Clypeus erat vacuus, in quo olim laminam fuisse dicebant aeream, & eius in ea itidem caelata insignia, leonem videlicet argenteum, cui ad pectus lunula rubea, in campo caeruleo, quem limbus ambiret denticulatus ex auro, eius nobis ostendebat & cultros, ephippiaque, & calcaria, quibus vsum fuisse asserebat in peragrando toto fere terrarum orbe, vt clarius eius testatur itinerarium, quod typis etiam excusum passim habetur."[37]

Dr. Warner writes in the National Biography:

"There is abundant proof that the tomb of the author of the Travels was to be seen in the Church of the Guillemins or Guillelmites at Liège down to the demolition of the building in 1798. The fact of his burial there, with the date of his death, 17th November, 1372, was published by Bale in 1548 (Summarium f. 149 b), and was confirmed independently by Jacob Meyer (Annales rerum Flandric. 1561, p. 165) and Lud. Guicciardini. (Paesi Bassi, 1567, p. 281.)"

In a letter dated from Bodley's Library, 17th March, 1884, to The Academy, 12th April, 1884, No. 623, Mr. Edward B. Nicholson drew attention to the abstract from Jean d'Ontremeuse, and came to the conclusion that the writer of Mandeville's relation was a profound liar, and that he was the Liège Professor of Medicine, John of Burgundy or à la Barbe. He adds: "If, in the matter of literary honesty, John a Beard was a bit of a knave, he was very certainly no fool."

On the other hand, M. Léopold Delisle,[38] has shown that two manuscripts, Nouv. acq. franç. 4515 (Barrois, 24) and Nouv. acq. franç. 4516 (Barrois, 185), were part formerly of one volume copied in 1371 by Raoulet of Orleans and given in the same year to King Charles V. by his physician Gervaise Crestien, viz. one year before the death of the so-called Mandeville; one of these manuscripts—now separate—contains the Book of Jehan de Mandeville, the other one, a treatise of "la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d'icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit à la Barbe, professeur en médicine et cytoien du Liège," in 1365. This bringing together is certainly not fortuitous.

Sir Henry Yule traces thus the sources of the spurious work: "Even in that part of the book which may be admitted with probability to represent some genuine experience, there are distinct traces that another work has been made use of, more or less, as an aid in the compilation, we might almost say, as a framework to fill up. This is the itinerary of the German knight William of Boldensele, written in 1336 at the desire of Cardinal Talleyrand de Perigord. A cursory comparison of this with Mandeville leaves no doubt of the fact that the latter has followed its thread, using its suggestions, and on many subjects its expressions, though digressing and expanding on every side, and too often eliminating the singular good sense of the German traveller. After such a comparison we may indicate as examples Boldensele's account of Cyprus (Mandeville, Halliwell's ed. 1866, p. 28, and p. 10), of Tyre and the coast of Palestine (Mandeville, 29, 30, 33, 34), of the journey from Gaza to Egypt (34), passages about Babylon of Egypt (40), about Mecca (42), the general account of Egypt (45), the pyramids (52), some of the particular wonders of Cairo, such as the slave-market, the chicken-hatching stoves, and the apples of Paradise, i.e. plantains (49), the Red Sea (57), the convent on Sinai (58, 60), the account of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (74-76), etc."

He adds: "It is curious that no passage in Mandeville can be plausibly traced to Marco Polo, with one exception. This is (Halliwell's ed., p. 163) where he states that at Ormus the people, during the great heat, lie in water,—a circumstance mentioned by Polo, though not by Odoric. We should suppose it most likely that this fact had been interpolated in the copy of Odoric used by Mandeville; for, if he had borrowed it direct from Polo, he would have borrowed more." (Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. 474.)

"Leaving this question, there remains the more complex one whether the book contains, in any measure, facts and knowledge acquired by actual travels and residence in the East. We believe that it may, but only as a small portion of the whole, and that confined entirely to the section of the work which treats of the Holy Land, and of the different ways of getting thither, as well as of Egypt, and in general of what we understand by the Levant." (Ibid. p. 473.)

Dr. Warner deals the final blow in the National Biography: "The alphabets which he gives have won him some credit as a linguist, but only the Greek and the Hebrew (which were readily accessible) are what they pretend to be, and that which he calls Saracen actually comes from the Cosmographia of aethicus! His knowledge of Mohammedanism and its Arabic formulae impressed even Yule. He was, however, wholly indebted for that information to the Liber de Statu Saracenorum of William of Tripoli (circa 1270), as he was to the Historiae Orientis of Hetoum, the Armenian (1307), for much of what he wrote about Egypt. In the last case, indeed, he shows a rare sign of independence, for he does not, with Hetoum, end his history of the sultanate about 1300, but carries it onto the death of En-Násir (1341), and names two of his successors. Although his statements about them are not historically accurate, this fact and a few other details suggest that he may really have been in Egypt, if not at Jerusalem, but the proportion of original matter is so very far short of what might be expected that even this is extremely doubtful."

With this final quotation, we may take leave of John of Mandeville, aliàs John a Beard. H.C.

_______________

Notes:

[1] "The raphia, here called the 'Devil's date,' is celebrated as having the largest leaf in the vegetable Kingdom," etc. In his translation of Lacerda's journey he calls it Raphia vinifera.

[2] MANDEVILLE, Jehan de [By Edward Byron Nicholson, M.A., and Colonel Henry Yule, C.B.] Ext. from the Encyclopaed. Britan. 9th ed., xv. 1883, ppt. 4to., pp. 4.

[3] Encyclop. Brit. xv. p. 473.

[4] British Museum, Harley, 4383, f. 1 verso.

[5] Les Voyages en Asie an XIV'e siècle du Bienheureux frère Odoric de Pordenone. Paris, 1891, p. cxvi.

[6] Bibliographische Untersuchungen über die Reise-Beschreibung des Sir John Maundeville.—Dem Herrn Samuel Gottfried Reiche, Rector und Professor des Gymnasiums zu St. Elisabet in Breslau und Vice-Präses der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für Vaterländische Cultur, Ritter des rothen Adlerordens, zur Feier Seines Amts-Jubelfestes am 30. October 1840 im Namen des Gymnasiums zu St. Maria Magdalena gewidmet von Dr. Carl. Schönborn, Director, Rector und Professor.—Breslau, gedruckt bei Grass, Barth und Comp., ppt. 4to. pp. 24.

[7] Bibliographia geographica Palaestinae. Zunächst kritische Uebersicht gedruckter und ungedruckter Beschreibungen der Reisen ins heilige Land. Von Titus Tobler.—Leipzig, Verlag von S. Hirzel. 1867, 8vo., pp. iv.-265.: C. 1336 (1322-1356). Der englische ritter John Maundeville, pp. 36-39.

[8] Bibliotheca geographica Palestinae. Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes bezüglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographie. Herausgegeben von Reinhold Röhricht. Berlin, H. Reuther, 1890, 8vo, pp. xx-742.

[9] Bibliotheca Sinica.—Dictionnaire bibliographique des ouvrages relatif sà l'empire chinois par Henri Cordier. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1878-1895, 3 vol. 8vo. col. 943-959, 1921-1927, 2201.

[10] Jean de Mandeville. Ext. du T'oung Pao, vol. ii. No. 4, Leide, E.J. Brill, 1891, 8vo, pp. 38.

[11] Jch Otto von diemeringen ein || Thumherre zu Metz in Lothoringen. han dises buch verwandelvsz || welschs vnd vsz latin zu tütsch durch das die tütschen lüte ouch mogent || dar inne lesen von menigen wunderlichen sachen die dor inne geschribe || sind. von fremden landen vn fremden tieren von fremden lüten vnd von || irem glouben von. iren wesen von iren kleidern. vnd vo vil andern wun || deren als hie noch in den capitelen geschriben stat. Und ist das buch in || fünf teil geteilt vnd saget das erst buch von den landen vnd von den we || gen vsz tütschen nider landen gen Jerusalem zu varen. vnd zu sant Ka | || therine grab vnd zu dem berg Synai. vnd von den landen vnd von den || wundern die man vnterwegen do zwischen vinden mag. Jtem von des || herren gewalt vnd herrschafft der do heisset der Soldan vnd von sinem || wesen. Das ander buch saget ob ymant wolt alle welt vmbfaren was || lands vnd was wunders er vinden mocht. Jn manchen steten vn in vil || insulen dor inne er kame. vnd saget ouch von den wegen vnd von den la || den vn lüten was in des grossen herre land ist. & do heisset zu latin Ma || gnus canis | das ist zu tütsch der grosz hunt. der ist so gar gewaltig vnd || so rich das im vff erden an gold an edlem gestein vnan anderm richtum || niemant gelichen mag. on allein priester Johann von Jndia. Das drit || buch saget von des vor genanten herren des grossen hunds glowben vn || gewonheit vnd wie er von erst her komen ist vnd von andern sachen vil || Das vierde buch saget von jndia vnd von priester Johann vnd von siner || herschafft. von sinem vrsprung vnd von siner heiligkeit von sinem glou | || ben von siner gewonheit vnd vil andern wundern die in sinem lande sind || Das fünfft buch saget von manchen heydischen glouben vnd ir gewon | || heit vn ouch von menigerlei cristen glouben die gensit mers sint die doch || nit gar vnsern glouben hand. Jtem von menigerlei Jüden glouben vnd || wie vil cristen land sint vnd doch nicht vnsern glouben haltend noch re | || chte cristen sind. Folio; black letter.

[12] Ce liure est eppelle ma // deuille et fut fait i compose // par monsieur iehan de man // deuille cheualier natif dagle // terre de la uille de saict alei // Et parle de la terre de pro // mission cest assavoir de ieru // salem et de pluseurs autres // isles de mer et les diuerses i // estranges choses qui sont es // dites isles.

Ends recto f°. 88: Cy finist ce tres plaisant // liure nome Mandeville par // lanc moult autentiquement // du pays et terre d'oultre mer // Et fut fait La Mil cccc // lxxx le iiii lour dauril, s.l., without any printer's name; small folio; ff. 88; sig. a (7 ff.)—l. (9 ff.); others 8 ff.—Grenville Library, 6775.


[13] F. 1 recto: Ce liure est appelle // mandeuille et fut fait et // compose par monsieur // iehan de mandeuille che // ualier natif dangleterre // de la uille de sainct alein // Et parle de la terre de // promission cest assavoir // de iherusalem et de plu // seurs autres isles de mer // et les diuerses et estran // ges choses qui sont esd' // isles.—Ends verso f. 93: Cy finist ce tresplay // sant liure nome Mande // cccclxxx le viii iour de // freuier a la requeste de // Maistre Bartholomieu // Buyer bourgoys du dit // lyon. Small folio.

[14] F. 1 recto. Jtinerarius domi//ni Johanis de ma//deville militis.—F. 2 recto: Tabula capitulorum in // itinerarium ad partes Jhe=// rosolimitanas. & ad vlterio // res trasmarinas domini Jo//hannis de Mandeville mili//tis Jncipit feliciter.—F. 4. recto: Jncipit Itinerarius a ter//ra Anglie in ptes Jherosoli =//mitanas. & in vlteriores tras//marinas. editus primo in li//gua gallicana a milite suo au//tore Anno incarnatonis dni //M. ccc. lv. in ciuitate Leodi // ensi. & paulo post in eade ciui//tate traslatus in hanc forma // latinam. //

Ends f. 71 verso: Explicit itinerarius domini // Johannis de Mandeville // militis. Small 4to, black letter, ff. 71 on a col., sig. a-i iij; a-h by 8 = 64 ff.; i, 7 ff.


[15] Reysen.—s.l.n.d., without printer's name; fol. 108 ff. on 2 col. black letter, without sig., etc.

F. 1 recto: Dit is die tafel van // desen boecke // (D)at eerste capittel van // desen boeck is Hoe dat Jan va//mandauille schyet wt enghe//lat…. f. 108 v° 26th line: regneert in allen tiden // Amen // ¶ Laus deo in altissimo //.


See Campbell, supra, p. 599.

[16] F. 1 verso: Tractato de le piu marauegliose cosse e piu notabile che // se trouano in le parte del modo redute & collecte soto bre//uita in el presente copedio dal strenuissimo caualer spero // doro Johanne de Mandauilla anglico nato ne la Cita // de sancto albano el quale secodo dio prñcialmente uisi // tato quali tute le parte habitabel de el modo cossi fidelm // te a notato tute quelle piu degne cosse che la trouato e ve//duto in esse parte & chi bene discorre qsto libro auerra p // fecta cognitione de tuti li reami puincie natione e popu//li gente costumi leze hystorie & degne antiquitate co bre//uitade le quale pte da altri non sono tractate & parte piu // cosusamete dalchu gran ualente homini son state tocate & amagiore fede el psato auctore in psona e stato nel 1322. in//yerusalem Jn Asia menore chiamata Turchia i Arme//nia grande e in la picola. Jn Scythia zoe in Tartaria in // persia Jn Syria o uero suria Jn Arabia in egipto alto // & in lo inferiore in libia in la parte grande de ethiopia in // Caldea in amazonia in india mazore in la meza & in la // menore in div'se sette de latini greci iudei e barbari chri//stiani & infideli & i molte altre prouincie como appare nel // tractato de sotto.—Ends f. 114 verso: Explicit Johannes d'Madeuilla impressus Medio//lani ductu & auspicijs Magistri Petri de corneno pre // die Callendas augusti M.CCCCLXXX. Joha//ne Galeazo Maria Sfortia Vicecomitte Duce no // stro inuictissimo ac principe Jucondissimo. Small 4to; ff. 114; sig. a-o × 8 = 112 ff.; 1 f. between a and b.

[17] Gesta Pont. Leodiensium.—Vita Radvlphi de Rivo ex eius scriptis: "Obijt Radulphus anno, 1483."

[18] This passage is not to be found in the Egerton MS. 1982, nor in the Latin versions.

[19] Bib. Untersuchungen.

[20] Altenglische Sprachproben nebst einem Wörterbuche unter Mitwirkung von Karl Goldbeck herausgegeben von Eduard Mätzner. Erster Band: Sprachproben. Zweite Abtheilung: Prosa. Berlin. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. (Vol. i. 1869, large 8vo, pp. 415; vol. i., John Maundeville, pp. 152-221.)

[21] Encyclopaedia. Brit., p. 475.

[22] Nat. Biog. p. 23-24.

[23] The Academy, x. p. 477.—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., XV., p. 475.

[24] The // Voiage // and // Travaile // of // Sir John Maundevile, kt. // Which Treateth of the // Way to Hierusalem; and of // Marvayles of Inde, // With other // Ilands and Countryes. //—Now publish'd entire from an Original MS. // in the Cotton Library. //—London: // Printed for J. Woodman, and D. Lyon, in // Russel-Street, Covent-Garden, and C. Davis, // in Hatton-Garden. 1725, 8vo, 5. ff. n. c.+pp. xvi.—384+4 ff. n. c.

[25] The Voiage and Travayle of Sir John Maundeville Knight which treateth of the way towards Hierosallun and of marvayles of Inde with other ilands and countreys. Edited, Annotated, and Illustrated in Facsimile by John Ashton…. London, Pickering & Chatto, 1887, large 8vo., pp. xxiv.-289.

[26] L.c. p. vi.

[27] The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundevile, Kt. which treateth of the way to Hierusalem; and of Marvayles of Inde, with other ilands and countryes. Reprinted from the Edition of A.D. 1725. With an introduction, additional notes, and Glossary. By J.O. Halliwell. Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S. London: Published by Edward Lumley, M.D.CCC.XXXIX., 8vo, pp. xvii.-xii.-326.

The Voiage and Travaille of Sir John Maundevile … By J.O.
Halliwell, London: F.S. Ellis, MDCCCLXVI., 8vo, pp xxxi.-326.


[28] The Buke of John Maundeuill being the Travels of sir John Mandeville, knight 1322-1356 a hitherto unpublished English version from the unique copy (Egerton Ms. 1982) in the British Museum edited together with the French text, notes, and an introduction by George F. Warner, M.A., F.S.A., assistant-keeper of Manuscripts in the British Museum. Illustrated with twenty-eight miniatures reproduced in facsimile from the additional MS. 24,189. Printed for the Roxburghe Club. Westminster, Nichols and Sons…. MDCCCLXXXIX., large 4to, pp. xlvi.+232+28 miniatures.

[29] There are in the British Museum twenty-nine MSS. of Mandeville, of which ten are French, nine English, six Latin, three German, and one Irish. Cf. Warner, p. x.

[30] Cf. Warner, p. 61.

[31] Mayence, Chapter's Library: "Incipit Itinerarius fidelis Fratris ODERICI, socii Militis Mendavil, per Indiam."—Wolfenbüttel, Ducal Library, No. 40, Weissemburg: "Incipit itinerarius fratris ODERICI socii militis Mandauil per Indiam."—HENRI CORDIER, Odoric de Pordenone, p. lxxii. and p. lxxv.

[32] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, 3rd Pt., London, 1625: "and, O that it were possible to doe as much for our Countriman Mandeuil, who next (if next) was the greatest Asian Traueller that euer the World had, & hauing falne amongst theeues, neither Priest, nor Leuite can know him, neither haue we hope of a Samaritan to releeue him."

[33] Astley (iv. p. 620): "The next Traveller we meet with into Tartary, and the Eastern Countries, after Marco Polo, is Friar Odoric, of Udin in Friuli, a Cordelier; who set-about the Year 1318, and at his Return the Relation of it was drawn-up, from his own Mouth, by Friar William of Solanga, in 1330. Ramusio has inserted it in Italian, in the second Volume of his Collection; as Hakluyt, in his Navigations, has done the Latin, with an English Translation. This is a most superficial Relation, and full of Lies; such as People with the Heads of Beasts, and Valleys haunted with Spirits: In one of which he pretends to have entered, protected by the Sign of the Cross; yet fled for Fear, at the Sight of a Face that grinned at him. In short, though he relates some Things on the Tartars and Manci (as he writes Manji) which agree with Polo's Account; yet it seems plain, from the Names of Places and other Circumstances, that he never was in those Countries, but imposed on the Public the few Informations he had from others, mixed with the many Fictions of his own. He set out again for the East in 1331; but warned, it seems, by an Apparition a few Miles from Padua, he returned thither, and died." And a final blow in the index: "Oderic, Friar, Travels of, iv. 620 a. A great liar!!"

[34] E.B. Nicholson.—Letters to the Academy, 11th November, 1876; 12th February, 1881. E.B.N. and Henry Yule, MANDEVILLE, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., 1883, pp. 472-475.

[35] Die ungedruckten Lateinischen Versionen Mandeville's. (Beilage zum Programm des Gymnasiums zu Crefeld.) 1886.

[36] Untersuchungen über Johan von Mandeville und die Quellen seiner Reisebeschreibung. Von Albert Bovenschen. (Zeitschrift d. Ges. für Erdkunde zu Berlin, XXIII. Bd., 3 u. 4 Hft. No. 135, 136, pp. 177-306.)

[37] (1) Itinerarivm // per nonnv. las // Galliae Belgicae partes, // Abrahami Ortelii et // Ioannis Viviani. // Ad Gerardvm Mercatorem, // Cosmographvm. // Antverpiae, // Ex officina Christophori Plantini. // clo. lo. lxxxiv. // small 8vo, pp. 15-16. 2) Read 1372. (3) Purchas, His Pilgrimes, 3rd Pt., Lond., 1625, reproduces it on p. 128: "Hic jacet vir nobilis, D. Ioannes de Mandeville, aliter dictus ad Barbam, Miles, Dominus de Campdi, natus de Anglia, Medicinae Professor, deuotissimus, orator, & bonorum largissimus pauperibus erogator qui toto quasi orbe lustrato, Leodij diem vitae suae clausit extremum. Anno Dom. 1371, Mensis Nouembris, die 17."

[38] Bibliothèque nationale:—Catalogue des manuscrits des fonds Libri et Barrois. Paris, 1888. 8vo. cf. pp. 251-253.
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Re: The Travels of Marco Polo, by Marco Polo and Rustichello

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Part 1 of 3

INDEX

Aás, Asu, see Alans. Abacan, a Tartar general. Ábah, see Ávah. Abaji, Kúblái's son. Abáka (Abaga), Khan of Persia. Abano, Pietro of, his notice of Polo. Abash (Habsh), see Abyssinia. Abba Gregory. Abbás, Sháh. Abbott, Consul Keith E.. Abdul Kuri islands. —— Mejid. Abeskun (Baxon), on the Caspian. Abher. Abkashian forests, boxwood of the. Abnús, ebony. Abraha, ruler of Yemen. Abraiaman, see Brahmans. Abubakr, Atabeg of Fars. —— Ibrahim, and Mahomed, engineers employed by Kúblái. Abu'l Abbas Ahmed VII., Khalif of Baghdad. —— Fázl Abulfeda, his geography; at the siege of Acre. Abulfiez Khan, king of Bokhara. Abu Nasr Mohammed IX., Khalif of Baghdad. —— Saïd. Abyssinia (Abash), its king's punishment of Soldan of Aden; dominion on the coast, mediaeval history and chronology; table of kings; wars with Mahomedan states. Acbalec Manzi, "White City of the Manzi frontier". Acbalec or Acbaluc (Cheng-ting fu). Accambale, king of Champa. Achar. Achin, Acheh, Achem, its gold and lign-aloes; conversion of; its great power at one time; elephants at. —— Head. Achmath, the Bailo, see Ahmad. Acomat Soldan (Ahmad Sultan), seizes throne of Tabriz; goes to encounter Argon; rejects his remonstrance; defeats and takes him; hears of Argon's escape, is taken and put to death; notes on the history. Acorn bread. Acqui, Friar Jacopo d', his notice of Polo. Acre, Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese; plan of; captured by Saracens; wickedness of; Polos at. Adam, Bishop and Pope of China. —— Seth, and the Tree of Life, legend of. Adamodana, Castle of. Adam's Apple. —— sepulchre on mountain (Adam's Peak) in Ceylon, rubies; his teeth, hair, etc.; the footmark. Adel, apparently confused with Aden. Aden, Horse and other Trade with India, Soldan's treatment of a bishop; Vengeance of King of Abyssinia on him; confused with Adel; account of Kingdom; the Sultan; intercourse and trade with China, tanks; view of. Adoration of the Emperor. Adulis, inscription of. Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient. Aepyornis and its eggs. Aëtius, his prescription of musk, of camphor. Afghans, their use of the fat-tailed sheep. Africa, Sea surrounding to the South. Agassiz, Professor. Agathocles, Coins of. [Greek: Agathoû daímonos], island. Agha Ali Sháh, present representative of the Old Man of the Mountain. —— Khan Meheláti, late representative of the Old Man. Aghrukji or Ukuruji, Kúblái's son. Agricola, Governor of Cappadocia, etc. Aguil, Mongol general. Ahmad (Achmath), the Bailo, of Fenaket, his power, oppressions, death, etc. —— Sultan, Khan of Persia, see Acomat. Ahwaz, province. Aidhab. Aidhej, or Mal-Amir. Aijaruc, Kaidu's daughter, her strength and prowess; her name. Aikah Nowin, Engineer in Chief of Chinghiz. Ai-lao (afterwards Nan-chao), ancient name of the Shans. Aín Akbari (Ayeen Akbery). Ajmir. Akbar and Kúblái, a parallel. Ak Bulák salt mines. Akhaltziké (Western Georgia). Akhtuba River. Ak-khoja. Aksarai, or Ghori River. Aksu River. Aktár. Aktásh Valley. Alabastri. Alacou, see Hulákú. Aladja, striped cotton cloth. Alamút, Castle of the Ismailites. Alan country, Alania. Alans, or Aas, massacre at Chang-chau of, employed under Mongols. Alaone, the name. Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, at Kinsay. Alatcha, cotton stuff with blue and red stripes. Alau, see Hulákú. Alá'uddin (Alaodin), see Old Man of the Mountain. —— (Alawating of Mufali), an engineer in Kúblái's service. —— Khilji, Sultan of Delhi. Albenigaras, Mt. Al Biruni. Alboquerque, see D'Alboquerque. Alchemy, Kúblái's. Aleppo. Alexander the Great, allusions to legends and romances about, his rampart (Iron Gate); the curtains at a banquet given by; and the ferrum candidum; site of his battle with Darius; his wife Roxana; kills a lion; Princes claiming descent from (Zulcarniain); his horse Bucephalus; fixes chains on Adam's Peak; said to have colonised Socotra; his tower on the border of Darkness. Alexander III., Pope. Alexander IV., Pope. Alexandria, trade from India to. Alhinde, Alfinde, Alinde, Al-hint. 'Ali and Aliites. Alidada. Alihaiya, Kúblái's general. Alinak. Alligator, in Carajan, mode of killing; eaten; prophecy of Bhartpúr about. Almalik. Almanacs, Chinese (Tacuin). Almonds. Aloes, Socotrine. —— wood, see Lign-aloes. Alor, war cry. Al-Ramni, Al-Ramin, see Sumatra. Altai (Altay) Mountains, the Khan's burial-place; used for the Khingan range. Altun-Khan, Mountain. —— sovereign. Amazons, fable of. Ambergris, how got. Amber-rosolli. Amda Zion, king of Abyssinia, his wars v. Mahomedans; not the king mentioned by Polo. Ament, Rev. W.S. Ameri, a kind of Brazil wood. Amhara. Amien, Mien (Burma). Amita Buddha. Ammianus Marcellinus. Amoy, harbour; languages. Amphora, Anfora. Amu, Aniu, see Anin. Amuki, devoted comrades of the king. Anamis (Minao) River. Ananda, Kúblái's grandson. Anár. Anaurahta, king of Burma. Ancestor Worship. Anchors, Wooden. Andaine, andena, andanicum, see Ondanique. Andaman (Angamanain) island, described; people; form of the word. Andan, andun, Wotiak for steel. Andragiri. Andreas, king of Abyssinia. Andrew, Bishop of Zayton. —— Grand Duke of Rostof and Susdal. Andromeda ovalifolia, poisonous. Angamanain, see Andaman. Angan, or Hamjám. 'Angka, gryphon, see Ruc. Angkor, ruins of. Ani in Armenia. Animal Patterns, see Patterns. Anin, province. Annals of the Indo-Chinese States. 'An-nam, or Tong-king. Anselmo, Friar. Anthropoides Virgo, the demoiselle. Antioch. Antongil Bay, Madagascar. Aotonomoff, Spasski, his ascent of Ararat. Apostoille, word used for Pope. Apples of Paradise (Konars). Apricots. 'Apuhota (Kapukada?). Apushka (Apusca), Tartar envoy from Persia. Arababni. Arab geography. —— colonies in Madagascar. —— horses, early literary recognition of. trade in, see Horses. —— merchants, in Southern India. —— Seamen's Traditions about Java. Arabi (Arabs). Arabia. Arabic character. Arachosía,arachoti. Araines. Arakan. Aram (Harám), Place of the. Ararat, Mount, ascents of. Arblasts, crossbows. Arbre Sol, or Arbre Sec, Region of the (Khorasan), tree described—Chínár or Oriental plane; various readings; Arbre seul, a wrong reading; Tree of the Sun legend; Christian legend of the Dry Tree; engrafted on legends of Alexander; Trees of Grace in Persia; Dry Trees in Mahomedan legend; in Rabbinical and Buddhist stories, and legends of the Wood of the Cross; Polo's Arbre Sec to be sought near Damghan; Sabaean apologue; clue to the term Arbre Sec. Arcali, Arculin, see Erculin. Architectural remains in Indo-China. Ardeshír Bábekán, first Sassanian king. Ardeshír, last sovereign of Shabánkára. Areca. Areng Saccharifera. Arezzo. Argaeus, Mount. Argali. Arghún, Khan of Persia (Polo's Argon, Lord of the Levant), sends an embassy to Kúblái for a wife; is dead when she arrives; his unhappy use of the elixir vitae; advances against his uncle Ahmad; harangues his chiefs; sends Ahmad a remonstrance; is taken prisoner; released by certain chiefs; obtains sovereignty; his death; his beauty. Argons (Arghún), half-breeds. Arii, Ariana. Arikbuga, Kúblái's brother. Arimaspia. Arimaspian gold. Ariora-Keshimur, meaning of Ariora. Ariosto. Aripo. Aristotle. Arjish (Arzizi). Arkasun Noian. Arkhaiun, applied to Oriental Christians or their Clergy. Armenia, Greater. Armenia (Hermenia), Lesser or Cilician. Armenian Christians. Armenians. Armillary Zodiacal Sphere. Armour of boiled leather, see Cuirbouly. Arms of Kerman, of the Tartars. Arredon River. Arrow Divination. Arrows, Tartar. Artacki. Arts, the Seven. Aru, Cumaha. Arucki. Aruk. Arulun Tsaghan Balghasun (Chagan-Nor). Arya Chakravarti. Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism. Arzinga (Erzingan). Arziron (Erzrum). Arzizi (Arjísh). Asbestos, and the Salamander. Asceticism of the Sensin, of the Jogis. Asedin Soldan (Ghaiassuddin Balban, Sultan of Delhi). Ashar (Asciar), king of Cail. Ashishin, see Assassins. Ashod, founder of the Bagratid dynasty. Ashurada. Asikan, Mongol general. Asoka. Asper, or akché about a groat. Assai River. Assassins (Ashishin, Hashíshin), Ismailites, how the Old Man trained them; murders by; their destruction; survival and recent circumstances of the sect. Asses, in Persia, in Mongolia; in Madagascar; in Abyssinia; in Far North. Asterius, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus. Astrakhan (Gittarchan). Astrolabe. Astrology, -ers, in Tangut, of Chinghiz; at Kúblái's Court; at Cambaluc; of Tibet; at Kinsay; in Maabar; in Coilum. Astronomical instruments, ancient Chinese. Atabegs, of Mosul, of Lúr; of Fars; of Yezd; of Kerman. Atjeh, see Achin. Atkinson's Narratives, and their credibility. Atlas, Chinese, in Magliabecchian Library. [Greek: Attagàs] (Black Partridge). Attalus, King. At-Thaibi family. Auberoche, Siege of. Audh (Oudh). Aufat, Ifat. Augury, see Omens. Aung Khan (Unc Can), see Prester John. Aurangzib. Aurora, Ibn Fozlán's account of. Aussa. 'Avah, Abah, Ava, one of the cities of the Magi. Avarian, epithet of S. Thomas. Avebury, Lord, on couvade. Avicenna's classification of Iron. Avigi, 'afçi (falco montanus). Axum, Inscription, Church of; Court of. Ayas (Layas, Aiazzo, etc.), port of Cilician Armenia, Sea fight at. Ayuthia. Azumiti. Azure, Ultramarine (lapis armenus) Mines in Badakhshan, in Tenduc; ore.

Baba Buzurg, worshipped by the Lurs. Baber, E. C, on Ch'êng-tú, on wild oxen of Tibet; Lolos; Gold River (Brius); the word Caindu; Talifu; Mekong River; Zardandan; site of battle between Kúblái and king of Mien; descent of Mien. Baboons, etymology Báb-ul-abwáh, "The Gate of Gates," Pass of Derbend. Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), Sultan of. Babylonish garments. Baccadeo, indigo. Baccanor. Bacon, Roger, as geographer. Bacsi, see Bakhshi. Bactria, its relation to Greece. Bacu, Sea of (Caspian). Badakhshan (Badashan), its population; capitals of; Mirs of; legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings; depopulation of; scenery; dialects; forms of the name; great river of (Upper Oxus). Badáún. Badger, Rev. Dr. G.P. Badghís. Badgír, Wind-catchers. Badruddín Lú-lú, last Atabeg of Mosul. Báfk (Báft). Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alau, Hulákú, its Khalif; the miracle of the mountain. —— Archbishop of. —— its indigo (baccadeo). Bagratidae, of Armenia, of Georgia. Bagration-Mukransky, Prince. Bahar. Bahárak, plain. Bahá-uddin Ayaz, Wazir of Kalháat. Bahá-ul-hakh, the Saint of Multán. Bahrámábád. Bahránjird Village. Bahrein. Baiberdon. Baiburt (Paipurth), Castle of. Baidu Khan, seizes throne of Persia; displaced and killed by Gházán; alleged to be a Christian. Bailo, the title, etymology of. Bakhshi (Bacsi), Lamas, their enchantments; various meanings of the word. Bakhtyáris of Luristán, the. Baku, oil fields of, Sea of (Caspian). Balad-ul-Falfal (Malabar). Baladi. Balalaika, a two-stringed Tartar instrument. Balânjaríyah, devoted lieges. Bala-Sagun. Balas rubies. Baldac, see Baghdad. Baldacchini (Baudekins), brocades made at Baghdad. Baldwin II. (de Courtenay), last Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Bali, Island of. —— in Abyssinia. Balios. Balish (a money of account). Balista, always a crossbow in mediaeval times. Balkh (Balc). Balkhash Lake. Ballads, Genoese, on sea-fights at Ayas and Curzola. Ballard, Mr.. Balor, Balaur, Bilaur, Malaur, Bolor. Bálos, Malacca boats with two rudders. Balsamodendron Mukul. Balthazar, of the Magi. Bálti. Balustrade, etymology of the word. Bamboo (always called canes by Polo), its multifarious uses; Kúblái's Chandu Palace made of; great, on banks of Caramoran river; explode loudly when burning; large in Tibet; ropes of; in Che kiang. Bamian, caves at, huge recumbent image at. Bám-i-Duniah, "Roof of the World". Bamm. Bandar Abbás (Bandar-Abbási). Bandith. Bangala, see Bengal. Banzaroff, Dorji, on Shamanism. Baptism, accompanied by branding, in Abyssinia. Bara. Barac (Borrak), Khan of Chagatai, his war with Arghún. Baradaeus, Jacob, or James Zanzale, Bishop of Edessa. Barbaro, Josafat. Barbarossa, Frederic. Barberino, Francesco da. Barda'at, saddle-cloths. Bardesir. Bardshír, Bardsír, Bard-i-Ardeshír. Bargu (Barguchin Tugrum, or Barguti), plain. Barguerlac, Syrrhaptes Pallasii, a kind of sand grouse, its migration into England. Barguzinsk. Barin, Mongol tribe. Bark, money made from, fine clothes from. Barka (Barca), Khan, ruler of Kipchak, his war with Hulákú. Barkul. Barkút, búrgút (bearcoote), eagle trained to the chase. Barlaam and Josaphat, Story of Saints, from Legend of Buddha. Barley, huskless. Baroch. Baron-tala, name applied by Mongols to Tibet. Barons (Shieng or Sing), Kaan's twelve. Barozzi, Nicolo. Barros, John de, geography of. Barsauma (St. Barsamo). Barskul (Barscol), "Leopard Lake". Bartizan, Kúblái's wooden. Barus, Barros (Sumatra), its camphor. Barussae insulae. Barygaza. Bashai (Pashai). Bashkirds, (Hungarians). Bashpah, Lama, and the Mongol character called after him. Basma, see Pasei. Basmuls (Guasmuls), half-breeds. Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves. Bathang. Baths, natural hot, near Hormuz, in Cathay; public at Kinsay. Batigala, Batticalla. Batochina. Bats, large, in India. Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism. Batthala, Bettelar (Patlam in Ceylon). Battles, Kúblái v. Nayan, Tartars v. king of Mien; Caidu v. Khan's forces; Borrak and Arghún; Arghún and Ahmad; Hulákú and Barka; Toktai and Nogai. Bátú, Khan of Kipchak, founder of Sarai, invades Russia; made by Polo into two kings—Sain and Patu; his character and cruelty. Baudas, see Baghdad. Baudekins (baldacchini), brocades made at Baghdad. Bauduin de Sebourc. Bavaria, Duke Ernest of, a mediaeval Romance. Bawárij, corsairs. Bayan Chingsian, Kúblái's greatest Captain, prophecy connected with his name; his conquest of Manzi or South China; his history and character; his exceptional cruelty at Chang-chau. Bayan, Khagan of the Avars. Bayan (Baian), Kúblái's Master of the Hounds. Bayan, son of Nasruddin. Bayezid Ilderim. Bdellium. Beads, Hindu. Bears, white in Far North. Beast and bird patterns, see Patterns. Beaten gold. Beaujeu, William de, Master of the Temple. Beauty of—Georgians, Khorasan women; Kashmir women; Sinju women; Argons, or half-breeds; the Ungrat or Kungurat tribe; people of Coloman; Kinsay women; Kaidu's daughter; Arghún Khan; the Russians. Beds, their arrangement in India. Beef, not eaten in Maabar, except by the Govi, formerly eaten in India. Bejas of the Red Sea Coast. Belgutai, Chinghiz's stepbrother. "Belic" for "Melic". Bell at Cambaluc, great. Bellal Rajas. Belledi, balladi, ginger so called, Spanish use of the word. Benares, brocades of. Bendocquedar, see Bundúkdári, Bíbars. Benedict XII., Pope. Bengal (Bangala), king of Mien (Burma) and; why Polo couples these; relations between Burma and; claim asserted by king of Burma to; alleged Mongol invasion of; its distance from Caugigu; its currency; confused with Pegu by Polo. Beni Búya dynasty. Benjamin of Tudela, on Alexander's Rampart, on the Gryphon. Benzoin, etymology of. Berard, Thos., Master of the Temple. Berbera, Sea of. Berchet, G. Bereké, Bátu Khan's brother. Bernier, on Kashmir women's beauty. Berrie, the Arabic Baríya, a desert. Bettelar, rendezvous of Pearl Fishers. Beyamini, wild oxen of Tibet. Bezant, value of. Bhagavata. Bhamó, and River of. Bhartpúr, prophecy about. Bhattis, the. Bháwalpúr. "Bhim's Baby," colossal idol at Dhamnár caves. Bianco's, Andrea, maps. Biar. Bibars Bundúkdári, see Bundúkdári. Bielo Osero. Bigoncio, a firkin. Bilúchis, their robber raids; Lumri or Numri. Binh Thuan (Champa). Binkin. Bintang (Pentam). Birch-bark vessels, books. Bír-dhúl, or Bujardawal, cap. of Ma'bar. Bird-hunts. Birdwood, Sir G. Birhors of Chuta Nagpúr. Bir-Pandi, or Pira-Bandi. Birthday, celebration of Kúblái's. Bishbalik (Urumtsi). Bishop, of Male Island, story of an Abyssinian. Bitter bread. —— water. Blac, Blachia (Lac, Wallach). Black-bone, Chinese name for Lolos. Black Crane (Kará Togorü). —— Saints, White Devils in India. —— Sea, M. Maurum v. Nigrum. —— Sect of Tibet. Blacker, the more beautiful. Blaeuw, map. Blochmann, Professor H. Block-books, supposed to have been introduced from China,. Block-printing in Persia.. Blood-sucking, Tartar. Blous, bloies. Boar's tusks, huge (Hipp.). Boccassini. Bode, Baron de. Bodhisatva Avalok. Bodleian MS. of Polo, list of miniatures in. Boeach, mistake for Locac, and its supposed position. Boemond, Prince of Antioch and Tripoli, letter of Bibar to. Boga (Buka), a great Mongol officer, delivers Arghún. Boghra Khan. Bohea country. Bohra, sect of W. India. Boikoff, Russian Envoy. Bokhara (Bocara). Boleyn, Anne, her use of buckram. Bolgana, Queen, see Bulughán. Bolgarskoye (called also Uspenskoye). Bolghar, borgal, borghal, Russia leather. Bolghar (Bolgara), on the Volga, ruins of; court of. Bolivar, Padre, S.J., his account of the Condor (Rukh) of Africa. Bolor. Bombay. Bonaparte, Prince Roland, Recueil des Documents de l'Époque Mongole. Bonga. Bonheur, Rosa. Boniface VIII., Pope. Bonin, C.E. Bonoccio di Mestro. Bonpos, old Tibetan Sect. Bonús, ebony. Bonvalot. Book of Marco Polo, its contents; original language, French; oldest Italian MS.; "Geographic Text," in rude French; various types of Text— (1) "Geographic,". (2) Pauthier's MSS. (3) Pipino's Latin, Preface to; Grynaeus' Latin; Müllers' reprint. (4) Ramusio's Italian edition, its peculiarities; probable truth about it; bases of it. MS. and some of its peculiarities; general view of the relations of the texts; notice of an old Irish version; geographical data; how far influenced in form by Rustician; perhaps in description of battles; diffusion and number of MSS.; basis of present version; specimens of different recensions of text; distribution of MSS.; miniatures in; list of MSS.; Tabular view of the filiation of chief MSS.; Bibliography; titles of works cited; Spanish edition. Bore in Hang-chau Estuary. Borgal, see Bolghar. Bormans, Stanislas. Born, Bertram de. Borneo, camphor, see Camphor. —— tailed men of. Boro Bodor, Buddhist Monument, Java. Borrak, Amir, Prince of Kerman (Kutlugh Sultan?). —— Khan of Chaghatai, see Barac. Borùs, the. Bostam. Boswellia thurifera, serrata; Carterii; Bhauda-jiana; papyrifera; Frereana; glabra. Bouqueran, see Buckram. Bourne, F.S.A. Boxwood forests in Georgia. Bozzí. Bra, the word. Bracelets, in Anin. Bragadino, Marco, husband of Marco Polo's daughter, Fantina. —— Pietro. Brahmanical thread. Brahmans (Abraiaman), fish-charmers to the pearl fishery; their character and virtues; their king; their omens; longevity; Chughi; Palladian legend of. Brahma's temple, Hang-chau. Brahuis. Brakhimof, early capital of Bulgaria. Brambanan, ruins at. Bran (Tibetan tsamba), parched barley. Brazil wood, in Locac, in Sumatra; manner of growth; in Ceylon; in Coilum (Coilumin); different kinds; vicissitudes of the word; its use prohibited by Painters' Guild. Bread, bitter. Brephung monastery. Bretesche. Bretschneider, Dr. Emil (Medical Researches), ruins of Bolghar, the Uíghúr character; Caucasian Wall; use of muslin in Samarkand; on nakh and nachetti; Húlakú's expedition to West Asia; an extract from the Yüan Si; Badakhshan; Kashgar; Shachau; Kamul; Chingintalas; the Stipa inebrians; the Utiken Uígúrs; Erdenidso Monastery; Belasagun; death of Chinghiz; tung lo or kumiz; Kúblái's death; Peking; verniques; clepsydra; the Bularguchi; Achmath's biography; paper-money; post stations; Chinese intoxicating drinks; regulations for time of dearth; Lu-Ku-K'iao Bridge; introduction of plants from Asia into China; morus alba; Tibet; bamboo explosions; the Si-fans; Cara-jang and Chagan-jang; Nasr-uddin; the Alans; rhubarb in Tangut; Polo's "large pears"; on galangal; on sugar; on Zayton; on wood-oil; on ostrich; on Si-la-ni; on frankincense; on Magyars; on Mongol invasion of Poland and Silesia. Brichu (Brius, the Upper Kiang). Bridges of Pulisanghin, Sindafu (Ch'êngtu); Suchau; Kinsay; Kien-ning fu; Fuchau; Zayton, or Chinchau. Brine-wells, see Salt. Brius River (Kin-sha Kiang, Gold River). Brown, G.G. —— Sir Thomas, on Polo. Bruce's Abyssinian Chronology. Brunetto Latini's Book, Li Tresor. Brunhilda. Bruun, Professor Ph., of Odessa. Bucephala, of Alexander. Bucephalus, breed of. Buckrams, of Arzinga, described; etymology; at Mardin; in Tibet; at Mutfili; Malabar. Buddha, see Sakya Muni. Buddhism, Buddhists, see Idolatry, Idolaters. Buddhist Decalogue. Buffaloes in Anin. Buffet and vessels of Kúblái's table. Bugaei. Buka (Boga), a great Mongol chief. Buka Bosha, 1st Mongolian Governor of Bokhara. Búkú Khan, of the Hoei-Hu, or Uighúrs. Bularguji (Bularguchi), "The Keeper of Lost Property". Bulgaria, Great. Bulughán (Bolgana), Queen. —— another. Bundúkdár, Amír Aláuddín Aidekín ("The Arblaster"). Bundúkdári, Malik Dáhir Ruknuddín Bíbars (Bendocquedar), Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, killed by kumiz. Buraets, or Burgats, the. Búrkán Káldún. Burma (or Ava), King of (See also Mien.). Burnell, Arthur. Burning the Dead, see Cremation. —— heretical books. —— paper-money, etc., at funerals. —— Widows in South India. Burrough, Christopher. Burton, Captain R.F. Bushell, Dr. S.W., his visit to Shang-tu, on the Khitan Scripts; Tangut rulers; orders for post-horses. Butchers, in Kashmir, Tibet; S. India. Butiflis (Mutfili). Butler, Hudibras. Buyid dynasty.

Ca' Polo, Ca' Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at Venice. Caaju, castle of. Cabs, Peking. Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu). Cachanfu (P'uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu). Cachar Modun. Cachilpatnam. Cadmia. Caesalpinia; and see Brazil. Caesarea of Cappadocia (Casaria, Kaisaríya). Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?). Caidu, see Kaidu. Caiju, on the Hwang-Ho. —— on the Kiang, Kwachau. Cail (Káyal), a great port of Commerce; the king; identified; meaning of name; remains of. Caindu (K'ien-ch'ang), a region of Eastern Tibet. Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing). Cairo, museum at; ventilators at. (See Babylon.). Caiton, see Zayton. Cala Ataperistan (Kala' Atishparastán), "Castle of the Fire Worshippers". Calachan (Kalaján). Calaiate, Calatu, see Kalhat. Calamanz, the word. Calamina, city. Caldwell, Rev. Dr. R., on devil-dancing among the Shanars, on name of Ceylon; on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi; on the Tower at Negapatam; etymology of Chilaw; on Pacauta; Govis; singular custom of arrest; rainy season; food of horses; Shanar devil-images; choiach; Cail, or Kayál city; Kolkhoi; King Ashar of Cail; Kollam; Pinati; etymology of Sapong; Cape Comorin. Calendar, Ecclesiastical Buddhist, the Tartar; of Brahmans; of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his family. Calicut, King of, and his costume. Calif, see Khalif. Caligine, Calizene (Khálij, a canal from Nile). Camadi (City of Dakiánús) ruined. Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, Kúblái's return thither after defeating Nayan; the palace; the city; its size, walls, gates, and streets, the Bell Tower, etc.; period of khan's stay there; its suburbs and hostelries; cemeteries, women, patrols; its traffic; the Emperor's Mint; palace of the Twelve Barons; roads radiating from; astrologers of. Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbáyat), kingdom of. Cambuscan, of Chaucer, corruption of Chinghiz. Camel-bird, see Ostrich. Camels, mange treated with oil, camlets from wool of; white; incensing; alleged to be eaten in Madagascar; really eaten in Magadoxo; ridden in war. Camexu, Kamichu, see Campichu. Camlets (cammellotti). Camoens. Camphor (Laurus Camphora) trees in Fo-kien. —— of Sumatra, Fansuri; earliest mention of: superstitions regarding; description of the tree, Dryabalanops Camphora; value attached by Chinese to; recent prices of; its use with betel. —— oil. Campichu (Kanchau), city of. Camul (Kamul), province. Camut, fine shagreen leather. Canal, Grand, of China. construction of. Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by. —— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by. Cananor, kingdom. Cananore. Canara. Cancamum. Canela brava. Canes, Polo's name for bamboos. Cannibalism, ascribed to Tibetans, Kashmiris, etc; to Hill-people in Fo-kien; to islanders in Seas of China and India; in Sumatra; regulations of the Battas; ascribed to Andaman islanders. Cannibals, i.e. Caribs. Canonical Hours. Cansay, see Kinsay. Canton. Cape Comorin, see Comari; Temple at. —— Corrientes (of Currents). —— Delgado. —— of Good Hope. Capidoglio (Capdoille), sperm-whale. Cappadocian horses. Capus, G. Caracoron (Kará Korum). Carajan (Caraian, Karájang, or Yun-nan), province. Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho). Carans, or Scarans. Caraonas (Karaunahs), a robber tribe. Carats. Carbine, etymology of. Cardinal's Wit. Caribs, i.e. cannibals. Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey); Persian; Kerman. Carriages, at Kinsay; Chinese. Carrion, shot from engines. Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375. Carte, à la. Carts, Mongol. Casan, see Gházán Khan. Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia). Cascar (Kashgar), Chaukans of. Casem, see Kishm. Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about; its numerous names. Cassay, see Kinsay. Cassia. —— buds. —— fistula. Castaldi, Panfilo, his alleged invention of movable types. Castambol. Castelli, P. Cristoforo di. Casvin (Kazvín), a kingdom of Persia. Catalan Navy. Cathay (Northern China), origin of name; coal in; idols; Cambaluc, the capital of, see Cambaluc; Cathayans, v. Ahmad; their wine; astrologers; religion; politeness, filial duty, gaol deliveries, gambling. Catholics, Catholicos, of Sis; of the Nestorians. Cators (chakors), great partridges. Cat's Head Tablet. Cats in China. Caucasian Wall. Caugigu, province. Caulking, of Chinese ships. Cauly, Kauli (Corea). Causeway, south of the Yellow River. Cauterising children's heads. Cave-houses. Cavo de Eli. —— de Diab, ii. 417_n_. Cayu (Kao-yu). Celtic Church. Census, of houses in Kinsay, tickets. Ceremonial of Mongol Court, see Etiquette. Ceylon (Seilan), circuit of; etymology of; customs of natives; mountain of Adam's (alias Sagamoni Borcan's) Sepulchre; history of Buddha; origin of idolatry; subject to China. Ceylon, King of, his pearl-ponds. Chachan (Charchan, Charchand). Chagatai (Sigatay), Kúblái's uncle, son of Chinghiz. Chaghán-Jáng. Chaghan-Kuren. Chaghan-Nor ("White Lake"), N.E. of Kamul. —— (Chaghan, or Tsaghan Balghasun), site of Kúblái's palace. Chairs, silver. Chakor (cator), great partridges. Chalcedony and jasper. Chalukya Malla kings. Champa (Chamba), kingdom of, Kúblái's expedition; the king and his wives; products; locality; invaded by king of Lukyn. Chandra Banu. Chandu (Shangtu), city of peace of Kúblái. Changan. Chang-chau (Chinginju). —— in Fo-kien, Zayton (?); Christian remains at. Ch'ang Ch'un, travels. Changgan (Chang-ngan). Chang-kia-Kau, the gate in the Great Wall. Chang K'ien. Chang-shan (Chanshan). Ch'ang Te (the Chinese traveller), Si Shi Ki. Chang Te-hui, a Chinese teacher. Chang-y (Chenchu). Chang Yao, Chinese general. Cháo de Bux (Cavo di Bussi), boxwood. Chaohien, Sung Prince. Cháo-Khánahs, bank-note offices in Persia. Cháo Naiman Sumé Khotan, or Shangtu, "city of the 108 temples". Cháo, paper-money. Cháo, title of Siamese and Shan Princes. Chaotong. Chapu. Characters, written, four acquired by Marco Polo, one in Manzi, but divers spoken dialects. Charchan (Chachan of Johnson, Charchand). Charcoal, store in Peking, palace garden of. Charities, Kúblái's, Buddhistic and Chinese; at Kinsay. Charles VIII., of France. Chau dynasty. Chaucer, quoted. Chaukans, temporary wives at Kashgar. Chaul. Cheapness in China. Cheetas, or hunting leopards. Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, roads into Fo-kien from. Cheinan, Gulf of. Chenchau, or Iching hien. Chenching (Cochin-China). Chenchu (Chang-y), conspires with Vanchu v. Ahmad. Ch'eng-ting fu. Ch'êng-Tsu (Yung-lo), Emperor. Ch'êng-tu (Sze-ch'wan). Ch'êngtu-fu (Sindafu). Cheu, the Seven. Chibai and Chiban. Chichiklik Pass. Chien-ch'ang (Caindu). (See K'ien ch'ang.). Chihli, plain of. Chilaw. Chiliánwála, battlefield of. Chilu-ku, last Karakhitai king. Chin, Sea of. China, Imperial Maritime Customs Returns for 1900; Dominicans in; paved roads in; relations with Korea and Japan; the name; king of Malacca at Court of; trade from Arabia to; from Sofala in Africa. (See also Cathay and Manzi.). Chinangli (T'sinan-fu). Chinár, Oriental planes. Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, see Zayton. Chinese, Polo ignorant of the languages; epigrams; funeral and mourning customs; feeling towards Kúblái; religion and irreligion; their politeness and filial piety; gambling; character for integrity; written character and varieties of dialect; ships; pagodas at Negapatam and elsewhere; coins found in Southern India; pottery; trade and intercourse with Southern India. Chinghian-fu (Chinkiang-fu). Chinghiz Khan, reported to be a Christian; Aung Khan's saying of; his use of Uíghúr character; Erzrum taken by; harries Balkh; captures Talikan; ravages Badakhshan; his respect for Christians; subjugates Kutchluk Khân; his campaigns in Tangut; Rubruquis' account of; made king of the Tartars; his system of conquests; and Prester John; divining by twigs—presage of victory; defeats and slays Prester John; his death and burial-place; his aim at conquest of the world; his funeral; his army; defeats the Merkits; relations between Prester John's and his families; the Horiad tribe; his prophecy about Kúblái; rewards his captains; captures Peking; defeats and slays Taiyang Khan; his alleged invasion of Tibet; his mechanical artillery; his cruelty; Table of Genealogy of his House. Chinghiz Tora. Ching-hoang tower at Hangchau-fu. Chinginju (Chang-chau). Chingintalas, province, its identification. Chingkim, Chinkin, Chimkin, Kúblái's favourite son and heir-apparent, his palace. Chingsang, Ching-siang (Chinisan), title of a Chief Minister of State. Chingting-fu (Acbaluc). Chingtsu, or Yung-lo, Emperor. Chíní, coarse sugar. Chinju (Tinju). Chin-tan, or Chínasthána, Chinese etymology of. Chinuchi, Cunichi, Kúblái's Masters of the Hounds. Chipangu (Japan), account of Kúblái's expedition v.; its disasters; history of expedition; relations with China and Korea. Chitral. Chloroxylon Dupada. Cho-chau (Juju). Choiach, the term. Chola, or Sola-desam (Soli, Tanjore). Chonka (Fo-kien), kingdom of, explanation of name. Chonkwé Chorcha, see Churchin Christian, astrologers; churches in China, early; inscription of Singanfu; Alans in the Mongol service. Christianity, attributed to Chinghizide princes, Kúblái's views on. —— former, of Socotra. Christians, of the Greek rite, Georgians, and Russians; Jacobite and Nestorian, at Mosul; among the Kurds; and the Khalif of Baghdad—the miracle of the mountain and the one-eyed cobbler; Kashgar; in Samarkand; the miracle of the stone removed; Yarkand; Tangut; Chingintalas; Suh-chau; Kan-chau; in Chinghiz's camp; Erguiul and Sinju; Egrigaia; Tenduc; Nayan and the Khan's decision; at Kúblái's Court; in Yun-nan; Cacanfu; Yang-chau; churches at Chin-kiang fu; at Kinsay; St. Thomas'; Coilum; Male and Female Islands; Socotra; Abyssinia and fire baptism; of the Girdle; in Lac (Wallachia). Chrocho, the Rukh (q.v.). Chronology and chronological data discussed, first journey of the Polos; war between Barka and Húlakú; Polos' stay at Bokhara; their departure and their second journey from Acre; their return voyage and arrival in Persia; story of Nigudar; Hormuz princes; destruction of Ismailites; history of Chinghiz; Kúblái's birth and accession; Nayan' rebellion; visit to Yun-nan; battle with the king of Mien; wars between China and Burma; value of Indo-Chinese; conquest of S. China; capture of Siang-yang; Kúblái's dealings with Japan; with Champa; Marco's visit to Japan; Kúblái's Java expedition; review of the Malay; events in Ma'bar; King Gondophares; cessation of Chinese navigation to India; Abyssinia; Kaidu's wars; Mongol revolutions in Persia, notes from; wars of Toktai and Noghai. (see also Dates.) Chrysostom. Chuchu, in Kiang-si. Chughis, see Jogis. Chung-Kiang. Chungkwé, "Middle Kingdom". Chung-tu, or Yen-King (Peking, see Cambaluc). Ch'ura. Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, Samarkand; Egrigaia; Tenduc; early, in China; Yang-chau; Chin-kiang fu; Kinsay; Zayton; St. Thomas's; Coilum; Socotra. Churchin, or Niuché, Churché, Chorcha (the Manchu Country). Cielstan, Suolstan (Shúlistán). Cinnamon, Tibet, Caindu; Ceylon; story in Herodotus of; Malabar. Circumcision of Socotrans, forcible, of a bishop; of Abyssinians. Cirophanes, or Syrophenes, story of. Civet, of Sumatra. Clement IV., Pope. Clepsydra. Cloves, in Caindu. Coal (Polo's blackstone), in Scotland in Middle Ages; in Kinsay. Cobbler, the one-eyed, and the miracle of the mountain. Cobinan (Koh-Banán). Cocachin (Kúkáchin), the Lady. Cochin-China, the mediaeval Champa (q.v.). Coco-nut (Indian nut). Coco Islands, of Hiuen T'sang. Cocos Islands. Coeur de Lion, his mangonels. Coffins, Chinese, in Tangut. Cogachin (Hukaji), Kúblái's son, King of Carajan. Cogatai. Cogatal, a Tartar envoy to the Pope. Coiganju (Hwaingan-fu). Coilum (Kollam, Kaulam, Quilon), kingdom of, identity of meaning of name; Church of St. George at; modern state of; Kúblái's intercourse with. Coilumin, columbino, colomní, so-called Brazil-wood, ginger. Coins of Cilician Armenia, of Mosul; Agathocles and Pantaleon; Seljukian with Lion and Sun; found at Siang-Yang; King Gondophares; Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulae. Coja (Koja), Tartar envoy from Persia to the Khan. Cold, intense, in Kerman, in Russia. "Cold Mountains". Coleridge, verses on Kúblái's Paradise. Coloman, province. Colombino, see Coilumin. Colon, see Coilum. Colossal Buddhas, recumbent. Columbum, see Coilum. Columbus, Polo paralleled with, remarks on. Comania, Comanians. Comari, Comori (Cape Comorin, Travancore), temple at. Combermere, Lord, prophecy applied to. Comercque, Khan's custom-house. Compartments, in hulls of ships. Compass, Mariner's. Competitive Examinations in beauty. Conchi, King of the North. Concubines, how the Khan selects. Condor, its habits, Temple's account of; Padre Bolivar's of the African. Condur and Sondur. Condux, sable or beaver. Conia, Coyne (Iconium). Conjeveram. Conjurers, the Kashmirian, weather-; Lamas' ex-feats. (see also Sorcerers.). Conosalmi (Kamasal). Constantinople, Straits of. Convents, see Monasteries. Cookery, Tartar horse. Cooper, T.T., traveller on Tibetan frontier. Copper, token currency of Mahomed Tughlak, imported to Malabar; to Cambay. Coral, valued in Kashmir, Tibet, etc. Corea (Kauli). Corn, Emperor's store and distribution of. Coromandel (Maabar), see Mabar. Corsairs, see Pirates. Corte del Milione, see Ca' Polo. —— Sabbionera at Venice. Cosmography, mediaeval. Costus. Cotan, see Khotan. Cotton, stuffs of, at Merdin; in Persia; at Kashgar; Yarkand; Khotan; Pein; Bengal; bushes of gigantic size. Counts in Vokhan, at Dofar. Courts of Justice, at Kinsay. Couvade, custom of. Cow-dung, its use in Maabar. Cowell, Professor. Cowries (porcelain shells, pig shells), used for money, etc., procured from Locac. Cralantur, its meaning (?). Cramoisy (quermesis). Cranes, five kinds of. Crawford, John. Cremation, in Middle Ages. Cremesor, Hot Region (Garmsir). Çribhõja (Çribhôdja), country. Crocodiles, see Alligators. Cross, legend of the Tree of the, gibes against, on Nayan's defeat; on monument at Singanfu. Crossbows. Cruelties, Tartar. Crusca MS. of Polo. Cubeb pepper. Cubits, astronomical altitude estimated by. Cublay, see Kúblái. Cucintana. Cudgel, Tartars' use of. Cuiju (Kwei-chau), province. Cuinet, Vital, on Turkman villages, on Mosul Kurds. Cuirbouly. Cuju. Cuncun (Han-Chung) province. Cunningham, General A. Cups, flying. Curds and Curdistan. Currency, copper token, in India, salt; leather; Cowrie, see Cowries. Currency, paper, in China, attempt to institute in Persia; alluded to. Current, strong south along East Coast of Africa. Currents, Cape of, or Corrientes. Curtains, Persian. Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, Polo's galley at; map of. Curzon, Lord, list of Pamirs. —— Hon. R., on invention of printing. Customs, Custom-houses. Cutch pirates. Cuxstac, Kuhestec. Cuy Khan (Kuyuk). Cycle, Chinese. Cynocephali, the. Cypresses, sacred, of the Magians. Cyprus. Cyrus, his use of camels in battle near Sardis.

Dabul.
Dadián, title of Georgian kings.
Da Gama.
Dagroian, kingdom of, in Sumatra,
probable position of.
Dailiu (Tali).
Daïtu, Taidu, Tatu (Peking), Kúblái's new city of Cambaluc.
Dakiánus, city of (Camadi).
Dalada, tooth relique of Buddha.
Dalai Lama, with four hands.
D'Alboquerque.
Dalivar, Dilivar, Diláwar (Lahore), a province of India.
Dalmian.
Damas.
Damascus,
siege of.
Damasks, with cheetas in them,
with giraffes.
(see also Patterns.).
Damghan.
Dancing dervishes.
Dancing girls, in Hindu temples.
Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet at Curzola,
his captivity and suicide;
funeral at Venice.
D'Anghieria, Pietro Martire.
Dantapura.
Dante, number of MSS.,
does not allude to Polo;
Convito.
D'Anville's Map.
Darábjird.
Darah.
Dárápur.
Dardas, stuff embroidered in gold.
Dariel, Pass of (Gate of the Alans).
Darius,
the Golden King.
Dark Ocean of the South.
Darkness, magical.
—— land of,
how the Tartars find their way out;
the people and their peltry;
Alexander's legendary entrance into;
Dumb trade of.
Darráj, black partridge, its peculiar call.
Darúná, salt mines.
Darwaz.
Dasht, or Plain, of Bahárak.
Dashtáb, hot springs.
Dasht-i-Lut (Desert of Lút).
Dashtistan tribe and district.
Dates (chronology) in Polo's book, generally erroneous.
—— (trees or fruit),
Basra;
Bafk;
Reobarles, province;
Formosa Plain;
Hormos;
wine of;
diet of fish, etc.
Daughters of Marco Polo.
D'Avezac, M.
David, king of Abyssinia.
David, king of Georgia (Dawith).
Davids, Professor T.W. Rhys, Buddhist Birth Stories.
Davis, Sir John F.
Dawaro.
Daya.
Dead, disposal of the, in Tangut,
at Cambaluc;
in Coloman;
in China;
in Dagroian;
by the Battas.
—— burning of the, see Cremation.
eating the, see Cannibalism.
De Barros,
on Java;
Singhapura;
Janifs.
Debt, singular arrest for.
Decima, or Tithe on bequest.
Decimal organisation of Tartar armies.
Decius, Emperor.
Degháns, Dehgáns.
Dehánah, village.
Deh Bakri.
De la Croix, Pétis.
Delhi, Sultans of.
D'Ely, Mount, see Eli.
Demoiselle Crane, anthropoides virgo.
Deogir.
Derbend, Wall of (see also Iron Gate of.).
Deserts, haunted.
Deserts of Kerman or of Lút,
of Khorasan;
of Charchan;
Lop (Gobi);
Kharakorum.
Desgodins, Abbé.
Despina Khatun.
Devadási.
Devapattan.
Devéria, G.
Devil-dancing.
Devil trees.
Devils, White.
D'Evreux, Father Yves.
Dhafar (Dofar, Thafar),
its incense;
two places of the name.
Dhárani, mystic charms.
Dhúlkarnain (Alex.), see Zulkarnain.
Dialects, Chinese.
Diamonds in India, how found,
mines of;
diffusion of legend about.
"Diex Terrien".
Diláwar, Polo's Dihar.
Dimitri II., Thawdadebuli, king of Georgia.
Dínár, see Bezant.
Dinár of Red Gold.
Dinh Tiên-hwàng, king of An-nam.
Diocletian.
Dioscorides insula.
Dir, chief town of Panjkora.
Dirakht-i-Fazl.
Dirakht-i-Kush.
Diráwal, ancient capital of the Bhattis.
Dirhem-Kub, Shah Mahomed, founder of Hormuz dynasty.
Dish of Sakya or of Adam.
Diu City.
Diul-Sind, Lower Sind.
Divination by twigs or arrows.
Dixan, branding with cross at.
Dizabulus, pavilion of.
Dizful River.
Djao (Chao) Namian Sumé (Kaipingfu).
Djaya, turquoises.
Doctors at Kinsay.
Dofar, see Dhafar.
Dogana,
conjectures as to.
Doghábah River.
Dog-headed races.
Dogs, the Khan's mastiffs,
of Tibet;
fierce in Cuiju.
Dog-sledging in Far North,
notes on dogs.
Dolfino, Ranuzzo, husband of Polo's daughter, Moreta.
Dolonnúr.
Dominicans, sent with Polos but turn back.
D' or plain, the expression.
Dorah Pass.
Doria, family at Meloria.
—— Lampa,
Admiral of Genoese Fleet sent to Adriatic;
his victory;
his tomb and descendants;
at Meloria with six sons.
—— Octaviano, death of.
—— Tedisio, exploring voyage of.
Dorjé.
D'Orléans, Prince Henri.
Douglas, Rev. Dr. C.
Doyley, Sir Fulke.
Dragoian (Ta-hua-Mien).
Draps entaillez.
Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women.
Dreams, notable.
Drums, sound of in certain sandy districts.
Dryabalanops Camphora.
Dua Khan.
Du Bose, Rev. H.C.
Ducat, or sequin.
Dudley, Arcano del Mare.
Duel, mode in S. India of.
Dufour, on mediaeval artillery.
Duhalde, Plan of Ki-chau,
or T'si-ning chau.
Dukuz Khatun.
Dulcarnon (Zulkarnain).
Dulites.
Dumas, Alexander.
Dumb trade.
Duncan, Rev. Moir.
Dungen (Tungani), or converts.
Duplicates in geography.
Dupu.
Dürer's Map of Venice, so-called.
Durga Temple.
Dursamand.
Dúsháb, sweet liquor or syrup.
Dust-storms.
Duties, on Great Kiang,
on goods at Kinsay and Zayton;
on horses;
at Hormuz.
(See also Customs.).
Dutthagamini, king of Ceylon.
Dwara Samudra.
Dzegun-tala, name applied to Mongolia.
Dzungaria.

Eagle mark on shoulder of Georgian kings.
Eagles, trained to kill large game.
—— white, in the Diamond Country.
Eagle-wood, origin of the name. (See Lign-aloes.).
Earth honoured.
East, its state, circa, 1260.
Ebony (bonus).
Edkins, Rev.
Edward I.
Edward II., correspondence with Tartar princes.
Effeminacy, in Chinese palaces.
Eggs of Ruc and Aepyornis.
Egrigaia, province.
Ela (cardamom).
Elchidai.
Elenovka.
Elephantiasis.
Elephants, Kúblái carried on a timber bartizan by four,
Kúblái's;
the king of Mien's;
numbers of men alleged to be carried by;
how the Tartars routed;
wild
in Caugigu;
Champa;
Locac;
Sumatra;
Madagascar and Zanghibar;
trade in teeth of;
carried off by the Ruc;
in Zanghibar;
used in war;
an error;
Nubian;
fable about;
not bred in Abyssinia;
training of African;
war of the.
Eli, Ely, Elly (Hili), kingdom of.
Elias, Ney.
Elixir vitae of the Jogis.
Elliot, Sir Walter.
Emad, Ed-din Abu Thaher, founder of the Kurd dynasty.
Embroidery of silk at Kerman,
leather in Guzerat.
Empoli, Giovanni d'.
Empusa, the Arabian Nesnás.
Enchanters, at Socotra.
Enchantments, of the Caraonas.
(See also Conjurers, Socerers.).
Engano Island, legend.
Engineering feat.
Engineers, their growing importance in Middle Ages.
England, Kúblái's message to king of,
correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of.
English trade and character in Asia.
Enlightenment, Land of.
Erba, poisonous plant or grass.
Erculin, Arculin (an animal).
Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery.
Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir.
Erguiul, province.
Erivan.
Erkeun, (Ye li ke un), Mongol for Christians.
Ermine.
Erzinjan, Erzinga, Eriza (Arzinga).
Erzrum (Arziron).
Eschiel, the word.
Esher (Shehr, Es-shehr),
trade with India, incense, Ichthyophagi;
singular sheep.
Essentemur (Isentimur), Kúblái's grandson, king of Carajan.
Estimo, Venetian, or forced loan.
Etchmiadzin Monastery.
Ethiopia and India, confused.
Ethiopian sheep.
Etiquette of the Mongol Court.
Etymologies,
Balustrade;
buckram;
Avigi;
Geliz (Ghellé);
Jatolic;
muslin;
baudekins;
cramoisy;
ondanique;
zebu;
carbine;
Dulcarnon;
balas;
azure and lazuli;
None;
Mawmet and Mummery;
salamander;
berrie;
barguerlac;
S'ling;
siclatoun;
Argon;
Tungani;
Guasmul;
chakór;
Jádú and Yadah;
Tafur;
Bacsi;
Sensin;
P'ungyi;
carquois;
Keshikán;
vernique;
camut, borgal, shagreen;
Chinuchi or Chunichi;
Toscaol;
Bularguchi;
Fondaco;
Bailo;
comerque;
porcelain;
Sangon;
Faghfur;
Manjanik, mangonel, mangle, etc.;
galingale;
Chini and Misri;
Satin;
eagle-wood, aloes-wood;
Bonús, Calamanz;
benzoni;
china pagoda;
Pacauca;
Balanjar, a-muck;
Pariah;
Govi;
Avarian;
Abraiaman;
Choiach;
proques;
Tembul and Betel;
Sappan and Brazil;
Balladi;
Belledi;
Indigo baccadeo;
Gatpaul, baboon;
Salami cinnamon;
[Greek: kómakon];
rook (in chess);
Aranie;
Erculin and Vair;
Miskál.
—— (of Proper Names),
Curd;
Dzungaria;
Chingintalas;
Cambuscan;
Oirad;
Kungurat;
Manzi;
Bayan;
Kinsay;
Japan;
Sornau;
Narkandam;
Ceylon;
Ma'bar;
Chilaw;
Mailapúr;
Sônagarpattanam;
Punnei-Káyal, Káyal;
Kollam (Coilum);
Hili (Ely);
Cambaet;
Mangla and Nebila;
Socotra;
Colesseeah;
Caligine;
Aijaruc;
Nemej.
—— Chinese.
Etzina.
Eunuchs,
procured from Bengal.
Euphrates,
said to flow into the Caspian.
Euphratesia.
Euxine, see Black Sea.
Evelyn's Diary.
Execution of Princes of the Blood, mode of.
Eyircayá.

Facen, Dr. J. Faghfur (Facfur, Emperor of Southern China), meaning of title; his effeminate diversions; decay of his palace. Faizabad in Badakhshan. Fakanúr. Fakata. Fakhruddin Ahmad, Prince of Hormuz. Falconers, Kúblái's. Falcons, of Kerman, Saker and Lanner; peregrine; Kúblái's. Famine, horrors. Fanchán, P'ingchang, title of a second class Cabinet Minister. Fanchan Lake. Fan-ching, siege of. Fandaraina. Fang, see Squares. Fansur, in Sumatra, kingdom of. Fansuri camphor. Fan Wen-hu, or Fan-bunko, a General in Japanese Expedition. Fariab, or Pariab. Faro of Constantinople. Farriers, none in S. India. Fars, province. Fashiyah, Atabeg dynasty. Fassa. Fasting days, Buddhist. Fattan, in Ma'bar. Fatten, 'Ali Sháh. Fausto, Vettor, his Quinquereme. Fazl, Ibn Hassan (Fazluïeh-Hasunïeh). Feili, Lurs dynasty. Female attendants on Chinese Emperors. Ferlec, in Sumatra, kingdom of (Parlák), Hill people. Fernandez, or Moravia, Valentine. Ferrier, General. Festivals, Order of the Kaan's. Fiag, or Pog River. Ficus Vasta. Fidáwí, Ismailite adepts. Filial Piety in China. Filippi, Professor F. de, Silk industry in Ghílán. Finn. Fiordelisa, daughter of younger Maffeo Polo. —— supposed to be Nicolo Polo's second wife. —— wife of Felice Polo. Firando Island. Firdús, Ismailite Castle. Firdúsí. Fire, affected by height of Pamir Plain, regulations at Kinsay. Fire-baptism, ascribed to Abyssinians. Fire-Pao (cannon?). Fire-worship, or rockets, in Persia, by the Sensin in Cathay. Firishta, the historian. Fish miracle in Georgia, in the Caspian; and date diet; supply at Kinsay; food for cattle; stored for man and beast. Fish-oil, used for rubbing ships. Florin, or ducat. Flour (Sago), trees producing. Flückiger, Dr. Fog, dry. Fo-kien, see Fu-chau. Folin (Byzantine Empire). Fondaco. Foot-mark on Adam's Peak, q.v.. Foot-posts in Cathay. Forg. Formosa, Plain (Harmuza). Forsyth, Sir T. Douglas. Fortune, R. Foundlings, provision for. Four-horned sheep. Fowls with hair. Foxes, black. Fozlán, Ibn. Fra terre (Interior). Fracastoro, Jerome. Franciscan converts, in Volga region at Yang-chau; Zayton. Francolin (darráj of the Persians), black partridge. Frankincense, see Incense. Frederic II., Emperor, his account of the Tartars; story of implicit obedience; his cheetas; his leather money; his giraffe. French, the original language of Polo's Book; its large diffusion in that age. French Expedition up the Kamboja River. Frenchmen, riding long like. French mission and missionaries in China. Frère charnel. Frere, Sir B. Froissart. Fu-chau (Fo-kien, Fuju), paper-money at; wild hill people of; its identity; language of; tooth relique at. Fuen (Fen) ho River. Funeral rites, Chinese, in Tangut; of the Kaans; at Kinsay. (See also Dead.). Fungul, city of. Furs, of the Northern Regions. Fusang, Mexico (?). Fuyang. Fuzo, see Fu-chau.

Gabala, Bishop of.
Gagry, maritime defile of.
Gaisue, officer of Kúblái's Mathematical Board. Galeasse, Venetian gallery. Galingale. Galletti, Marco. Galleys of the Middle Ages, war, arrangement of rowers; number of oars; dimensions; tactics in fight; toil in rowing; strength and cost of crew; staff of fleet; Joinville's description of; customs of. Galley-slaves not usual in Middle Ages. Gambling, prohibited by Kúblái. Game, see Sport. Game Laws, Mongol. Game, supplied to Court of Cambaluc. Ganapati Kings. Gandar, Father. Gandhára, Buddhist name for Yun-nan. Ganfu, port of Kinsay. Ganja, gate of. Gan-p'u. Gantanpouhoa, Kúblái's son. Gantûr. Gardenia, fruit and dyes. Gardiner's (misprinted Gardner's) Travels. Gardner, C. Garmsir, Ghermseer (Cremesor), Hot Region. Garnier, Lieut. Francis (journey to Talifu). Garrisons, Mongol, in Cathay and Manzi, disliked by the people. Garuda. Gate of Iron, ascribed to Derbend. Gates, of Kaan's palace, of Cambaluc; of Somnath. Gat-pauls, Gatopaul, Gatos-paulas. Gatto maimone. Gauenispola Island. Gaur (Bos Gaurus, etc.). Gauristan. Gavraz villages. Gazaria. Gedrosi. Gelath in Imeretia, Iron Gate at. Geliz, Spanish for silk dealer. Genealogy of Polos, errors as given by Barbaro, etc., in; tabular; of House of Chinghiz. Genoa, Polo's captivity at. —— and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of. —— and Venice, rivalry and wars of. Genoese, their growth in skill and splendour, character as seamen by poet of their own; character by old Italian author; capture of Soldaia; their navigation of the Caspian; trade in box-wood; their merchants at Tabriz; in Fo-kien. Gentile Plural names converted into local singulars. Geographical Text of Polo's Book constantly quoted, its language; proofs that it is the original; tautology; source of other texts. George (Jirjis, Yurji, Gurgán), king of Tenduc, of the time of Prester John; a possible descendant of. Georgia (Georgiana), beauty of, and its inhabitants; their kings. Gerfalcons (Shonkár); tablets engraved with. Gerini, Colonel. German Follower of the Polos. Ghaissuddin Balban (Asedin Soldan), Sultan of Delhi. Gháran country, ruby mines in. Gházán (Casan) Khan of Persia, son of Arghún, his regard for the Polos; marries the Lady Kukachin; his mosque at Tabriz; set to watch the Khorasan frontier; obtains the throne; his object and accomplishments. Ghel, or Ghelan (Ghel-u-chelan), Sea of, Caspian Sea. Ghellé (Gílí), silk of the Gíl province. Ghes, or Kenn (formerly Kish or Kais). Ghez tree. Ghiuju. Ghiyas ed-din, last Prince of Kurd dynasty. Ghori, or Aksarai River. Ghúls, goblins. Ghúr. Giglioli, Professor H. Gíl, or Gílán, province. Gilgit. Gill, Captain (River of Golden Sand). Ginao, Mt. and Hot Springs. Gindanes of Herodotus. Ginger, Shan-si; Caindu; alleged to grow in Kiangnan; Fuju; Coilum; different qualities and prices of; Ely; Malabar; Guzerat. Giraffes, mediaeval notices of. Girardo, Paul. Girdkuh, an Ismailite fortress, its long defence. Girls, consecrated to idols in India. Gittarchan, see Astrakhan. Glaza (Ayas, q.v.). Gleemen and jugglers, conquer Mien. Goa. Gobernador, Straits of. Goës, Benedict. Gog and Magog (Ung and Mungul), legend of; rampart of; country of; name suggested by Wall of China. Gogo. Goître at Yarkand. Golconda diamond mines. Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh, their mystic meaning. Gold dust in Tibet, exchanged for salt in Caindu; Brius River; in Kin-shia-Kiang; and nuggets in Carajan; abundant in Yun-nan; Caugigu; Coloman; infinite in Chipangu; in Sea of Chin Islands; dust in Gulf of Cheinan Islands; not found in Java; in Locac; the Malayo-Siamese territories; Sumatra; vast accumulations in South India; imported into Malabar; and into Cambay; purchased in Socotra. Gold and silver towers of Mien. —— cloths of. (See Silk and Gold.). —— of the Gryphons in Herodotus. —— Teeth (Zardandan), Western Yun-nan. —— to silver, relative value of. Golden King and Prester John, tale of the. —— Island. —— Horde (kings of the Ponent). Golfo, Indigo di. Gomispola, Gomispoda, see Gauenispola. Gomushtapah, Wall of. Gomuti palm. Gondophares, a king in the St. Thomas legends. Gordon's "Ever Victorious Army". Gordun Sháh. Göring, F. Goriosan. Gor Khar, wild ass. Goshawks, black. Gothia (Crimean), its limit and language. Govy, a low caste in Maabar. Goza. Gozurat, see Guzerat. Grail, Buddhist parallel to the Holy. Granaries, Imperial. Grapes in Shan-si. Grass-cloths. Grasso, Donato. Great Bear (Meistre), and Little, force of, and application of these epithets. Great, or Greater Sea (Black Sea). Greece, Bactria's relation to. Greek fire. Greeks, in Turcomania, and Greek tongue in Socotra; possible relic of. Green, Rev. D.D. —— Island, legendary. —— Islands. —— Mount, Cambaluc. —— R., see Tsien Tang. Gregorieff, his excavations at Sarai. Gregory X., Pope, see Theobald of Piacenza. Grenard. Grioni, Zanino. Griut (kurut), sour-curd. Groat, Venetian grosso. Groot, Professor, J.J.M. de. Grote, Arthur. Grueber and Dorville, Jesuit travellers. Grus, cinerea, antigone, leucogeranus, monachus. Gryphon, see Rue. Guasmul (Basmul), half-breeds. Guchluk. Gudar (village). Gudderi, musk animals, Tibet. Gudran. Guebers, the. Gujáh, Húlákú's chief secretary. Gugal, bdellum. Guilds of craftsmen at Kinsay. —— Venetian. Guinea-fowl. Guions, a quasi-Tibetan tribe. Gumish-Khának, silver mines. Gunpowder. Gurgan, a Tartar chief. Gurgan, son-in-law, a title. Gur-Khan of Karacathay. Gutturals, Mongol elision of. Guz=100. Guzerat (Gozurat), products, mediaeval architecture and dress; work.
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