Parenthood and Race Culture, by Caleb Williams Saleeby

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APPENDIX: CONCERNING BOOKS TO READ

The preceding pages are of course only tentative, preliminary and introductory. I have merely tried to make a beginning. No better purpose can be achieved than that the reader should proceed to study the subject for himself. A few pages may therefore be devoted to the names of some of the books which will be found useful. This is in no sense a complete bibliography, nor even a tithe of such a bibliography. But the reader who makes a beginning with the books here named, or even with a well-chosen half dozen of them, will thereafter need no one to tell him that the culture of the human race on scientific principles will be the supreme science of all the future, the supreme goal of all statesmen, the object and the final judge of all legislation.

Where it is thought that useful remarks can be made they will be made, but neither their presence nor absence nor their length is to be taken as any index to the writer's opinion of the relative value of the works in question.

Heredity. (The Progressive Science Series, 1908.) By Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A.

This is the most recent and most valuable for general purposes of all books on the subject of heredity. No layman should express opinions on heredity or eugenics until he has read it, for it is extremely improbable that they will be valuable. Professor Thomson covers the whole ground with extreme lucidity and care and impartiality. The book is readable, nay more, fascinating from end to end, and it is liberally and usefully illustrated[306]. It is the first general treatise on heredity which leads consciously, yet as of necessity, towards eugenics as the crown and goal of the whole study, and in this respect it undoubtedly marks an epoch.

The Methods and Scope of Genetics. (1908.) By W. Bateson, M.A., F.R.S.

This is the inaugural lecture, destined, I have little doubt, to become historic, which was delivered by Professor Bateson on his appointment to the new Darwin Chair of Biology at Cambridge. It is purposely included here for very good reasons. The reader who begins his serious study of heredity with Professor Thomson's work must be informed that though the author gives an interesting account of Mendelism, he is not a Mendelian, and neither his account of Mendelism nor his estimate of it is at all adequate for the present day. In truth there is the study of heredity before Mendelism and after, and though eugenics owes its modern origin to the founder of the school of biometrics, and though among his followers there are to be found many who decry and oppose the Mendelians, it is for the eugenist of single purpose to take the truth wherever it is to be found. It is now idle to deny either the general truth or the stupendous promise of Mendelism. Many vital phenomena besides heredity are studied by the statistical method, and are put down by it to heredity. The Mendelians take seeds of known origin, and plant them and note the result. They carry out experimental breeding not only amongst plants but amongst the higher animals, including mammals who, in all essentials of structure and function, are one with ourselves. It is not possible, I believe, to over-estimate the supreme importance of Mendelian enquiry for eugenics. Eugenics is founded upon heredity, and genetics, which is Professor Bateson's name for the physiology of heredity and variation, is now working at[307] the very heart of those natural phenomena upon which eugenics depends. This lecture of Professor Bateson's is by the far the best introduction to Mendelism that exists, besides being the most recent and the most authoritative possible. With the lucidity of the born teacher (whose faculty, I have no doubt, is a Mendelian unit, not always inherited by the born observer) the author explains the essence of Mendelism. The usual expositor has not proceeded far upon his way before he is encumbering himself and the learner with the phenomena of dominance and recessiveness, which are not cardinal and are highly involved. Professor Bateson makes no allusion to them. But he gives an account of Mendelism which it is impossible to put down without finishing, and which is elementary in the highest sense of the word. In the later pages the author preaches eugenics with a vigour and conviction not unworthy of notice as coming from the leader of a school which is utterly opposed in principle and in methods, if not in results, to the school of biometrics founded by the founder of eugenics. I insist upon this because there is a half-instructed ignorance abroad which has heard the name of Mendel, and seeks thereby to discredit Darwin and natural selection, Mr. Galton and eugenics. Hear Professor Bateson:—

“If there are societies which refuse to apply the new knowledge, the fault will not lie with Genetics. I think it needs but little observation of the newer civilisations to foresee that they will apply every scrap of scientific knowledge which can help them, or seems to help them in the struggle, and I am good enough selectionist to know that in that day the fate of the recalcitrant communities is sealed.”

Hereditary Genius, An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences. By Francis Galton.

This is the classical and pioneer enquiry, far beyond[308] my praise or appraisement. The main text is not long, is easily read and is extremely interesting. The reader should acquaint himself also with Mr. Constable's recent criticism, Poverty and Hereditary Genius.

A Study of British Genius. (1904.) By Havelock Ellis.

This is an extremely interesting book, which should be read in association with the foregoing, to which it is a criticism and supplement. The greater part of the volume is concerned with the study of genius from the point of view of heredity—in terms of nationality and race, and of individual parentage. Very great labour and scholarship have been expended to very high purpose in this work.

Inquiries into Human Faculty. (1883.) By Francis Galton.

This is the next in order of Mr. Galton's works, Hereditary Genius dating from 1869. It has recently been reprinted in Dent's “Everyman's Library,” and can thus be purchased for one shilling.

Natural Inheritance. (1889.) By Francis Galton.

Memories of my Life. (1908.) By Francis Galton.

This is Mr. Galton's latest book, and apart from its personal fascination must be read by the serious eugenist if only on account of its last five chapters, and especially the last two, which deal with Heredity and Race Improvement. What could be more interesting and significant, for instance, than to find Mr. Galton in 1908 saying of himself in 1865, “I was too much disposed to think of marriage under some regulation, and not enough of the effects of self-interest and of social and religious sentiment.” Mr. Galton comments on the wrongheadedness of objectors to eugenics. I fancy, however, that the familiar misrepresentations will soon cease to be possible. The whole of this brief last chapter must be carefully[309] read and studied. At least I must quote the following paragraph:—

“What I desire is that the importance of eugenic marriages should be reckoned at its just value, neither too high nor too low, and that eugenics should form one of the many considerations by which marriages are promoted or hindered, as they are by social position, adequate fortune, and similarity of creed. I can believe hereafter that it will be felt as derogatory to a person of exceptionally good stock to marry into an inferior one as it is for a person of high Austrian rank to marry one who has not sixteen heraldic quarterings. I also hope that social recognition of an appropriate kind will be given to healthy, capable, and large families, and that social influence will be exerted towards the encouragement of eugenic marriages.”

This volume, a model for all future autobiographers, ends with the following splendid statement of the eugenic creed:—

“A true philanthropist concerns himself not only with society as a whole, but also with as many of the individuals who compose it as the range of his affections can include. If a man devotes himself solely to the good of a nation as a whole, his tastes must be impersonal and his conclusions so far heartless, deserving the ill title of ‘dismal’ with which Carlyle labelled statistics. If, on the other hand, he attends only to certain individuals in whom he happens to take an interest, he becomes guided by favouritism and is oblivious of the rights of others and of the futurity of the race. Charity refers to the individual; Statesmanship to the nation; Eugenics cares for both.

“It is known that a considerable part of the huge stream of British charity furthers by indirect and unsuspected ways the production of the Unfit; it is most desirable that money and other attention bestowed on harmful forms of charity should be diverted to the production and well-being of the Fit. For clearness of explanation we may divide newly married couples into three classes, with respect to the probable civic worth of their offspring. There would be a small class of ‘desirables,’ a large class of ‘passables,’ of whom nothing more will be said here, and a small class of ‘undesirables.’ It would clearly be advantageous to the country if social and moral support as well as timely material help were extended to the desirables, and not monopolised as it is now apt to be by the undesirables.

[310]“I take eugenics very seriously, feeling that its principles ought to become one of the dominant motives in a civilised nation, much as if they were one of its religious tenets. I have often expressed myself in this sense, and will conclude this book by briefly reiterating my views.

“Individuals appear to me as partial detachments from the infinite ocean of Being, and this world as a stage on which Evolution takes place, principally hitherto by means of Natural Selection, which achieves the good of the whole with scant regard to that of the individual.

“Man is gifted with pity and other kindly feelings; he has also the power of preventing many kinds of suffering. I conceive it to fall well within his province to replace Natural Selection by other processes that are more merciful and not less effective.

“This is precisely the aim of eugenics. Its first object is to check the birth-rate of the Unfit, instead of allowing them to come into being, though doomed in large numbers to perish prematurely. The second object is the improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the Fit by early marriages and healthful rearing of their children. Natural Selection rests upon excessive production and wholesale destruction; Eugenics on bringing no more individuals into the world than can be properly cared for, and those only of the best stock.”

[311]Heredity and Selection in Sociology. (1907.) By George Chatterton-Hill.

This is a useful and interesting work, the nature of which is well indicated by its title. It contains many purely eugenic chapters, and cannot be ignored by the student.

The Germ-plasm, A Theory of Heredity. (The Contemporary Science Series. 1893.) By August Weismann.

This is Weismann's great work. It should be studied by politicians and others who still interpret all social phenomena in terms of Lamarckian theory, and also by modern writers who are so much more Weismannian than Weismann.

The Evolution Theory. (1904.) Translated by J. Arthur Thomson and M. R. Thomson. By August Weismann.

The Principles of Heredity. (1905.) By G. Archdall Reid.

This is a very interesting and extremely Weismannian book which contains the most recent statement of the author's remarkable enquiries into the influence of disease as a factor of human selection.

Variation in Animals and Plants. (The International Scientific Series. 1903.) By H. M. Vernon.

Variation, Heredity and Evolution. (1906.) By R. H. Lock.

The Origin of Species. (1869. Last (sixth) edition. Reprinted 1901.) By Charles Darwin.

The Descent of Man. (1871. Second edition, 1874. Reprinted 1906.) By Charles Darwin.

These classics now cost only half-a-crown apiece.

The beginner should read The Descent of Man first,[312] I think. Some of the earlier chapters are of the utmost eugenic value, and would be found immensely interesting by modern lecturers on decadence, and the like.

Darwinism To-day. (1907.) By Vernon L. Kellogg.

An interesting and scholarly recent criticism, containing much matter strictly relevant to eugenics.

The Evolution of Sex. (The Contemporary Science Series. Revised edition, 1901. Originally published in 1899.) By Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson.

A famous book, yet to be discovered by most “authorities” on the Woman Question.

A History of Matrimonial Institutions. (1904.) By G. E. Howard.

This is a three-volume treatise, extremely comprehensive, and especially valuable as a guide to the literature of the subject. Only the professional student can be expected to read it from cover to cover, but it is invaluable for purposes of reference.

The History of Human Marriage. By E. Westermarck.

This rightly celebrated and epoch-making work demonstrates in especial the survival-value of monogamy, and its historical dominance as a marriage form.

The Evolution of Marriage. (The Contemporary Science Series.) By Professor Letourneau.

The Principles of Population. By T. R. Malthus.

The substance of this may be conveniently read in the extracts published in the Economic Classics by Macmillan (1905).

The Principles of Biology. By Herbert Spencer.

The last section, “The Laws of Multiplication,” must be read as the expression of the missing half of the truth discovered by Malthus. It is tiresome, nearly half a century after Spencer's enunciation of his law, to have to read the remarks of some modern writers who continue[313] to assume that Malthus expressed not merely the truth but the whole truth.

The Republic of Plato.

Apart from the lines of Theognis quoted by Darwin in The Descent of Man, which are some two centuries older than Plato, the fifth book of the Republic is the earliest discussion in literature of the idea of eugenics, and utterly wild though we may consider most of the proposals of Plato—or Socrates—to be, these early thinkers are yet more modern and more scientific and more fundamental than all their successors, even including our modern Utopia makers who have come after Darwin, in recognising that it is the quality of the citizen which will make a Utopia possible. The following will suffice to show that after more than two thousand years we can still learn from the fundamental idea of Plato's fifth chapter:—

“It is plain, then, that after this we must make marriages as much as possible sacred; but the most advantageous should be most sacred. By all means. How then shall they be most advantageous? Tell me that, Glauco, for I see in your houses dogs of chace, and a great many excellent birds. Have you then indeed ever attended at all, in any respect, to their marriages, and the propagation of their species? How? said he. First of all, that among these, although they be excellent themselves, are there not some who are most excellent? There are. Whether then do you breed from all of them alike? or are you careful to breed chiefly from the best? From the best. But how? From the youngest or from the oldest, or from those who are most in their prime? From those in their prime. And if the breed be not of this kind, you reckon that the race of birds and dogs greatly degenerates. I reckon so, replied he. And what think you as to horses, said I, and other animals? is the case any otherwise with respect to these? That, said he, were absurd.”

Plato proposed to destroy the family, and to “practise every art that no mother should know her own child.” He also approved of infanticide. Nevertheless, this fifth[314] book of the Republic is interesting and valuable reading, and it is especially well to note that this pioneer of Utopianism and Socialism possessed the idea which almost all living Socialists, except Dr. A. R. Wallace and Professors Forel and Pearson, lack, that we must first make the Utopian and Utopia will follow.

The Family. (1906.) By Elsie Clews Parsons.

This recent, scholarly and lucid book, of which any living man might well be proud, may follow the reading of the utterly unconcerned and taken-for-granted fashion in which Socrates and Plato proposed to destroy the family. Lecture VIII., on “Sexual Choice,” is brief, but the references following it are extremely valuable and complete. It is evident that one of the books which will have to be written on eugenics in the near future must deal with the whole question of marriage and human selection both in its historical and in its contemporary aspects.

“The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment.” Nature, 1901, p. 659; Smithsonian Report, Washington, 1901, p. 523. By Francis Galton.

This was the Huxley Lecture of the Anthropological Institute in 1901, and the contemporary interest in eugenics may be said to date from it.

“Eugenics, its Definition, Scope and Aims.” (Sociological Papers. 1904.) By Francis Galton.

This remarkable lecture constituted a further introduction of the subject, and it is somewhat of the nature of an impertinence for the professional jester, who is not acquainted with a line of it, to dismiss eugenics with a phrase as if this lecture had never been written or were unobtainable. Mr. Galton there defined eugenics as “the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race....” The definition given[315] in the Century Dictionary is unauthoritative, incorrect, and misses the entire point.

An extremely valuable discussion follows this lecture, and it is absolutely necessary for the student to acquaint himself with the whole of these pages (45–99).

Restrictions in Marriage: Studies in National Eugenics: Eugenics as a Factor in Religion. By Francis Galton.

These are memoirs communicated to the Sociological Society in 1905, and published together with the subsequent discussions in Sociological Papers (1905). The three memoirs are also published separately under one cover.

Probability, the Foundation of Eugenics. The Herbert Spencer Lecture of 1907. By Francis Galton.

This lecture contains a very brief historical outline of the recent progress of eugenic enquiry and a simple discussion of the mathematical method of studying heredity. It must, of course, be read by every serious student.

National Life from the Standpoint of Science. (1905.) By Karl Pearson.

This is a reprint of a lecture delivered by Professor Pearson in 1900, together with some other valuable contributions of his to the subject. There is scarcely a better introduction to eugenics.

The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics. The Robert Boyle Lecture, 1907. (Second edition, 1909.) By Karl Pearson.

This fine lecture should be carefully read. It gives some index to the quantity and quality of the work done by Professor Pearson and his followers since the Francis Galton Eugenics Laboratory was founded.

Population and Progress. (1907.) By Montague Crackanthorpe, K.C.

Though only published recently, part of this book goes[316] back far. The first chapter is indeed a reprint of a eugenic article published in the Fortnightly Review as far back as 1872. Some of us may perhaps be inclined to forget that more than a generation ago Mr. Crackanthorpe had grasped the great truths which we are now trying to spread, and had courageously expressed them in the face of ignorance and prejudice even greater than those of to-day. This is unquestionably a book which every student must read, but the press generally, with some notable exceptions, have fought rather shy of it. It was sent to the present writer at his request from a leading morning paper which trusts him, and he wrote a column on it, most careful in diction and moderate in opinion, which was, nevertheless, not printed. One of the leading medical papers devoted a long article to the book, written on the general principle that it is right for a medical paper to differ from any non-medical person who approaches the closed neighbourhood of medical enquiry. Another leading medical paper considered Mr. Crackanthorpe's “ideal” to be “beyond present accomplishment,” and feared it must have “many generations of probation before it could hope to enter the sphere of practical politics.” I venture to say that Population and Progress, dealing, as it does, with a subject that really matters, contains more fundamental practical politics—in the true sense of that word—than has been discussed in most of our current newspapers since they were first established.

Race-Culture or Race-Suicide. (1906.) By R. R. Rentoul.

This is a second and enlarged edition of a remarkable pamphlet published by Dr. Rentoul in 1903 under the title Proposed Sterilisation of Certain Mental and Physical Degenerates. An Appeal to Asylum Managers and Others. Dr. Rentoul's own description of this pamphlet is as[317] follows:—“In it I called attention to the large and increasing number of the insane in the United Kingdom; to our disgraceful system of child-marriages; to the growing suicide rate; to our disgusting system of inducing certain mentally and physically diseased persons to marry; and to a slight operation which I was the first to propose as a means of checking the increase in the number of the insane, and in preventing innocent offspring from being cursed by some parental blemish.”

Education. (Originally published in 1861. New edition, with the author's latest corrections, 1906.) By Herbert Spencer.

This is the classic which marks an epoch in the personal development of every one who reads it, and which made an epoch in the history of education: the book was probably of more service to woman, owing to its liberation of girlhood, than any other of its century.

The Study of Sociology. (International Scientific Series. Originally published in 1873. Twentieth edition, 1903.) By Herbert Spencer.

This is, of course, the introduction to sociology, written for that purpose by a master, and in every respect a masterpiece. It contains many eugenic references and arguments. As far as the eugenic education of the adult is concerned, this is rightly the preliminary work.

Besides The Evolution of Sex and Mrs. Parson's book on The Family, there are many others relevant to the question of woman and eugenics, of which one or two may be noted here.

Sex and Society, Studies in the Social Psychology of Sex. (1907.) By W. I. Thomas.

This is a very readable and recent work, and for the general reader much the most suitable of any that I know.

Man and Woman. (Contemporary Science Series.) By Havelock Ellis.

A very clear and readable book.

Youth—its Education, Regimen and Hygiene. (1907.) By Stanley Hall.

This is a new and abbreviated version of Professor Stanley Hall's two well-known volumes on Adolescence, published in 1904. For the general reader this much smaller work is very suitable, and especial attention may be directed to Chapter XI., “The Education of Girls.”

It would have been presumptuous and absurd to attempt, in the course of a merely introductory volume, to deal, by anything more than allusion to its existence, with the great question of human parenthood in relation to race. Most urgently this question, of course, concerns the negro problem in America. The student who has to trust entirely to second-hand knowledge had best be silent. Lest, however, the reader should imagine that the older doctrines of race can be accepted without reserve, he will do well to study very carefully the latter part of Dr. Archdall Reid's book, already referred to, and, with extreme caution, the following:—

Race Prejudice. (1906.) By Jean Finot.

This book most of us must believe to be extreme, but it should be read: it bears on what may be called international eugenics, and the whole question of inter-racial marriage.

On matters of transmissible disease and racial poisons there is much literature. Only one or two books can be referred to here.

The Diseases of Society: The Vice and Crime Problem. (1904.) By G. F. Lydston.

This, of course, is not a pleasant book, and it is open to much criticism in many respects, but it is well worth[319] reading, especially in association with Dr. Rentoul's work.

Malaria—A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome. (1907.) By W. H. S. Jones, with an introduction by Ronald Ross.

This is a recent historical study and may be a very substantial contribution to the study of decadence.

Alcoholism. (1906.) By W. C. Sullivan.

This little book of Dr. Sullivan's contains a useful and scrupulously moderate chapter on the relation of alcohol to human degeneration.

The Drink Problem. (1907.) By Fourteen Medical Authorities.

The Children of the Nation. (1906.) By Sir John Gorst.

Infant Mortality. (1906.) By George Newman.

The Hygiene of Mind. (1906.) By T. S. Clouston.

Diseases of Occupation. (1908.) By Sir T. Oliver.

The Prevention of Tuberculosis. (1908.) By A. Newsholme.

These volumes all deal in part with questions of racial poisoning and racial hygiene.

Alcoholism—A Study in Heredity. (1901.) By Archdall Reid.

Alcohol and the Human Body. (1907.) By Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge.

Hygiene of Nerves and Mind. (The Progressive Science Series. 1907.) By August Forel.

Inebriety—Its Causation and Control. (The second Norman Kerr Memorial Lecture, published in the British Journal of Inebriety, January, 1908.) By R. Welsh Branthwaite.

Reports of the Inspector under the Inebriates Acts. Especially those for the years 1904, 1905, 1906.

The Cry of the Children: The Black Stain. (1907.) By G. R. Sims.

The above are especially recommended to politicians. Sooner or later, as never yet, knowledge will have to be applied to the drink question as it bears upon the quality of the race. The knowledge exists, and is not difficult to acquire or understand. The references given are quite sufficient to enable any one of mediocre intelligence to frame a bill dealing with alcohol which would be worth all its predecessors put together, and would arouse far less opposition than any one of them.

Reports of the National Conference on Infantile Mortality 1906 and 1908 (P. S. King & Co.). In the 1906 Report note especially Dr. Ballantyne's paper on the unborn infant, and in the 1908 Report, Miss Alice Ravenhill's paper on the education of girls.

It must be repeated that the foregoing names are merely noted as including, perhaps, the greater number of the books with which the serious beginner would do well to make a start. That is all. It would be both unfair and unwise, however, to omit any mention of at least three wonderful little books of John Ruskin's: Unto this Last, Munera Pulveris and Time and Tide, which add to their great qualities of soul and style some of the most forcible and wisest things that have ever been written on race-culture and its absolutely fundamental relation to morality, patriotism and true economics.

If the reader desires the name of only one book, that is certainly The Sexual Question (1908), by Professor August Forel. This has no rival anywhere, and cannot be overpraised.

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INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Ability, inheritance of, 114
“Acquired characters,” defined, 111
Acquired characters, Lamarckian theory of the transmission of, 283
—— progress, 262
—— ——, dangers of, 265
—— —— versus natural selection, 266
Acquirements, transmission of, by the art of writing, 261
—— versus inborn characters, 101
Acromegaly, 67
“Adam Bede”, 298
“Adolescence,” by Prof. Stanley Hall, 318
Alcohol, a racial poison, 211, 259
——, an agent of selection, 206
—— and eugenics, 206
——, and heredity, 206
—— and human degeneration, 242
—— and parenthood, 241
——, effects of, on the racial organs, 208, 209 (note)
——, elimination by, 206
——, the friends of, 243
—— trade, the, and widows and orphans, 245
“Alcohol and Infancy,” by Dr. Saleeby, 214
“Alcohol and the Human Body,” by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, 319
Alcoholic Imperialism, 244
Alcoholism and the London County Council, 206
——, both a cause and a symptom of degeneracy, 217
——, parental, its influence on the offspring, 211
“Alcoholism, a Chapter in Social Pathology,” by Dr. W. C. Sullivan, 211, 242, 319
“Alcoholism, a Study in Heredity,” by G. Archdall Reid, 319
Ancestral inheritance, the law of, xiv
Ancestry of men of genius, 152
——, paternal and maternal, of equal importance, 152
Animal life and monogamy, 163
—— marriage, 162
Animals and promiscuity, 163
——, the higher, and monogamy, 163
Army, inferior intelligence of the, to that of the Navy, 98
“Atavism,” defined, 111
“Attic Nights, The,” of Aulus Gellius, 271 (note)
Australia, control of drunkards in, 242
“Autobiography” of Herbert Spencer, 58, 152
“Avariés, Les,” by Brieux, 252
Bacteria, domination of, 93
——, rate of increase of, 160
Bibliography of eugenics, 305
—— of racial poisons, 318
—— of transmissible diseases, 318
Biography, as a guide to heredity, 152
——, neglect of ancestral data in, 152
“Biology and History,” by Dr. Saleeby, 254 (note)
“Biology, The Principles of,” by Herbert Spencer, 312
Biometrics, the study of, xiii
Birth-rate, falling, eugenic aspect of the, 10
—— in China, 78
—— in Japan, 78
—— of man, 72
——, statistics of, 74
Births, ratio of, of the sexes, 294
“Black Stain, The,” by G. R. Sims, 237, 319
Body, the necessity of the, 53
——, relation of the, to the mind, 52
Brains, breeding for, 54
Breeding for brains, 54
—— for energy, 66
—— for intelligence, 147, 150, 153
—— for motherhood, 145, 146
Celibacy, non-eugenic results of, 116
Census, the uselessness of the, 6, 94
“Century Dictionary, The,” on eugenics, 314
Characters, inborn, versus acquirements, 101
Child-birth, superstition about, 106
Children, eugenics and cruelty to, 295
——, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to, 295
“Children of the Nation, The,” by Sir John Gorst, 319
China, the birth-rate in, 78
——, racial state of, 274
Church, non-eugenic action of the, 116
Civic worth, 68
Civilisation, ideal, 117
Civilisations, the decay of, 255
Cocaine, the racial influence of, 250
“Collectivism, Individualism and,” by Dr. Saleeby, 101 (note)
Colour-blindness, see Daltonism
Conception, attitude of eugenics before and after, 30
“Congenital” defined, 105, 112
“Conscientiousness”, 117
Crime, eugenics and, 177
——, theories of, 177
——, treatment of, 178
Criminality and civic worth, 68
“Cry of the Children, The,” by G. R. Sims, 237, 319
Daltonism and heredity, 179
“Dark ages,” caused by the celibacy of the fittest, 116
“Darwinism To-day,” by Vernon L. Kellogg, 312
“Data of Ethics, The,” by Spencer, 302 (note)
Deaf-mutism and heredity, 173
Death-rate, a low, the cause of the multiplication of man, 73
——, influence of density of population on the, 75
——, limitation of the, 78
——, statistics of the, 74
Decadence, National, 279
“Decadence,” by A. J. Balfour, 279
“Degeneration,” defined, 25 (note)
Degeneration, human, and alcohol, 217, 242
——, racial, 49
“Descent of Man, The,” by Charles Darwin, 171, 191, 197, 279, 311
“Deterioration,” defined, 25 (note)
Diminution of offspring, the eugenic value of, 162
Disease, latency of, 108
[322]Diseases, transmissible, bibliography of, 318
“Diseases of Occupation,” by Sir Thomas Oliver, 247 (note), 319
“Diseases of Society: The Vice and Crime Problem,” by G. K. Lydston, 318
Domestics, the politics of the future, 33, 285
“Drink Problem, The,” by Fourteen Medical Authorities, 319
“Drink Problem, The,” by Mrs. Scharlieb, 214
Drunkard, influence of the, on the race, 241
——, marriage and parentage of the, 220, 235
——, the habitual, control of, in various countries, 242
——, ——, treatment of, by the London County Council, 39 (note), 220–238
Drunkenness, habitual, imprisonment as a treatment for, 218
——, increase of, 218
Early Notification of Births Act, 33
“Economic Classics”, 312
Education, age at which to begin, 125
—— and heredity, 128
—— and inequality, 131
—— and race culture, 120
——, eugenic, 139
—— for parenthood, xii, 138
——, higher, of woman, non-eugenic effects of, xiii, 89
—— in the principle of selection, 137
——, modern, the destruction of mind, 120
——, sexual, of children, 139
——, ——, of girls, 318
——, the limits of, 123
——, the provision of an environment, 12, 125
——, the real functions of, 136
“Education,” by Herbert Spencer, 317
Elephant, birth-rate of the, 72 (note)
Emigration, the eugenic evils of, xi
——, a remedy for over-population, 84
Energetic cost of reproduction, the, 87
Energy, breeding for, 66
——, eugenic value of, 291
Environment, education the provision of, 12, 125
——, effects of, 103
——, good, defined, 275
—— and heredity, 126
——, of motherhood, the, 270
Epilepsy, eugenics and, 176
Erect attitude, the, 55
“Essential Factor of Progress, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 262
Eugenic sense, the creation of a, 144
Eugenics and alcohol, 206
——, bibliography of, 305
—— and conception, 30
—— and crime, 177
—— and cruelty to children, 295
—— and Daltonism, 179
—— and hæmophilia, 179
—— and insanity, 175
——, defined, viii, 315
——, epilepsy and, 176
——, feeble-minded, the, and, 174
——, higher education of woman, and, 89
—— in Germany, 154
——, infant mortality, and, 20
——, international, xi
——, Nietzscheanism and, 28
——, politics and, 118
——, positive and negative, 172
——, present influence of, on marriage, 187
——, religion and, 303
——, the aims of, summarized, 276, 309
——, the classes of society and, 119
——, the length of marriage engagements and, 198
——, the morality of, 303
——, tuberculosis and, 178
——, unemployment and, 293
——, woman and, 294
Eugenics Education Society, the, 222, 229, 230, 299
—— —— ——, the history and objects of, 139
—— —— ——, the Inebriates Committee and, 240
—— —— ——, the reform of drunkards and, 241
“Eugenics as a Factor in Religion,” by F. Galton, 315
“Eugenics, Its Definition, Scope, and Aims,” by F. Galton, 314
“Eugenics, National, Studies in,” by F. Galton, 315
“Eugenics, National, The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of,” by Karl Pearson, 315
“Eugenics, Probability the Foundation of,” by F. Galton, 315
“Eugenics, The Obstacles to,” by Dr. Saleeby, 175 (note)
Evolution and progress, 48
——, introduction of the term, 48 (note)
“Evolution of Marriage, The,” by Prof. Letourneau, 312
“Evolution of Sex, The,” by Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson, 312
“Evolution, the Master Key,” by Dr. Saleeby, 147
“Evolution Theory, The,” by August Weismann, 311
Examinations, mental emetics, 121
“Family, The,” by Mrs. Elsie Clews Parsons, 161, 314
Fatherhood, eugenic, importance of, 154
——, individual, 156
Feeble-minded, eugenics and the, 174
——, the London County Council and the, 229
——, the Royal Commission on the, 215, 242
“Fittest,” defined, 43
France, effect of Napoleonic wars on, 284
——, increase of population in, 76
Francis Galton Eugenics Laboratory, the, 315
“French Revolution, The,” by Carlyle, 254 (note)
Fulmar petrel, the multiplication of the, 73 (note)
Generation, the independence of every, 3
Genesis, individuation and, 87
“Genetics, the Methods and Scope of,” by Prof. W. Bateson, 306
Genius, infertility of, 287, 92
——, the production of, 289
——, the transmission of, 289
——, the value of, to the world, 291
“Genius, British, A Study of,” by Havelock Ellis, 308
“Genius, Hereditary,” by F. Galton, see Hereditary Genius
Germany, eugenics in, 158
——, increase of population in, 76, 77
“Germinal,” defined, 110
[323]Germ-plasm, immortality of the, 256
“Germ-plasm, A Theory of Heredity, The,” by August Weismann, 208, 311
Girls, the sexual education of, 318
Great Britain, increase of population in, 76
Greece, the fall of, 260
Gymnasium versus playing fields, 63
Hæmophilia and heredity, 179
Hampstead, birth-rate of, the lowest in London, 78
“Health, Strength and Happiness,” by Dr. Saleeby, 119 (note)
“Hereditary Genius,” by F. Galton, 107, 114, 289, 302 (note), 307, 308
Heredity, alcohol and, 206
——, biography a guide to, 152
——, Daltonism and, 179
——, deaf-mutism and, 173
——, education and, 128
——, environment and, 126, 269
——, hæmophilia and, 179
——, obscured by acquired characters, 99
——, race culture and, 99
——, tuberculosis and, 179
“Heredity,” by Prof. J. A. Thomson, 99, 305
“Heredity and Environic Forces,” Dr. T. D. MacDougal on, 212
“Heredity and Selection in Sociology,” by George Chatterton-Hill, 311
“Heredity, Alcoholism, A Study in,” by G. Archdall Reid, 319
“Heredity, The Germ-Plasm, A Theory of,” by August Weismann, 311
“Heredity, The Principles of,” by G. Archdall Reid, 311
“History,” defined, 254
“History of Human Marriage, The,” by E., Westermarck, 312
“History of Matrimonial Institutions, A,” by G. E. Howard, 312
“Human Breed, The Possible Improvement of the, etc.,” by F. Galton, 314
“Human Faculty, Inquiries into,” by F. Galton, 308
Humanitarianism, indiscriminate, 27
Hygiene, individual and racial, 253
——, school, 65
“Hygiene of Mind, The,” by T. S. Clouston, 319
“Hygiene of Nerves and Mind,” by August Forel, 242, 319
Imperialism, alcoholic, 244
——, the old and the new, 33, 34
India as a wheat-producing country, 80
Individual versus race, 256
“Individualism and Collectivism,” by Dr. Saleeby, 101 (note)
Individuation and genesis, 87
Inebriates, see Drunkards
—— Act, the, 222, 224, 225, 230
—— ——, reports of the inspector under, 319
—— Committee, the Report of the, 239
Inebriety, see Drunkenness
“Inebriety, Its Causation and Control,” by R. Welsh Branthwaite, 319
Infancy, helplessness of, 3, 147, 148
——, the mind of, 124
——, the, of slum children, 102
“Infancy, Alcohol and,” by Dr. Saleeby, 214
Infant mortality, 19, 97, 104, 150, 207, 257, 294
—— —— among the Jews, 274
—— ——, eugenics and, 20, 29, 31
—— ——, first public mention of, 33
—— —— in the east, 76
—— ——, polygamy and, 166
—— ——, reports of the 1908 conference on, 320
—— ——, the war against, 21
“Infant Mortality,” by Dr. George Newman, 86, 319
“Inherent,” defined, 109
Inheritance, pecuniary, non-eugenic influence of, 101
——, see Heredity
“Inquiries into Human Faculty,” by F. Galton, 92, 128, 290, 308
Inquisition, anti-eugenic effects of the, 267
Insanity, “breach of promise” and, 202
——, eugenics and, 175
——, increase of, 176
Instinct, plasticity of, 148, 149
Intelligence, breeding for, 147, 150, 153
——, the creation of, 149
——, nature and, 40
“Intensity of life,” the, 91
“Janus in Modern Life,” by Prof. Flinders Petrie, 22
Japan, birth-rate in, 78
——, the racial development of, 268
Jews, the, alcohol and, 275
—— motherhood and, 274
——, the survival of, 272
“Kingdom of Man, The,” by Sir E. Ray Lankester, 41 (note)
Lamarckian theory of heredity, the, 134, 135, 208, 283
—— —— of racial degeneration, 258, 261
Lead, a racial poison, 247
“Leviathan,” by Hobbes, 106 (note)
Licensing Bill of 1908, the, 223, 232–237
Life, the continuity of, 2
London County Council, alcoholism and, 206
—— —— ——, feeble-minded children and, 229
—— —— ——, the treatment of inebriates by, 39 (note), 220–238
—— Hospital, gift to, 11 (note)
Longevity, marriage and, 191
Love, eugenic value of, 70
——, motherhood and, 152
——, survival value of, 51
——, the two stages of, 186
“Making of Character, The,” by Prof. MacCunn, 124
Malaria, a racial poison, 260
“Malaria, A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” by W. H. S. Jones, 260, 282, 319
Man, the denudation and defencelessness of, 58
——, the foundation of Empire, 262
——, the future of, 299
——, the latest product of evolution, 55
——, the multiplication of, 71
“Man and Woman,” by Havelock Ellis, 318
Marriage, animal, 162
——, average age at, 90
——, breach of promise of, and race culture, 201
——, —— ——, the law of, 202
——, childless, 168
[324]——, contemporary, eugenic value of, 198
——, control of, 184, 186
——, defined, 170
——, engagement of, eugenics and the length of, 198
——, eugenic, 309
——, ——, preparation for, 144
——, ——, utility of, 162, 163, 168
——, happiness in, extent of, 195
——, human, 164
——, inter-racial, xi
——, longevity and, 191
——, “mixed” games and, 196, 197
—— of cousins, xii, 168
—— of the deaf and dumb, 173
——, present influence of, on eugenics, 187
——, procreation, the paramount function of, 158
——, selection for, 189
——, ——, by woman, 194
——, socialism and, 198
——, survival-value of, 164
—— systems, English and French, 199
——, the ball-room and, 196, 197
——, the field of choice in, 195
——, the Income Tax and, 174
——, the, of inebriates, 235
——, the sanctity of, 313
——, unselfish, 144
“Marriage, Human, The History of,” by E., Westermarck, 312
“Marriage, Restrictions in,” by F. Galton, 185, 204, 315
“Marriage, The Evolution of,” by Prof. Letourneau, 312
Married women's labour, 270
“Mass versus mind”, 95
Maternal care, development of, 150
—— impressions, 111
Maternalism, the principle of, 169
Maternity, see Motherhood
“Matrimonial Institutions, A History of,” by G. E. Howard, 312
“Memories of my Life,” by F. Galton, vii, 308
Mendelism, 108, 118, 293
“Methods and Scope of Genetics, The,” by Prof. W. Bateson, 306
Mind, selection of, 52
——, the ascent of, 300
——, the determinator of leadership, 59
——, the master in war, 97
——, the relation of, to the body, 52
—— versus mass, 95
—— —— muscle, 65
“Mind, The Hygiene of,” by T. S. Clouston, 319
“Mind, Hygiene of Nerves and,” by August Forel, 319
Monogamy, eugenic value of, 165, 170
——, survival-value of, 166
—— the ideal condition, 150
—— the rule among higher animals, 163
Morality, survival-value of, 51
Morphinomania, parental, its influence on the offspring, 212
Motherhood, 169
—— and love, 152
——, breeding for, 145, 146
—— carried on by unskilled labour, 151
—— during the decline of Rome, 270, 271 (note)
——, education for, 151
——, history and, 269
——, Jewish, 274
——, psychical, 151, 153
——, the elevation of, 32
——, the environment provided by, 269
——, the evolution of, 149
——, the safeguarding of, 170
——, the subsidisation of, 151
Mothers, school for, 151
Multiplication of man, a low death-rate the cause of, 73
—— ——, the laws of, 86
—— ——, the rate of, 90
—— of the unfit, 189, 279
“Munera Pulveris,” by John Ruskin, 302 (note), 320
Muscle, right training of, 62
——, the cult of, 60
—— versus Mind, 65
Muscles, useless, 61
Narcotics, irritant and non-irritant, 251
——, possible racial influence of, 250
“National Life from the Standpoint of Science,” by Karl Pearson, 279, 315
“Natural Inheritance,” by F. Galton, 308
Natural selection, 35 et seq.
—— —— and racial degeneration, 260
—— —— versus acquired progress, 266
Nature, the cruelty of, 38
“Nature,” defined, 110
“Nature of Man, The,” by Metchinkoff, 90
Navy, superior intelligence of the, to that of the Army, 98
“Nemesis of Nations, The,” by W. R. Paterson, 281
New Zealand, control of drunkards in, 242
Nicotine, racial influence of, 251
Nietzscheanism, eugenics and, 28
Nitrogen, the fixation of, 81
“Noteworthy Families”, 114 (note)
“Nurture,” defined, 110
“Obstacles to Eugenics, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 175 (note)
Opinion, individual, power of, 138
——, public, the education of, 14, 15
——, the creation of, 138
Opium, possible racial influence of, 251
“Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The,” by George Meredith, 112 (note)
“Origin of Species, The,” by Charles Darwin, vii, 73 (note), 311
“Origin of Vertebrates, The,” by Dr. W. H. Gaskell, 50 (note)
Overcrowding, 20
—— and tuberculosis, 181
—— and unemployment, 293
Parenthood, alcohol and, 241
——, classification of society for, 104 (note)
——, education for, xii, 138
——, eugenic power of, 199
—— of inebriates, 220
——, selection for, vii, viii
——, the elevation of, 293, 294
——, the link of life, 3
——, the most desirable, 91
——, the rise of, 161
——, the sanctity of, 138
Parents, selection of, 4
——, proportion of, to population, 4
[325]Paris, hospitals in, 247
Physique, eugenic, importance of, 69
Playing fields versus gymnasia, 63
Politics, defined, 286
——, domestics the future, 33, 285
——, eugenics and, 118
“Politics,” Aristotle's, 167
Polygamy and infant mortality, 166
——, significance of, 165
Population, density of, influence of the, on the death rate, 75
——, increase of, and the food supply, 79
——, ——, emigration a remedy for, 84
——, ——, safe extent of, 93
——, ——, statistics of, 75, 76
——, quantity versus quality of, 93
——, starvation a controller of, 84
——, statistics of, as data for prophecy, 93
——, survival-value of, 90, 91
——, the test of, 95
“Population and Progress,” by Montague Crackanthorpe, 315
“Population, The Principles of,” by T. R. Malthus, 83, 85, 312
“Possible Improvement of the Human Breed, etc.,” by F. Galton, 314
Posterity, our duty to, 10
“Poverty and Hereditary Genius,” by Constable, 308
Prevention of Crimes Act, The, 179 (note)
“Prevention of Tuberculosis, The,” by Dr. A. Newsholme, 319
“Principles of Biology, The,” by Herbert Spencer, 86, 312
“Principles of Heredity, The,” by G. Archdall Reid, 311
“Principles of Population, The,” by T. R. Malthus, see “Population, The Principles of”
“Probability, the Foundation of Eugenics,” by F. Galton, 315
Progress, acquired, see Acquired progress
—— defined, 50, 303
——, evolution and, 48
—— of achievement, and of the race, 4
——, racial and acquired, 262
“Progress, Population and,” by Montague Crackanthorpe, 315
Promiscuity among animals, 163
Public opinion, education of, 14, 15
Quality versus quantity, 293
Race, immortality of, 256
—— versus individual, 256
Race-culture and human variety, 297
——, education and, 120
——, socialism and, 133
——, the promise of, 287
“Race-Culture or Race Suicide,” by R. R. Rentoul, 316
“Race Prejudice,” by Jean Finot, 318
Racial degeneration and natural selection, 260
—— ——, cause of, 263
—— ——, the Lamarckian theory of, 258, 263
—— instinct, education of the, xii
—— poisons, the, x, 246
—— —— and decadence, 259
—— ——, bibliography of, 318
“Racial poisons,” introduction of the term, 205
“Racial Hygiene or Negative Eugenics,” by Dr. Saleeby, 205
Racial senility, the fallacy of, 256
“Reformatory,” the word, 238
Regression towards mediocrity, the law of, 288
Religion, eugenics and, 303
——, the survival-value of, 303
“Religion, Eugenics as a Factor in,” by F. Galton, 315
Religious persecution, non-eugenic results of, 116, 264
Reproduction, the cost of, in energy, 87
“Republic, The,” of Plato, 166, 313
“Restrictions in Marriage,” by F. Galton, 185, 204, 315
Reversed selection, 265
—— ——, the final cause of racial decay, 264, 266
—— ——, war a cause of, 284
“Reversion,” defined, 111
Rome, the decline of, 281
——, motherhood during the decline of, 270
Russia, increase of population in, 76
—— as a wheat-producing country, 80, 81
“School hygiene”, 65
“Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics, The,” by Karl Pearson, 315
Selection, alcohol an agent in, 206
—— and racial change, 260
—— by marriage, 189
—— for parentage, vii, viii
——, natural, see Natural Selection
—— of mind, 52
—— of woman, for marriage, 189
——, reversed, see Reversed Selection
——, sexual, 67, 190, 197, 202
——, the principle of, education in, 137
“Sex and Society,” by W. I. Thomas, 317
“Sex, The Evolution of,” by Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thomson, 312
“Sexual Choice”, 314
Sexual education of children, 139
—— —— of girls, 318
—— selection, 67, 190, 197, 202
“Sexual Selection in Man,” by Havelock Ellis, 202
“Sexuel Frage, Die” (The Sexual Question), by August Forel, 130, 242, 253, 320
Siegfried, the story of, 304
“Social Psychology,” by Dr. McDougall, 117
Socialism and education, 129, 130, 132
—— and marriage, 198
—— and race-culture, 133
—— and selection for marriage, 194
Society, the classification of, and eugenics, 119
——, classification of, for parenthood, 104 (note)
“Society, The Diseases of,” by G. F. Lydston, 318
“Society, Sex and,” by W. I. Thomas, 317
“Sociological Papers”, 41, 114 (note), 185 (note), 279, 289, 314, 315
Sociological Society, the, 275
“Sociology, Heredity and Selection in,” by G. Chatterton-Hill, 311
“Sociology, The Study of,” by Herbert Spencer, 317
Soldiers, mistaken muscular training of, 63
Spain, the racial condition of, 267, 268
“Spontaneous,” defined, 215
Starvation as a controller of population, 84
——, extent of, in England, 82
Stepney, birth-rate of, the highest in London, 78
[326]Sterilization of mental and physical degenerates, 316
Strength versus skill, 62
“Struggle for existence,” the, 42, 83, 280
“Studies in National Eugenics,” by F. Galton, 315
“Studies in the Psychology of Sex”, 202
“Study of British Genius, A,” by Havelock Ellis, 308
“Study of Sociology, The,” by Herbert Spencer, 192, 317
“Survival of the fittest,” the, 43, 49
Survival-value, 46
—— of love, 51
—— of monogamy, 51
—— of population, 90, 91
—— of religion, the, 303
—— of the tape-worm, 47
——, physical versus psychical, 50
“Survival-Value of Religion, The,” by Dr. Saleeby, 303
Syphilis, a racial poison, 252
“Syphilology and Venereal Diseases,” by Dr. C. F. Marshall, 253
Talent, the production of, 290
Tape-worm, survival value of the, 47
Tasmanians, racial disappearance of the, 257
Taubach, the Driftmen of, 59
Temperance legislation, the failure of, 236
“Time and Tide,” by John Ruskin, 96, 131, 254 (note), 296, 320
Tobacco and the race, 257
——, influence of, on pregnancy, 252
Tuberculosis, eugenics and, 179
——, heredity and, 180
——, overcrowding and, 181
——, racial extermination by, 260
“Tuberculosis, The Prevention of,” by A. Newsholme, 319
Unemployment, eugenics and, 293
——, overcrowding and, 293
United States, control of drunkards in the, 242
—— ——, higher education of woman in the, 89
—— ——, increase of population in the, 76
—— ——, the, a wheat-producing country, 80, 81
“Unto this Last,” by John Ruskin, 320
Variation, 297
“Variation, Heredity and Evolution,” by R. H. Lock, 311
“Variations in Animals and Plants,” by H. M. Vernon, 311
Vertebrates, evolution of the, 55
Vital economy, the principle of, 17, 19
War, a cause of reversed selection, 284
——, mind the master in, 97
Wealth, Ruskin's definition of, 17
“Westminster Gazette, The,” on the population and the food supply, 79
Wheat, improvement in, 82
—— problem, the, 79
“Wheat Problem, The,” by Sir William Crookes, 80
Wheat, Prof. Biffen's, 109
Whiskey, defined, 232
“Widows and Orphans,” and the alcohol trade, 245
Woman and eugenics, 193, 294
——, employment of, 294
——, the higher education of, non-eugenic effects of, 89
Women, married, and labour, 270
——, secret drinking by, 232
——, selection for marriage by, 194
Work, the eugenic necessity of, 264
Writing, the art of, as a means of transmission, 261
“Yellow Peril,” the, 78, 269
“Youth, its Education, Regimen and Hygiene,” by Stanley Hall, 318

INDEX OF NAMES

Aristotle, 262
—— on motherhood, 167
—— on racial decay, 256, 257
——, “Politics,” by, 167
Arnold, Matthew, 289
——, Thomas, 289
Asquith, H. H., 234
Bach, 300
—— family, the, 289
Bacon on the command of Nature, 13, 26, 41
Balfour, A. J., 228
——, ——, on decadence, 234, 279, 280
——, ——, on intemperance, 235
——, ——, on legislation, 233
——, ——, on Licensing Bill of 1908, 233
——, ——, on politics, 286
Ballantyne, Dr., on the unborn infant, 320
Barker, Ernest, on the destruction of marriage, 167
Bateson, Prof. W., “Methods and Scope of Genetics,” by, 306
Bateson, Prof. W., on education, 120
——, ——, on Mendelism, 306
Beethoven, 127, 146, 289, 292
Bertillon, M., on marital longevity, 192
Biffen, Prof., and his experiments on wheat, 109
Booth, the Rt. Hon. Charles, on the extent of starvation, 82
Bouchacourt on the care of motherhood, 145
Bourneville, on lead poisoning, 247
Branthwaite, Dr. R. Welsh, 228, 238
——, ——, “Inebriety, Its Causation and Control,” by, 217 (note), 319
——, ——, on alcoholism as a symptom of degeneracy, 217
Brieux, “Les Avariés”, 252
Brooks, Graham, on the Negro race, xi
Brouardel, parental morphinomania, 212
Browning, Robert, 135
Buckle, 267
Buddha, 146
Bulstrode, Dr., on tuberculosis, 181 (note)
Burchell, 52
Burns, the Rt. Hon. John, on motherhood, 32
Byron on the decay of nations, 255
Cakebread, Jane, the case of, 222, 225, 228, 238
Carlyle, Thomas, 309
——, ——, on history, 254 (note)
——, ——, “The French Revolution,” by, 254 (note)
Chatterton-Hill, George, “Heredity and Selection in Sociology,” by, 311
Chesterton, G. K., on eugenics, 158 (note)
Clouston, T. S., “The Hygiene of Mind,” by, 319
Cobden, Richard, 17
Cohn on the multiplication of bacteria, 160
Coleridge, 262
Combemale, experiments of, in alcoholism, 211
Constable, “Poverty and Hereditary Genius,” by, 308
Copernicus, 180
Cottrell, Mr., on the population of London, 76
Crackanthorpe, Mr. Montague, on the birth rate, 95
——, ——, “Population and Progress,” by, 315
Crichton-Browne, Sir James, on education, 125
Crookes, Sir William, 85
——, ——, on the wheat supply, 80
——, ——, “The Wheat Problem,” by, 80
Darwin, Charles, 42, 236, 296, 301, 307, 313
——, ——, and the effect of music on plants, 127
——, ——, centenary of the birth of, vii
——, ——, his talented ancestry and kindred, 289
——, ——, on degeneration, 171
——, ——, on national rise and decline, 275 (note)
——, ——, on natural selection, 83, 137, 260, 261
——, ——, on sexual selection, 67, 190, 197
——, ——, on the elephant, 72 (note)
——, ——, on the future, 293
——, ——, on the multiplication of the unfit, 227, 279
——, ——, on the queen bee, 44
——, ——, on vitality and muscularity, 67 (note)
——, ——, Ruskin on, 95
——, ——, “The Descent of Man,” by, 171, 191, 197, 279, 311
——, ——, “The Origin of Species,” by, 43, 73 (note), 311
Darwin, Erasmus, the grandfather of Charles Darwin, 289, 290
——, Francis, 290
——, Sir George, 290
Demme and parental alcoholism, 212
Disraeli on circumstances, 149
Down, Dr. Langdon, on drunkenness and the feeble-minded, 219
Dunlop, Dr. A. R., on habitual drunkenness, 219
Eccles, McAdam, on alcohol and the racial organs, 209
——, ——, on drunkenness, 221
Ellis, Havelock, “A Study of British Genius,” by, 308
——, ——, “Man and Woman,” by, 318
——, ——, on drunkenness, 219
——, ——, on sexual selection, 202, 204
——, ——, on socialism and education, 132
——, ——, “Sexual Selection in Man,” by, 202
Emerson on mass versus mind, 96
—— on the morality of the universe, 37
Empedocles on survival value, 46
Epictetus on fools, 130
Etienne on opinion as ruler, 234
Féré on alcohol, 207
Ferrier, Prof. David, on habitual drunkenness, 219
Finot, Jean, on the Negro race, xi
——, ——, “Race Prejudice,” by, 318
Fleck, Dr., on drunkenness and the feeble-minded, 219
[328]Forel, Prof. August, 17, 137
——, ——, “Die Sexuel Frage,” by 130, 242, 253, 320
——, ——, “Hygiene of Nerves and Mind,” by, 242, 319
——, ——, on alcohol as a racial poison, 244
——, ——, on alcoholism and heredity, 242
——, ——, on education, 129, 130
——, ——, on our duty to posterity, 35
——, ——, on the future of the race, 171
——, ——, on the nervous system, 53
——, ——, on the sexual education of children, 139
Galton, Francis, vii, 110, 206, 293, 307
——, ——, and acquired characters, the non-transmission of, 114 (note), 216, 259
——, ——, and biometrics, xiii
——, ——, and eugenics, positive and negative, 172
——, ——, and G. B. Shaw, 155
——, ——, and the law of regression towards mediocrity, 289
——, ——, “Eugenics as a Factor in Religion,” by, 315
——, ——, “Eugenics, its Definition, Scope, and Aims,” by, 314
——, ——, “Hereditary Genius,” by 107, 114, 289, 302 (note), 307, 308
——, ——, his kinship to Darwin, 289
——, ——, “Inquiries into Human Faculty,” by, 92, 128, 290, 308
——, ——, “Memories of my Life,” by, vii, 308
——, ——, “Natural Inheritance,” by, 308
——, ——, on ancestry, a rational pride in, 144
——, ——, on breeding for ability, 153
——, ——, —— energy, 67, 153
——, ——, —— health, 145, 153
——, ——, on civic worth, 68
——, ——, on civilisation, 117
——, ——, on energy, 193 (note), 290
——, ——, on eugenics, the meaning and the aims of, 157, 298, 315
——, ——, on functionally produced modifications, the non-inheritance of, 211
——, ——, on genius, hereditary, 107, 114
——, ——, ——, the quality of, 114 (note)
——, ——, on human intelligence, 41
——, ——, on human variety, 298
——, ——, on marriage, eugenic, 168
——, ——, ——, late, 92
——, ——, ——, the subsidisation of, 200
——, ——, on motherhood, the subsidisation of, 157
——, ——, on national eugenics, 115
——, ——, on national rise and decline, 279
——, ——, on public opinion, the formation of, 15
——, ——, on society, the eugenic value of the various classes of, 104
——, ——, on sociology, the duties of, 275
——, ——, on the desirable qualities, 299
——, ——, on the future of man, 302
——, ——, on the production of genius, 288
——, ——, on the production of talent, 292
——, ——, “Probability the Foundation of Eugenics,” by, 315
——, ——, “Restrictions in Marriage,” by, 185, 204, 315
——, ——, “Studies in National Eugenics,” by, 315
——, ——, “The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed, under existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment,” by, 314
Gaskell, Dr. W. H., “The Origin of Vertebrates,” by, 50 (note)
Geddes, Prof. Patrick, on Government, 122
——, ——, “The Evolution of Sex,” by, and Prof. J. A. Thomson, 312
Gibbon, 271 (note)
—— on history, 254
—— on the necessity for advance or retrogression, 266
Gladstone, Herbert, and the treatment of chronic inebriates by the London County Council, 222, 223
Godwin, William, on literature, 262 (note)
Goethe on activity, 291 (note)
—— on fate and chance, 12
—— on ignorance, 223
—— on marriage, 168
—— on the education of race, 136
Gorst, Sir John, “The Children of the Nation,” by, 319
Hall, Prof. Stanley, “Adolescence,” by, 318
——, ——, “Youth, its Education, Regimen and Hygiene,” by, 318
Helvetius on the influence of education, 128
Hobbes, Thomas, on “Words”, 106
——, ——, “Leviathan,” by, 106 (note)
Holmes, Mr. Thomas, on habitual drunkenness, 220
Horsley, Sir Victor, and Mary D. Sturge, “Alcohol and the Human Body,” by, 319
Howard, G. E., “A History of Matrimonial Institutions,” by, 312
Huxley, 29, 40, 58, 280, 281
——, “Evolution and Ethics,” by, 26
—— on cosmic nature, 26, 36, 39 (note)
—— on Pasteur, 94
—— on public opinion, 135
—— on the multiplication of the unfit, 227
Im Thurn, Mr., on marriage customs of Guiana, 184
Jones, Dr. Robert, on the case of Jane Cakebread, 328
Jones, W. H. S., “Malaria: a Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” by, 319
Joubert, 18
Kant, 4, 87
—— on the influence of education, 128
Keats, 46, 50
Kellogg, Vernon L., “Darwinism To-day,” by, 312
Kelvin, Lord, his services to life, 95
Kipling, Rudyard, and imperialism, 244, 245
——, ——, on breeds in the making, 245
——, ——, on emigration, 9
Kirby, Miss, on the feeble-minded, 220
Kirkup, Thomas, on Malthusianism, 84
Koch and tuberculosis, 180
Lamarck, 36
—— on inheritance of acquired characters, 134, 258, 259, 261
—— versus Weismann, 206, 207, 208
[329]Lankester, Sir E. Ray, on man, the controller of nature, 41
——, ——, on the multiplication of man, 9, 71, 72
——, ——, on the struggle for existence, 42, 280
——, ——, “The Kingdom of Man,” by, 41 (note)
Legrain on alcoholism and heredity, 220
Leonardo da Vinci, 264
Letourneau, Prof., “The Evolution of Marriage,” by, 312
Lewin on lead poisoning, 248
Lister, Lord, his services to life, 95
Livingstone, Dr., on African marriage customs, 184
Lock, R. H., “Variation, Heredity and Evolution,” by, 311
Lombroso, criminological work of, 177
London, Bishop of, on the falling birth-rate, 96
Love, Dr., on deaf-mutism, 174
Lowell, J. R., on human suffering, 130
Lucretius, 12, 260
Lydston, G. F., “The Diseases of Society: the Vice and Crime Problem,” by, 318
MacCunn, Prof., on the infant mind, 124
——, ——, “The Making of Character,” by, 124
MacDougal, Dr. T. D., on “Heredity and Environic Forces”, 210
McDougall, Dr. W., on infant mortality, 23
——, ——, on transmissible characters, 117
——, ——, “Social Psychology,” by, 117
Magee, Archbishop, 243
Malthus, T. R., 17, 313
——, ——, his theory, 80, 83
——, ——, ignorance as to his essay, 85
——, ——, importance of his doctrine to-day, 85
——, ——, “The Principles of Population,” by, 83, 85, 312
Marcus Aurelius, 298
Marshall, Dr. C. F., on alcohol and syphilis, 253
——, ——, “Syphilology” by, 253
Maudsley, Dr., on eugenics, 187
Mendel, the theory of, 108, 307
Meredith, George, 37, 231, 287
——, ——, “The Ordeal of Richard Feverel,” by, 112 (note)
Metchnikoff, on age at marriage, 90
——, “The Nature of Man,” by, 90
Mill, James, 289
——, John Stuart, 182, 289
——, ——, on nature, 38
Milton, 292
Morgan, Prof. Lloyd, “Survival Value”, 46
Mott, Dr. F. W., on habitual drunkenness, 219
Mozart, 126
Napoleon, the wars of, cause of reversed selection in France, 284
Newman, Dr. George, on the falling birth-rate, 86 (note)
——, ——, “Infant Mortality,” by, 86, 319
Newsholme, Dr. A., on tuberculosis, 182
——, ——, “The Prevention of Tuberculosis,” by, 319
Newton, Sir Isaac, 6, 146, 288, 300, 301
——, saved by motherhood, 150
Nietzsche and the Darwinian theory, 51
—— and the super-man theory, 25
—— and “transvaluation,” 101
—— on organic evolution, 158
Oliver, Sir Thomas, on lead poisoning, 247, 248, 249
——, ——, “Diseases of Occupation,” by, 247 (note), 319
Palestrina, 127
Palmerston, Lord, 131
Parsons, Dr. Elsie Clews, on diminution of offspring, 162
——, ——, on parentage, 161, 162
——, ——, “The Family,” by, 314
Pascal, 52
Pasteur and tuberculosis, 180
——, his value to the French nation, 94
—— on the abolition of disease, 72
Paterson, W. R., on slavery, the cause of the fall of empires, 281
——, ——, “The Nemesis of Nations,” by, 281
Pearson, Prof. Karl, 314
——, ——, and biometrics, xiii
——, ——, “National Life from the Standpoint of Science,” by, 279, 315
——, ——, on national rise and decline, 275 (note), 279
——, ——, on the multiplication of the yellow races, 78
——, ——, “The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics,” by, 315
Pericles, 292
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, “Janus in Modern Life,” by, 22
——, ——, on infantile mortality, 22
Plato and motherhood, 166
—— and the destruction of the family, 169, 313
—— on the duty of Governments, 276
—— on racial decay, 256, 257
—— on the sanctity of marriage, 313
—— on the State as mother, 313
——, “The Republic,” of, 166, 313, 314
Pope, on genius and insanity, 176
Potts, Dr. W. A., on “The Relation of Alcohol to Feeble-mindedness”, 214, 216
Ranke, Prof., on the mind of man, 59
Ravenhill, Miss Alice, on “Education for Motherhood”, 32
——, ——, on the education of girls, 320
Reid, Dr. Archdall, on alcohol, 206, 211
——, ——, on humanitarianism and deterioration, 24, 25
——, ——, on the marriage of drunkards, 235
——, ——, on the resistance of the germ-plasm, 250
——, ——, “Alcoholism, A Study in Heredity,” by, 319
——, ——, “The Principles of Heredity,” by, 311
Rembrandt, 4
Rennert on lead poisoning, 247, 248
Rentoul, Dr. R. R., on the sterilisation of mental and physical degenerates, 316
——, ——, “Race Culture or Race Suicide,” by, 316
Reynolds, Sir Alfred, on the treatment of inebriates, 226, 230
[330]Roche, Sir Boyle, on posterity, 11
Roques on lead poisoning, 247
Ross, Prof. Ronald, “Malaria, A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome,” introduced by, 319
——, ——, on malaria as a cause of national decay, 260, 282
Rowntree, B. Seebohm, on the extent of starvation, 82
Ruskin, John, “Munera Pulveris,” by, 302 (note), 320
——, “Time and Tide,” by, 96, 131, 254 (note), 296, 320
——, “Unto this Last,” by, 320
—— on Darwin, 95
—— on education and inequality, 131
—— on life the only wealth, 17, 133, 269
—— on marriage, 296
—— on mass versus mind, 96
—— on posterity, 287
—— on the duty of Governments, 18, 276
—— on the future of man, 302
—— on the manufacture of souls, 270
—— on the neglect of children, 145
—— on the neglect of woman, 145
—— on true history, 254 (note)
—— on work, 264
St. Francis, 301
Saleeby, Dr., “Alcohol and Infancy,” by, 214
——, ——, and G. B. Shaw, his controversy on marriage with, 157
——, ——, “Evolution, the Master Key,” by, 147
——, ——, “Health, Strength and Happiness,” by, 119 (note)
——, ——, “Individualism and Collectivism,” by, 101 (note)
——, ——, “Obstacles to Eugenics,” by, 175 (note)
——, ——, on biology and history, 254 (note)
——, ——, on London's inebriates, the case of, 226
——, ——, on progress, 262
——, ——, on the survival-value of religion, 303
——, ——, on widows and orphans made by alcohol, 245
——, ——, “The Essential Factor of Progress,” by, 262
Salisbury, Lord, his attack on evolution, 45
——, ——, on Spain a dying nation, 268
Sandow, 135
—— and the development of physique, 64
Scharlieb, Mrs., on maternal alcoholism, 214 (note)
——, ——, “The Drink Problem,” by, 214 (note)
Schopenhauer on love intrigue, 197 (note)
Schubert, 46, 50
Seton, Ernest Thompson, on animal marriage, 163
Shakespeare, 6, 126, 146, 245, 255, 287, 293, 301
——, ancestry of, 107–109
——, quoted, xii, 58 (note), 97, 231, 278
Shaw, Dr. Claye, on maternal alcoholism, 213
——, George Bernard, 85, 169
——, ——, on eugenics, 155, 156
——, ——, on heredity, 102
——, ——, on marriage, his controversy with Dr. Saleeby, 157
——, ——, on motherhood, 166
Shaw, Dr. Claye, on the State as mother, 156
Shelley, 131
Simpson, Sir James, on the inheritance of acquired characters, 136
Sims, G. R., on children, the protection of, 237
——, ——, on habitual drunkards, the treatment of, 222
——, ——, “on the cry of the children”, 295
——, ——, “The Black Stain,” by, 237, 319
——, ——, “The Cry of the Children,” by, 237, 319
Smith, Adam, 17
Socrates, 313, 314
Sombart, Dr., on the population of Germany, 77
Sophocles, quoted, 52
Spencer, Herbert, 4, 9, 85, 296, 300
——, absence of early education of, 120
—— and evolution, 43, 48
—— and functionally produced modifications, 111
—— and his reply to Lord Salisbury's attack on evolution, 45
—— and Huxley, 26
—— and “social organisms”, 256
—— on the cosmic process, 25
—— on the defencelessness of man, 58
—— on education, 131
—— on education for parenthood, 140
—— on human fertility, 89, 90, 91, 92
—— on individuation and genesis, 288
—— on marital longevity, 191, 192
—— on marriage, 164
—— on natural selection, 35
—— on parenthood, 88
—— on the future of man, 301, 302
—— on the laws of multiplication, 86, 87, 266
—— on woman and selection for marriage, 193
——, the ancestry of, 152
——, the “Autobiography” of, 35, 58, 65, 152
——, “The Data of Ethics,” by, 302 (note)
——, “the survival of the fittest”, 23 (note), 43, 44, 84, 260
——, “Education,” by, 317
——, “The Principles of Biology,” by, 86, 312
——, “The Study of Sociology,” by, 192, 317
Spinoza, 46, 50
Stark, Dr., on marital longevity, 192
Sturge, Mary D., and Sir Victor Horsley, “Alcohol and the Human Body,” by, 319
Sullivan, Dr. W. C., “Alcoholism,” by, 211, 242, 319
——, ——, on alcohol and alcoholism, 207, 211–213, 220
Sutherland on parental care, 162
Theognis on pecuniary inheritance, 101
—— on the duty of Governments, 276
Thomas, W. I., “Sex and Society,” by, 317
Thompson, Francis, 128
Thomson, Prof. J. A., “Heredity,” by, 99, 305
——, ——, on “inheritance”, 110 (note)
——, ——, on race culture, 99
——, ——, on reversion, 111
——, ——, “The Evolution of Sex,” by, and Patrick Geddes, 312
[331]——, ——, translator of Weismann, 311
——, M. R., translator of Weismann, 311
Thoreau, quoted, 173
Tille on man the wealth of nations, 17
Tintoretto, 288
Turner, Sir William, on the human foot, 61
Urquhart, Dr. A. R., on habitual drunkenness, 219
Vernon, H. M., “Variations in Animals and Plants,” by, 311
Villemin and tuberculosis, 180
Waddington, Mr. Quintin, his translation of Aulus Gellius, 271 (note)
Wagner, “Siegfried”, 303
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 314
——, ——, on matrimonial choice by women, 194
——, ——, on natural selection, 83
Watson, William, the patriotism of, x
Watts, G. F., 4
Wedgwood, Josiah, maternal grandfather of Charles Darwin, 289
Weismann, August, 206, 211, 216, 248, 280
——, his controversy with Lamarck, 208
——, on parental alcoholism, 208–210
——, “The Germ-Plasm: a Theory in Heredity,” by, 208, 311
——, “The Evolution Theory,” by, 311
Wellington, Duke of, 128
Wells, H. G., on the multiplication of the unfit, 14
—— on Spencer's terminology, 43, 44, 49
Westermarck, Dr. E., on marriage, 158, 165
——, ——, on the control of marriage, 184
——, ——, “The History of Human Marriage,” by, 312
Wordsworth, 4, 244, 301, 302
——, absence of early education of, 120
—— on the decay of nations, 284
——, quoted, 35, 277, 300

[admin]

FOOTNOTES

[1]A tribute is due to the anonymous pioneer of sane and provident philanthropy who lately gave £20,000 to the London Hospital for research. Such a thing is a commonplace in New York, it is unprecedented in London.

[2]The word is used in the ordinary loose sense, to which there is no objection provided that there be no misunderstanding of its exact scientific meaning, as in Spencer's phrase “survival of the fittest”—i.e. not the best, but the best adapted. See p. 43.

[3]“Degeneration,” I think, is the best word for the racial, “deterioration” for the individual, change.

[4]That is in the ordinary sense of the words, not in the more exact sense—as I think—in which a good environment would be defined as that which selects the good for parenthood.

[5]Italics mine.

[6]We have seen that Huxley's assertion of the fundamental opposition between moral and cosmic evolution is unwarrantable. We do recognise, however, that in our present practice this opposition exists. Our ancestors were cruel to the insane, but at least they prevented them from multiplying. We are blindly kind to them, and therefore in the long run cruel. But the dilemma, kind to be cruel, or cruel to be kind, is not necessary. It is quite possible, as we have asserted, to be at once kind to the individual and protective of the future. On the other hand, it is also possible to be cruel to both. The London County Council offers us, at the time of writing, a demonstration of this. Sending wretched inebriates on the round of police-court, prison and street, with intermittent gestations, rather than expend a shilling a day, per individual, in decently detaining them, it serves at least the philosophic purpose of demonstrating that it is possible to combine the maximum of brutality to the individual and the present with the maximum of injury to the race and the future.

[7]Reprinted in The Kingdom of Man (Constable).

[8]Sociological Papers, 1905, p. 59.

[9]Whilst allowing due weight to Mr. Wells' opinion, we may also note that of Charles Darwin who, referring to his own phrase, natural selection, says, “But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate.” (Origin of Species, popular edition, p. 76.)

[10]Collected Essays, vol. i. p. 493. A valuable controversy but poor sport. Thinker versus politician is scarcely a match.

[11]This is discussed at length in the writer's paper, “The Obstacles to Eugenics,” read before the Sociological Society, March 8, 1909.

[12]Spencer introduced the non-moral word evolution in 1857, in order to avoid the moral connotation of the word progress, which he had formerly employed.

[13]In his recent work, The Origin of Vertebrates, Dr. W. H. Gaskell, F.R.S., has adduced much evidence in support of this thesis. He says, “The law of progress is this: The race is not to the swift nor to the strong, but to the wise.” And again; “As for the individual, so for the nation; as for the nation, so for the race; the law of evolution teaches that in all cases brain-power wins. Throughout, from the dawn of animal life up to the present day, the evidence given in this book suggests that the same law has always held. In all cases, upward progress is associated with the development of the central nervous system. The law for the whole animal kingdom is the same as for the individual. ‘Success in this world depends upon brains.’”

[14]We may recall the words of Lear:—

“Is man no more than this? Consider him well: Thou owest the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume:.... Thou art the thing itself: unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art.”

[15]Says Darwin, “So little is this subject understood, that I have heard surprise repeatedly expressed at such great monsters as the Mastodon ... having become extinct; as if mere bodily strength gave victory in the battle of life. Mere size, on the contrary, would in some cases determine ... quicker extermination from the greater amount of requisite food.” In the Russo-Japanese War, one of the effective factors was the greater area of the Russian soldier as a target, and the disparity between the food requirements of the little victors and the big losers.

[16]Quoted from a Paper read by Mr. Galton before the Eugenics Education Society, October 14, 1908, and published in Nature, October 22, 1908.

[17]See the author's paper, “The Psychology of Parenthood,” Eugenics Review, April, 1909.

[18]An authoritative statement on this point has already been quoted from Sir E. Ray Lankester's Romanes Lecture of 1905, p. 42.

[19]The exception of one or two large animals, like the elephant, is not important. In proportion to body weight man's birth-rate is lower than theirs. And it is to be noted that the “infant” mortality is very low in this case, where the birth-rate is so low. Says Darwin, of the young elephant. “None are destroyed by beasts of prey; for even the tiger in India most rarely dares to attack a young elephant protected by its dam.” The dam has no factory to go to, and no beast of prey to sell her alcohol.

[20]“The fulmar petrel lays but one egg, yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world.” (Origin of Species, popular edition, p. 81).

[21]The Wheat Problem, by Sir Wm. Crookes, F.R.S., 2nd edition, 1905. The Chemical News Office, 15, Newcastle St., Farringdon St., E.C.

[22]See Chap. iii. of the Origin of Species.

[23]Including even such an exceptional student as Dr. George Newman, who, in his book on Infant Mortality, regards a falling birth-rate as an essential evil, and actually declares without qualification that the factors “which lower the birth-rate tend to raise the infant death-rate.”

[24]It is not necessary to point out again the exception of the elephant, nor to explain it.

[25]Mr. Galton believes their number has been exaggerated.

[26]Quoted from the author's lectures on Individualism and Collectivism (Williams and Norgate, 1906).

[27]As is usually the case, except when the mother or the father is alcoholic or syphilitic.

[28]If we make a diagram of society, with the social strata labelled, and then proceed to make a eugenic comment upon it, certainly the line dividing the sheep from the goats, as for parenthood, would not be horizontal, at any level. Nor would it be vertical—as if the proportions of worth and unworth were the same in all classes. Some would draw it diagonally, counting most of the aristocracy good and most of the lowest strata bad: others would slope it the other way. I should not venture to draw it at all: there are individuals good and bad in all classes and races, and their relative proportions are unknown, at least to me.

[29]“For words are wise men's counters, they do but reckon by them; but they are the money of fools” (Hobbes, Leviathan, Pt. I. chap iv.).

[30]It might be supposed that the words “inherent” and “inherited” were allied etymologically. This is not so. “Inherit” is derived from “heir,” and this from a verb meaning “to take.” In natural inheritance the heir inherits what is inherent in the germ-cells which make him. Says Professor Thomson: “The organisation of the fertilised ovum is the inheritance”—and the heir, we may add.

[31]Unless indeed it be an organism so lowly as only to consist of one cell throughout.

[32]The reader will remember the chapter, “A Berry to the Rescue.” “Says Lucy demurely: ‘Now you know why I read history, and that sort of books.... I only read sensible books and talk of serious things ... because I have heard say ... dear Mrs. Berry! don't you understand now?’”

[33]Contrast Mr. Galton, the propounder of the now accepted view:—

“As a general rule, with scarcely any exception that cannot be ascribed to other influences, such as bad nutrition or transmitted microbes, the injuries or habits of the parents are found to have no effect on the natural form or faculties of the child.” (Hereditary Genius, Prefatory Chapter to the Edition of 1892, p. xv.)

[34]In the later edition Mr. Galton discusses the question of the title, and says that if it could now be altered, it should appear as Hereditary Ability. We may note that, as the author says himself, “The reader will find a studious abstinence throughout the work from speaking of genius as a special quality.”

[35]The reader may note “A Eugenic Investigation: Index to Achievements of Near Kinsfolk of some of the Fellows of the Royal Society,” Sociological Papers, 1904, pp. 85–99 (Macmillan); also Noteworthy Families (John Murray, 1906).

[36]These researches have not yet been published.

[37]In the later chapters of a former book, “Health, Strength, and Happiness” (Grant Richards, London; Mitchell Kennerley, New York, 1908), I have discussed various aspects of heredity from the eugenic point of view more fully than has been possible here.

[38]See the last sentence of the quotation from Forel on p. 130.

[39]For definition of these terms see Chap. xi.

[40]By some such means we may hope that man too may some day become domesticated without losing his fertility!

[41]1 Corinthians xii. 22, 23, 24.

[42]Quoted from the Author's Evolution the Master Key.

[43]Mr. G. K. Chesterton, one of the most amusing of contemporary phenomena, has lately said: “The most serious sociologists, the most stately professors of eugenics, calmly propose that, ‘for the good of the race,’ people should be forcibly married to each other by the police.” Readers unacquainted with Mr. Chesterton's standard of accuracy and methods of criticism might be misled by this gay invention.

[44]The Family, p. 20.

[45]Encyclopædia Medica, vol. ii., Article “Deaf-Mutism.”

[46]In a lecture, “The Obstacles to Eugenics,” delivered before the Sociological Society, March 8, 1909.

[47]Since these words were written there has been passed the “Prevention of Crimes Act,” which is the first attempt in this country to apply the elementary truths of the subject in legislation. As an essentially eugenic proposal it is to be heartily welcomed.

[48]Dr. Bulstrode's Lecture to the Royal Institution, May 15, 1908.

[49]This suggestion, first made by the present writer in March, 1908, and in the paper referred to on p. 205, is, I believe, to be the subject of an official enquiry.

[50]Sociological Papers (Macmillan, 1905), p. 3.

[51]“In any scheme of eugenics, energy is the most important quality to favour; it is, as we have seen, the basis of every action, and it is eminently transmissible by descent.”—Galton.

[52]Fortnightly Review, January, 1908.

[53]“As the German philosopher Schopenhauer remarks, the final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance than all other ends in human life. What it all turns upon is nothing less than the composition of the next generation.... It is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the human race to come, which is at stake.”—Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 893.

[54]Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. iv. (F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, 1905).

[55]Part of the matter of this chapter was included in papers entitled “Racial Hygiene or Negative Eugenics, with special reference to the Extirpation of Alcoholism,” read before the Congress of the Royal Institute of Public Health, at Buxton, 1908, and “Alcoholism and Eugenics,” read before the Society for the Study of Inebriety, April, 1909.

[56]Italics mine.

[57]To-day many of the children who make our destiny are born drunk, owing to maternal intoxication during labour: I have myself attended the birth of such children, both in Edinburgh and in York.

[58]This was written in 1892, before the accumulation of the modern evidence on the subject.

[59]“Alcohol taken into the stomach can be demonstrated in the testicle or ovary within a few minutes, and, like any other poison, may injure the sperm or the germ element therein contained. As a result of this intoxication of the primary elements, children may be conceived and born who become idiots, epileptics, or feeble-minded. Therefore it comes about that even before conception a fault may be present.”—McAdam Eccles, F.R.C.S., in the British Journal of Inebriety, April, 1908.

[60]See p. 111.

[61]London: James Nisbet and Co., 1906.

[62]Will our modern extremists be good enough to remember that Mr. Galton is the prime author of the doctrine that functionally-produced modifications are not inherited?

[63]The use of this word thus is unusual, to say the least of it. Dr. Claye Shaw simply means causal relation.

[64]The subject of alcoholism and race-culture really demands a large volume. There is no space here to detail the fashion in which the drunken mother poisons her child after birth, when she nurses it, since, as has been chemically proved, alcohol is excreted in her milk. Says a most distinguished authority, Mrs. Scharlieb, “the child, then, absolutely receives alcohol as part of his diet, with the worst effect upon his organs, for alcohol has a greater effect upon cells in proportion to their immaturity” (“The Drink Problem,” in the New Library of Medicine), and Dr. Sullivan refers to “numerous cases on record of convulsions and other disorders occurring in infants when the nurse has taken liquor, and ceasing when she has been put on a non-alcoholic diet.” The reader may be referred to my brief paper, “Alcohol and Infancy,” published in the form of a tract by the Church of England Temperance Society.

[65]This is printed in the British Journal of Inebriety, January, 1908, under the title “Inebriety, its Causation and Control”—with comments by numerous authorities.

[66]The author says “inherent defect.” I have omitted the adjective, as it is obviously misused. Antecedent would have been the better word, surely.

[67]Italics mine.

[68]Italics mine. A thousand pounds for cure—which does not cure—and twopence for prevention is, of course, the rule with a half-educated nation always.

[69]She died in a lunatic asylum. I have not heard that society ever offered her a public apology for its brutality to her.

[70]See Times report, February 28, 1908.

[71]Report of the Inspector under the Inebriates Acts for the year 1906.

[72]This drinking by women, which means drinking by mothers present, expectant or possible, is rapidly increasing in Great Britain, though almost unknown in our Colonies. It is at the heart that Empires rot.

[73]Cd. 4438. Price 4½d. Volume of evidence Cd. 4439. Price 2s.

[74]A careful and detailed enquiry by the present writer, published in the Westminster Gazette (Nov. 21, 1908), Daily Chronicle, and Manchester Guardian, and hitherto unchallenged, showed that, on the most moderate reckoning, alcohol makes 124 widows and orphans in England and Wales every day, or more than 45,000 per annum.

[75]Diseases of Occupation, by Sir Thomas Oliver. (The New Library of Medicine, 1908.)

[76]This chapter contains the substance of the author's Friday evening discourse, entitled “Biology and History,” delivered before the Royal Institution of Great Britain and Ireland, February 14, 1908. The substance of two lectures to the Royal Institution, entitled “Biology and Progress,” and delivered in February, 1907, is also included in the present volume.

[77]“It is thus everywhere that foolish Rumour babbles not of what was done, but of what was misdone or undone; and foolish History (ever, more or less, the written epitomised synopsis of Rumour) knows so little that were not as well unknown. Attila invasions, Walter-the-Penniless Crusades, Sicilian Vespers, Thirty-Years' Wars: mere sin and misery; not work, but hindrance of work! For the Earth, all this while, was yearly green and yellow with her kind harvests; the hand of the craftsman, the mind of the thinker rested not: and so, after all, and in spite of all, we have this so glorious high-domed blossoming World; concerning which, poor History may well ask, with wonder, Whence it came? She knows so little of it, knows so much of what obstructed it, what would have rendered it impossible. Such, nevertheless, by necessity or foolish choice, is her rule and practice; whereby that paradox, ‘Happy the people whose annals are vacant,’ is not without its true side.”—Carlyle, French Revolution.

“In a little while it would come to be felt that the true history of a nation was indeed not of its wars but of its households.”—Ruskin, Time and Tide.

[78]“Literature, taken in all its bearings, forms the grand line of demarcation between the human and the animal kingdoms.”—William Godwin.

[79]See the Author's paper, “The Essential Factor of Progress,” published in the Monthly Review, April, 1906.

[80]Gibbon does not enlighten us much on such vital matters: but my attention has been called to the following passage, not irrelevant here. It is from the Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius, Book xii., chap. i., written about A.D. 150—Gibbon's critical epoch. I use the free translation of Mr. Quintin Waddington:—

“Once when I was with the philosopher Favorinus, word was brought to him that the wife of one of his disciples had just given birth to a son.

“‘Let us go,’ said he, ‘to enquire after the mother, and to congratulate the father.’ The latter was a noble of Senatorial rank.

“All of us who were present accompanied him to the house and went in with him. Meeting the father in the hall, he embraced and congratulated him, and, sitting down, enquired how his wife had come through the ordeal. And when he heard that the young mother, overcome with fatigue, was now sleeping, he began to speak more freely.

“‘Of course,’ said he, ‘she will suckle the child herself.’ And when the girl's mother said that her daughter must be spared, and nurses obtained in order that the heavy strain of nursing the child should not be added to what she had already gone through, ‘I beg of you, dear lady,’ said he, ‘to allow her to be a whole mother to her child. Is it not against nature, and being only half a mother, to give birth to a child, and then at once to send him away? To have nourished with her own blood and in her own body a something that she had never seen, and then to refuse it her own milk, now that she sees it living, a human being, demanding a mother's care? Or are you one of those who think that nature gave a woman breasts, not that she might feed her children, but as pretty little hillocks to give her bust a pleasing contour? Many indeed of our present-day ladies—whom you are far from resembling—do try to dry up and repress that sacred fount of the body, the nourisher of the human race, even at the risk they run from turning back and corrupting their milk, lest it should take off from the charm of their beauty. In doing this they act with the same folly as those, who, by the use of drugs and so forth, endeavour to destroy the very embryo in their bodies, lest a furrow should mar the smoothness of their skin, and they should spoil their figures in becoming mothers. If the destruction of a human being in its first inception, whilst it is being formed, whilst it is yet coming to life, and is still in the hands of its artificer, Nature, be deserving of public detestation and horror, is it not nearly as bad to deprive the child of his proper and congenial nutriment to which he is accustomed, now that he is perfected, is born into the world, is a child?

“But it makes no difference—for as they say—so long as the child is nourished and lives, with whose milk it is done.

“Why does he who says this, since he is so dull in understanding nature, think it also of no consequence in whose womb and from whose blood the child is formed and fashioned? For is there not now in the breasts the same blood—whitened, it is true, by agration and heat—which was before in the womb? And is not the wisdom of Nature to be seen in this, that as soon as the blood has done its work of forming the body down below, and the time of birth has come, it betakes itself to the upper parts of the body, and is ready to cherish the spark of life and light by furnishing to the new-born babe his known and accustomed food? And so it is not an idle belief, that, just as the strength and character of the seed have their influence in determining the likeness of the body and mind, so do the nature and properties of the milk do their part in effecting the same results. And this has been noticed, not in man alone, but in cattle as well. For if kids are brought up on the milk of ewes, or lambs on that of goats, it is agreed that the latter have stiffer wool, the former softer hair. In the case of timber and fruit trees, too, the qualities of the water and soil from which they draw their nourishment have more influence in stunting or augmenting their growth than those of the seed which is sewn, and often you may see a vigorous and healthy tree when transplanted into another place perish owing to the poverty of the soil.

“Is it then a reasonable thing to corrupt the fine qualities of the new-born man, well endowed as to both body and mind so far as parentage is concerned, with the unsuitable nourishment of degenerate and foreign milk? Especially is this the case, if she whom you get to supply the milk is a slave or of servile estate, and—as is very often the case—of a foreign and barbarous race, if she is dishonest, ugly, unchaste, or addicted to drink. For generally any woman who happens to have milk is called in, without further enquiry as to her suitability in other respects. Shall we allow this babe of ours to be tainted by pernicious contagion, and to draw life into his body and mind from a body and mind debased?

"This is the reason why we are so often surprised that the children of chaste mothers resemble their parents neither in body nor character.

“... And besides these considerations, who can afford to ignore or belittle the fact that those who desert their offspring and send them away from themselves, and make them over to others to nurse, cut, or at least loosen and weaken that chain and connection of mind and affection by which Nature attaches children to their parents. For when the child, sent elsewhere, is away from sight, the vigour of maternal solicitude little by little dies away, and the call of motherly instinct grows silent, and forgetfulness of a child sent away to nurse is not much less complete than that of one lost by death.

“A child's thoughts and the love he is ever ready to give, are occupied, moreover, with her alone from whom he derives his food, and soon he has neither feeling nor affection for the mother who bore him. The foundations of the filial feelings with which we are born being thus sapped and undermined, whatever affection children thus brought up may seem to have for father and mother, for the most part is not natural love, but the result of social convention.’”

[81]Cf. the similar dicta of Darwin and Pearson (p. 279).

[82]National Life from the Standpoint of Science, p. 99.

[83]“Decadence,” Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture, by the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, M.P., delivered at Newnham College, January 25, 1908. (Cambridge University Press.)

[84]“Restless activity proves the man,” as Goethe says.

[85]Munera Pulveris, par. 6.

[86]The Data of Ethics, par. 97.

[87]Hereditary Genius, Prefatory Chapter to Edition of 1902, pp. x. and xxvii.

[88]“The Survival-Value of Religion,” Fortnightly Review, April, 1906.