The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

That's French for "the ancient system," as in the ancient system of feudal privileges and the exercise of autocratic power over the peasants. The ancien regime never goes away, like vampires and dinosaur bones they are always hidden in the earth, exercising a mysterious influence. It is not paranoia to believe that the elites scheme against the common man. Inform yourself about their schemes here.

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 2:54 am

Part 3 of 5

CHAPTER VI. THE NORDIC RACE

167 : 1 seq. Cf. Peake, 2, p. 162, and numerous other authorities. Peake's summary is brief, clear and up to date.

167 : 13 seq. R. G. Latham was the first to propound the theory of the European origin of the Indo-Europeans. He says that there is "a tacit assumption that as the east is the probable quarter in which either the human species or the greater part of our civilization originated, everything came from it. But surely in this there is a confusion between the primary diffusion of mankind over the world at large and those secondary movements by which, according to even the ordinary hypothesis, the Lithuanians, etc., came from Asia into Europe."

167 : 17. See The So-Called North European Race of Mankind, by G. Retzius. Linnaeus and DeLapouge were the first to use this term, homo Europaeus. See Ripley, pp. 103 and 121.

168 : 13. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16 and 224 : 19.

168 : 19 seq. Ripley, chap. IX, p. 205, based on Arbo, Hultkranz and others. G. Retzius, in the article mentioned above, pp. 303-306, and also Crania Suecica; L. Wilser; K. Penka; O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Feist, 5; Mathaeus Much; Hirt, 1; and Peake, 2, pp. 162-163, are other authorities. There are many more.

169 : 1 seq. G. Retzius, 3, p. 303. See also 1, for the racial homogeneity of Sweden.

169 : 9. Osborn, 1, pp. 457-458, and authorities given. 169 : 14. Gerard de Geer, A Geochronology of the Last 12,000 Years.

169 : 20 seq. See the note to p. 117 : 18.

170 : 3 seq. Cuno, Forschungen im Gebiete der alien Volkerkunde; Posche, Der Arier.

170 : 10 seq. Peake, 2; Woodruff, 1, 2; and Myres, 1, p. 15. See also the notes to pp. 168 : 19 and Chap. IX of this book.

170 : 21. See the notes to pp. 213 seq.

170 : 29-171 : 12. See Osborn's map, 1, p. 189.

171 : 12. Cf. Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia.

171 : 25. Peake, 2, and Montelius, Sweden in Heathen Times, and most of the authors already given on the subject of the Nordics.

172 : 1-25. Ripley, pp. 346-348, and pp. 352 seq., together with the authorities quoted. Also Feist, 5, and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 274-278. Marco Polo, about 1298, in chap. XLVI, of his travels, says that the Russian men were extremely well favored, tall and with fair complexions. The women were also fair and of a good size, with light hair which they were accustomed to wear long.

173 : 9. See Bury, History of Greece, pp. 111-112, and the notes to Chap. XIV of this book.

173 : 11. Saka or Sacae. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.

173 : 11. Cimmerians. For an interesting summary see Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137-138. For a lengthy discussion of them and of their migrations, and of their possible affiliations with the Cimbri, see Ridgeway, 1, pp. 387-397. According to the best Assyriologists the Cimmerians are the same people who, known as the Gimiri or Gimirrai, according to cuneiform inscriptions, were in Armenia in the eighth century B.C. See Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 495. Bury, History of Greece, also touches on their raids in Asia Minor. Minns, p. 115, believes them to have been Scythians. G. Dottin, p. 23 and elsewhere, speaking of the Cimmerians and Cimbri, says: "The latter are without doubt Germans, therefore the Cimmerians who are the same people are not ancestors of the Celts." The Cimmerians were first spoken of by Homer (Odyssey, XI, 12-19) who describes them as living in perpetual darkness in the far North. Herodotus (IV, 11-13) in his account of Scythia, regards them as the early inhabitants of south Russia, after whom the Bosphorus Cimmerius and other places were named, and who were driven by the Scyths along the Caucasus into Asia Minor, where they maintained themselves for a century. The Cimmerii are often mentioned in connection with the Thracian Treres who made their raids across the Hellespont, and possibly some of them took this route, having been cut off by the Scyths as the Alani were by the Huns. Certain it is that in the middle of the seventh century B. C, Asia Minor was ravaged by northern nomads (Herodotus, IV, 12), one body of whom is called in Assyrian sources Gimirrai and is represented as coming through the Caucasus. They were Aryan-speaking, to judge by the few proper names preserved. To the north of the Euxine their main body was merged finally with the Scyths. Later writers have often confused them with the Cimbri of Jutland. There is no relation between the Cimbri and the Cymbry or Cymry, a word derived from the Welsh Combrox and used by them to denote their own people. See the note to p. 174 : 26.

173 : 14. Medes. See the notes to p. 254 : 13.

173 : 14. Achaeans and Phrygians. See Peake, 2, who dates them at 2000 B.C. Bury says, pp. 5 and 44 seq.: "after the middle of the second millennium B. C, but there were previous and long-forgotten invasions." Consult also Ridgeway, 1, and the notes to pp. 158-161 and 225 : 11 of this book.

173 : 16. See the note to p. 157 : 10.

173 : 18. The Nordics cross the Rhine into Gaul. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 11-12, gives the seventh century B.C. as the date when tall fair Celts first crossed the Rhine westward, "but it is unlikely that they were homogeneous. . . . Physically they resembled the tall fair Germans whom Caesar and Tacitus describe, but they differed from them in character and customs as well as in speech." See also p. 336, at the bottom, where he remarks: "Early in the Hallstatt period a tall dolichocephalic race appeared in the Jura and the Doubs, who may have been the advanced guard of the Celts." 1000 B.C. for the appearance of the Celts on the Rhine is a very moderate estimate of the date at which these Nordics appear in western Europe, as that would be nearly four centuries after the appearance of the Achaeans in Greece and fully two centuries after the appearance of Nordics who spoke Aryan in Italy. The Hallstatt culture (see p. 129) with which the invasion of these Nordics is generally associated had been in full development for four or five centuries before the date here given for the crossing of the Rhine. 700 B.C., given by many authorities, seems to the author too late by several centuries.

173 : 18 seq. G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, pp. 453 seq., says: "If the Celts originated in Gaul, it is likely that their language would have left in our nomenclature more traces than we find, and above all, that the Celtic denominations would be applied as well to mountains and water courses as to inhabited places. . . . According to D'Arbois de Jubainville, these names were Ligurian. Thus the Celts would have named only fortresses, and the names properly geographic would be due to the populations which preceded them. . . . These constituted for the most part the plebs, reduced almost to the state of slavery, which the Celtic aristocracy of Druids and Equites dominated. ... On the other hand, if one derives the Celts from central Europe, one explains better both the presence in central Europe of numerous place names, proving the establishment of dwellings of the Celts, and their invasions into southeastern Europe, more difficult to conceive if they had had to traverse the German forests. The migration of a people to a more fertile country is natural enough; the departure of the Celts from a fertile country like Gaul to a less fertile country like Germany would be very unlikely." And it must be remembered that Tacitus wondered why anyone should want to live in Germany, with its disagreeable climate, trackless forests and endless swamps.

Dottin adds the interesting bit of information, on p. 197, that the Gauls, mixed with the Illyrians (Alpines) were the farmers of old Gaul. The real Gauls were warriors and hunters.

173 : 22. Teutons. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 546 seq.

173 : 26 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 321; Oman, England Before the Norman Conquest, pp. 13 seq. For Celts and Teutons consult also G. de Mortillet, La formation de la nation francaise, pp. 114 seq.

174 : 1. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 409-410, and 2, pp. 319-320, says not earlier than the sixth or seventh centuries B. C, but Montelius and others give 800. G. Dottin, pp. 457-460, and D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. 342-343, contend that there is no historical record of it. The date depends upon whether the word [x], which designates "tin" in the Iliad, is a Celtic word. See also Oman, 2, pp. 13-14, and Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 1, 2.

174 : 7. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 308 seq. and 325 seq.; Dottin, pp. 1 and 2, and his Conclusion. Also numerous other writers, especially D'Arbois de Jubainville, in various volumes  of the Revue Celtique.

174 : 10. Nordicized Alpines. Dottin, p. 237: "Caesar tells us that the Plebs of Gaul was in a state bordering on slavery. It did not dare by itself to do anything and was never consulted." Cf. note to p. 173 : 20.

174 : 11. Gauls in the Crimea. Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece, p. 387, quotes Strabo (309 and 507) and the long Protogenes inscription from Olbia (Corp. Inscr. Graec, II, no. 2058).

174 : 15. Migration of Nordics from Germany. It occurred about the eighth century B.C., according to many authors, among them G. Dottin, pp. 241, 457-458. "Caesar, Livy, Justinius, summing up Pompeius Trogus, Appian and Plutarch, without doubt following a common source, even think that excess population is the cause of the Gallic migrations. It is one of the reasons to which Caesar attributes the emigration of the Helvetii. Cisalpine Gaul nourished an immense population."

174 : 21. Cymry move westward. See Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 319-321; Oman, 2, pp. 13 seq. and especially p. 16; Deniker, 2, pp. 320-322 ; Dottin, pp. 460 seq. Both Rhys and Jones, in the Welsh People, and G. Dottin, suggest that this movement was only part of one great migration which dispersed the Nordics from a central home. Their appearance in Greece as Galatians at about the same time may be ascribed to this migration. See the notes to p. 158 : 1 seq.

Oman and many other authorities think the movement occurred some time before 325 B.C.

174 : 21 seq. Cymry and Belgae. The Cymry or Belgae were "P Celtic" in speech. They first appeared in history about 300 B. C, equipped with a culture of the second iron period called La Tene. The classic authors were apparently uncertain as to whether or not they were Germans (or Teutons), but they appear to have been largely composed of this element, and to have arrived previously from Scandinavia and to have adopted the Celtic tongue. These Belgae drove out the earlier "Q Celts" or Goidels, and the pressure they exerted caused many of the later migrations of the Goidels or Gauls.

The groups of tribes which in Caesar's time occupied the part of France to the north and east of the Seine were known as Belgae, while the same people who had crossed to the north of the channel were called Brythons. To avoid designating these groups separately the author has called all these tribes Cymry, although the term can properly be applied only to the "P Celts" of Wales, who adopted this designation for themselves about the sixth century A. D., according to Rhys and Jones, p. 26, where we read: "The singular is Cymro, the plural Cymry. The word Cymro, is derived from the earlier Cumbrox or Combrox, which is parallel to the Gaulish Allobrox (plural Allobroges) a name applied by the Gauls to certain Ligurians whose country they conquered. ... As the word is to be traced to Cumbra-land (Cumberland), its use must have extended to the Brythons" (see Rice Holmes, 2, p. 15, where he says the Brythons spread the La Tene culture). "But as the name Cymry seems to have been unknown, not only in Brittany, but also in Cornwall, it may be conjectured that it cannot have acquired anything like national significance for any length of time before the battle of Deorham in the year 577, when the West Saxons permanently severed the Celts west of the Severn from their kinsmen (of Gloucester, Somerset, etc., as now known).

"Thus it is probable that the national significance of the term Cymro may date from the sixth century and is to be regarded as the exponent of the amalgamation of the Goidelic and Brythonic populations under high pressure from without by the Saxons and Angles." Therefore it is a purely Welsh term, properly speaking. Broca, in the Memoires d'anthropologie, I, 871, p. 395, is responsible for the word as applied to the invaders of Gaul who spoke Celtic. He called them Kimris. See also his remarks in the Bulletin de la societe d'Anthropologic, XI, 1861, pp. 308-309, and the article by L. Wilser in U Anthropologic, XIV, 1903, pp. 496-497.

175 : 12 seq. See the notes to p. 32 : 8; also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 337; Fleure and James, pp. 118 seq. Taylor, 1, p. 109, says that there is a superficial resemblance between the Teutons and Celts, but a radical difference in skulls, the Teutonic being more dolichocephalic. Both are tall, large-limbed and fair. The Teuton is distinguished by a pink and white skin, the Celt is more florid and inclined to freckle. The Teuton eye is blue, that of the Celt gray, green, or grayish blue.

175 : 21 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, p. 326 seq., gives a summary of the descriptions of various classic authors. Salomon Reinach, 2, pp. 80 seq., discusses Pausanias' detailed recital of the event. For the original see Pausanias, X, 22. Cf. also the note to p. 158 : 1.

176 : 15-177 : 27. The series of notes which were collected by the author on the wanderings of these Germanic tribes proved so lengthy, and the relationships of the peoples under discussion so intricate, that they grew beyond all reasonable proportions as notes, and carried the subject far afield. Hence it has seemed best to omit them in this connection and to embody them in another work.

Perhaps it will therefore be sufficient to say here that the results of the research have made it clear that all of these tribes were related by blood and by language, and came originally from Scandinavia and the neighborhood of the Baltic Sea. For some unknown reason, such as pressure of population, they began, one after another, a southward movement in the centuries immediately before the Christian Era, which brought them within the knowledge of the Mediterranean world. Their wanderings were very extensive and covered Europe from southern Russia and the Crimea to Spain, and even to Africa. Many of these tribes broke up into smaller groups under distinct names, or united with others to form large confederacies. Not only did some of them clash with each other almost to the point of extermination in their efforts to obtain lands, but in attempting to avoid the Huns came into contact with the Romans, and broke through the frontier of the Empire at various points. From the Romans they gained many of the ideas which were later incorporated by them in the various European nations which they founded. The result of their conquests was to establish a Nordic nobility and upper class in practically every country of Europe, — a condition which has remained to the present day.

177 : 12. Varangians. See the note on the Varangians, to p. 189 : 24.

177 : 18. See Jordanes, History of the Goths.

177 : 27. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 92-93; Taylor, Words and Places, p. 45; and G. Dottin, Manuel Celtique, p. 28. This word came from Volcae, the name of a Celtic tribe of the upper Rhine. Their name, to the neighboring Teutons, came to designate a foreigner. The Volcae were separated into two branches, the Arecomici, established between the Rhone and the Garonne, and the Tectosages, in the region of the upper Garonne. The term Volcae has become among the Germans Walah, then Walch, from which is derived Welsch, which designates the people of Romance language, such as the Italians and French. Among the Anglo-Saxons it has become Wealh, from which the derivation Welsh, which designates the Gauls, and nowadays their former compatriots who migrated to England and settled in Wales.

CHAPTER VII. TEUTONIC EUROPE

179 : 10. Mikklegard. "The Great City." This was the name given to Byzantium by the Goths.

180 : 2-1 1. Procopius, Vandalic War; Gibbon, chaps. XXXI-XXXVIII; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe.

181 : 14. Gibbon, chaps. XXXVII and XXXVIII.

182 : 1. Eginhard, The Life of Charlemagne.

183 : 24. The Political History of England, vol. V, by H. A. L. Fisher, p. 205: "While the sovereigns of Europe were collecting tithes from their clergy for the Holy War, and papal collectors were selling indulgences to the scandal of some scrupulous minds, the empire became vacant by the death of Maximilian on January 19, 15 19. For a few months diplomacy was busy with the choice of a successor. The king of France (Francis I) poured money into Germany, and was supported in his candidature by the pope; the king of England ( Henry VIII) sent Pace to counteract French designs with the electors; but the issue was never really in doubt. Germany would not tolerate a French ruler; and on June 28, 15 19, Charles of Spain was elected king of the Romans."

184 : 8. Depopulation. (Thirty Years' War.) Cambridge Modern History, vol. IV, p. 418, says that Germany was particularly afflicted. The data are unreliable, but the population of the empire was probably reduced by two-thirds, or from 16,000,000 to less than 6,000,000. Bavaria, Franconia and Swabia suffered most. W. Menzel says:

"Germany is reckoned by some to have lost one-half, by others, two-thirds, of her entire population during the Thirty Years' War. In Saxony 900,000 men had fallen within ten years; in Bohemia the number of inhabitants at the demise of Frederick II, before the last deplorable inroads made by Barier and Torstenson, had sunk to one-fourth. Augsburg, instead of 80,000 had 18,000 inhabitants. Every province, every town throughout the Empire had suffered at an equal ratio, with the exception of Tyrol. . . . The working class had almost totally disappeared. In Franconia the misery and depopulation had reached such an extent that the Franconian estates, with the assent of the ecclesiastical princes, abolished in 1650 the celibacy of the Catholic clergy and permitted each man to have two wives. . . . The nobility were compelled by necessity to enter the services of the princes, the citizens were impoverished and powerless, the peasantry had been utterly demoralized by military rule and reduced to servitude." It has been said that the city of Berlin contained but 300 citizens; the Palatinate of the Rhine but 200 farmers. In character, intelligence and in morality, the German people were set back two hundred years. There are, in addition to the authorities quoted here, numerous others who make the same observations, in fact, this depopulation is one of the outstanding results of the Thirty Years' War.

See also Anton Gindely, History of the Thirty Years' War, p. 398.

184 : 22 seq. The British Medical Journal for April 8, 1 91 6; and Parsons, Anthropological Observations on German Prisoners of War.

185 : 6. See the note to p. 196 : 27.

CHAPTER VIII. THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS

188 : 5. Beddoe, 4; Ripley, chap. VI.

188 : 11. British Medical Journal for April 8, 1916.

188 : 15. Ripley, pp. 221 and 469, and the authorities quoted.

188 : 24-189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of High and Low German, see Herman Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie; The Encyclopedia Britannica, under German Language, gives a good summary.

189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256.

189 : 12. Villari, The Barbarian Invasions of Italy; Thos. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders.

189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, Caesar's Conquest of Gaul, p. 37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the incursions of the barbarians into Italy.

189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of Russia and Germany and the monk Nestor, who was the earliest annalist of the Russians, agree in deriving the Varangians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They probably were more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the continental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first founders of the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or Northman. Their language, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, differed essentially from the Sclavonian. The author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the Russians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden for their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the Normans. The Finns, Laplanders and Esthonians speak of the Swedes to the present day as Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi, Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See Schlozer, in his Nestor, p. 60; and Malte Brun, p. 378, as well as Kluchevsky, vol. I, pp. 56-76 and 92. The Varangians, according to Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at Byzantium. These were the Russian Varangians, who made their way to that city by the eastern routes. Canon Isaac Taylor, in Words and Places, p. no, remarks that "for centuries the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering throne of the Byzantine emperors." This Varangian Guard was very largely reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Conquest of England. The name Varangi is undoubtedly identical with Frank, and is the term used in the Levant to des- ignate Christians of the western rite, from the days of the Crusades down to the present time. Cf. Ferangistan — land of the Franks, or, as it is now interpreted, " Europe," especially western Europe. E. B. Soane, To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise, uses the phrase d la ferangi as describing anything imported from western Europe.

190 : 1. Deniker, 2, pp. 333-334; Ripley.

190 : 9. Deniker, the same.

190 : 13. Ripley, pp. 281-283.

190 : 15. Ripley, pp. 343 seq.

190 : 19. See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 seq. and 196 : 18.

190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.

192 : 1 seq. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, t. XIV, pp. 357— 395; Feist, 5, p. 365. Col. W. R. Livermore, in correspondence, says that practically all students on the Celtiberian question agree upon the point where the Celts entered Spain, namely, that designated by de Jubainville. They passed along the Atlantic coast, across the Pyrenees, where the railroad from Paris to Madrid now crosses, about 500 B. C, between the time of Avienus, ±525 and Herodotus, ± 443. In the time of Avienus the Ligurians had both ends of the Pyrenees from Ampurias to Bayonne, and controlled the sources of the Batis. In the time of Herodotus, the Gauls had the country up to the Curretes. See also Mullenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, II, p. 238, and Deniker, 2, p. 321. D'Arbois de Jubainville, op. cit., especially pp. 363-364, says: "The name Celtiberian was adopted at the time of Hannibal, who entered Spain, married a Celt, and thus won the assistance of the Celts in his march on Rome. . . . The name Celtiberian is the generic term for designating the Celts established in the center of Spain, but the word is sometimes taken in a less extended sense to designate only one part of this important group."

192 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70. See also p. 156 of this book.

192 : 14. See the note to p. 156, or Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece, p. 375.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. This may refer to the veins showing blue through the fair Nordic skin.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, op. cit., p. 375. Here he says: "The Visigoths became the master race, and from them the Spanish Grandees, among whom fair hair is a common feature, derive their sangre azul. After a glorious struggle against the Saracens, which served to keep alive their martial ardor and thus brace up the ancient vigor of the race, from the 16th century onward the Visigothic wave seems to have exhausted i ts initial energy, and the aboriginal stratum has more and more come to the surface and has thus left Spain sapless and supine."

192 : 22. Taylor, 2, pp. 308-309, says: "From the name of the same nation, — the Goths of Spain, — are derived curiously enough, two names, one implying extreme honor, the other extreme contempt. The Spanish noble, who boasts that the sangre azul of the Goths runs in his veins with no admixture, calls himself an hidalgo, that is, a son of the Goth, as his proudest title." A footnote to this reads: "The old etymology Hijo d'algo, son of someone, has been universally given up in favor of hi' d'al Go, son of the Goth. (More correctly hi' del Go'.) See a paper 'On Oc and Oyl' translated by Bishop Thirlwall, for the Philological Museum, vol. II, p. 337." Taylor goes on to say, however, that the version hi' d' algo, son of someone, is still given as the origin of this word in R. Barcia's Primer Diccionaria General Etimologico de la Lengua Espanol.

Concerning some other derivations Taylor continues: "Of Gothic blood scarcely less pure than that of the Spanish Hidalgos, are the Cagots of Southern France, a race of outcast pariahs, who in every village live apart, executing every vile or disgraceful kind of toil, and with whom the poorest peasant refuses to associate. These Cagots are the descendants of those Spanish Goths, who, on the invasion of the Moors, fled to Aquitaine, where they were protected by Charles Martel. But the reproach of Arianism clung to them, and religious bigotry branded them with the name ca gots or 'Gothic Dogs,' a name which still clings to them, and keeps them apart from their fellow-men."

Elsewhere we find the following: "The fierce and intolerant Arianism of the Visigothic conquerors of Spain has given us another word. The word Visigoth has become Bigot, and thus on the imperishable tablets of language the Catholics have handed down to perpetual infamy the name and nation of their persecutors."

193 : 14 seq. Cf. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, p. 343, where he says that the exodus of the Conquistadores was fatal to Spain.

193 : 17. Rice Holmes, 2; and the note to p. 69 of this book.

194 : 1. See the note to p. 173.

194 : 8. Ridgeway, I, p. 372, says: "We know from Strabo and other writers that the Aquitani were distinctly Iberian." Consult also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 12, where he quotes Caesar.

194 : 14 seq. Ridgeway, op. cit., pp. 372 and 395; Ripley, chap. VII, pp. 137 seq.

194 : 19 seq. Rice Holmes, 2, under Belgae, pp. 5, 12, 257, 259. 304-3 5, 308-309, 311, 315, 318-325; and Ancient Britain, p. 445. The modern composition of the French population has been investigated by Edmond Bayle and Dr. Leon MacAuliffe, who find that there is decided race mixture, with chestnut pigmentation of hair and eyes predominating. Blond traits were found to be almost confined to the north and east, while brunet characters prevail in the south. Pure black hair is exceedingly rare.

195 : 14. Vanderkindere, Recherches sur l'Ethnologie de la Belgique, pp. 569-574; Rice Holmes, 2, p. 323; Beddoe, 4, pp. 21 seq. and 72.

195 : 18. Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; Ripley, p. 127; Rice Holmes, 2; and Feist, 5, p. 14.

195 : 25 seq. Franks of the lower Rhine. Eginhard, in his Life of Charlemagne, p. 7, states the following: "There were two great divisions or tribes of the Franks, the Salians, deriving their name probably from the river Isala, the Yssel, who dwelt on the lower Rhine, and the Ripuarians, probably from Ripa, a bank, who dwelt about the banks of the middle Rhine. The latter were by far the most numerous, and spread over a greater extent of country; but to the Salians belongs the glory of founding the great Frankish kingdom under the royal line of the Merwings" (Merovingians).

196 : 2 seq. Ripley, p. 157; DeLapouge, passim.

196 : 7 seq. Oman, 2, pp. 499 seq.; Beddoe, 4, p. 94 and chap. VII; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2, p. 129; Ripley, pp. 151-153, 316-317.

196 : 18 seq. DeLapouge, passim; Ripley, pp. 150-155.

197 : 3. See David Starr Jordan, War and the Breed, pp. 61 seq. This stature has somewhat recovered in recent years. It is now, in Correze, only 2 cm. below the average for the whole of France. See Grilliere, pp. 392 seq. W. R. Inge, Outspoken Essays, pp. 41-42: "The notion that frequent war is a healthy tonic for a nation is scarcely tenable. Its dysgenic effect, by eliminating the strongest and healthiest of the population while leaving the weaklings at home to be the fathers of the next generation, is no new discovery. It has been supported by a succession of men, such as Tenon, Dufau, Foissac, DeLapouge and Richet in France; Tiedemann and Seeck in Germany; Guerrini in Italy; Kellogg and Starr Jordan in America. The case is indeed overwhelming. The lives destroyed in war are nearly all males, thus disturbing the sex equilibrium of the population. They are in the prime of life, at the age of greatest fecundity; and they are picked from a list out of which from 20 to 30 per cent have been rejected for physical unfitness. It seems to be proved that the children born in France during the Napoleonic wars were poor and undersized, 30 millimeters below the normal height."

197 : 11. DeLapouge, passim; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 306 seq.

197 : 29-198 : 10. R. Collignon, Anthropologie de la France, pp. 3 seq.; DeLapouge, Les Selections sociales; Ripley, pp. 87-89; Inge, p. 41; Jordan, passim.

198 : 22. Conscript Armies. Two interesting letters bearing on the racial differences composing conscript and volunteer armies in the recent World War may here be quoted.

The first, from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, relates to the English army of Kitchener in 1915. "Perhaps it may interest you to know that in 1915 when recruits belonging to Kitchener's army were training near Rochampton, I noticed that almost every man was fair, — not, of course, with the pronounced fairness of the men of the north of Scotland, who are descended from Scandinavians, but with such fairness as is to be seen in England. These men, as you know, were volunteers."

The second, from DeLapouge, concerns our American army in France. "I have been able to verify for myself your observations on the American army. The first to arrive were all volunteers, all dolicho-blonds; but the draft afterwards brought in inferior elements. At St. Nazaire, at Tours, and at Poictiers, I have been able to examine American soldiers by the tens of thousands and I have been able to formulate for myself a very definite conception of the types."

199 : 9. H. Belloc, The Old Road; Peake, Memorials of Old Leicestershire, pp. 34-41; Fleure and James, p. 127.

199 : 23. See the notes to pp. 174 : 21 and 247 : 3 of this book.

199 : 29-200 : 11. See p. 131 of this book; also Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 231-236, 434, 455-456; and 2, p. 15.

200 : 10. Cf. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 446, 449 and the note on 451; also Oman, 2, p. 16.

200 : 12. Inferred from Rice Holmes, 1, p. 232; also Beddoe, 4, p. 31.

200 : 18. Oman, 2, pp. 174-175 and chap. III seq., treats specially of these times. See also Beddoe, 4, pp. 36, 37 and chap. V.

200 : 24. Oman, 2, pp. 215-219.

201 : 1. Villari, vol I, or Hodgkin.

201 : 6 seq. Oman, 2; Ripley, pp. 154, 156; Beddoe, 4, p. 94; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2.

201 : 11 seq. Beddoe, 4, chap. VII and the notes to p. 196 : 7 of this book.

201 : 18 seq. See pp. 63, 64.

201 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 247. Decline of the Nordic type in England. Beddoe, H.; Fleure and James; Peake and Horton, A Saxon Graveyard at East Shefford, Berks, p. 103.

202 : 4. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

202 : 13. Beddoe, 4, p. 92 and also chap. XII.

202 : 17. Ripley, under Ireland.

202 : 23 seq. See the notes to p. 108 : 1.

203 : 5 seq. The intellectual inferiority of the Irish. If there is any indication of the intellectual rating of various foreign countries to be derived from the draft examinations of our foreign-born, grouped according to place of nativity, a paper by Major Bingham of Washington, in regard to "The Relation of Intelligence Ratings to Nativity " may be quoted. The total number of foreign-born examined, which formed the basis of this report, was 12,407, while the total number of native-born whites was 93,973. Only countries were considered which were represented by more than 100 men in the examinations. The tests were divided into those for literates and those for illiterates, so that even men not speaking English could be graded. In these examinations the Irish made a surprisingly poor showing, falling far below the English and Scotch, who stood very high, as well as below the Germans, Austrians, French-Canadians, Danes, Dutch, Belgians, Swedes and Norwegians, being about on a par with the Russians, Poles and Italians. Therefore, if these tests are any criterion of intellectual ability, the Irish are noticeably inferior.

203 : 18. See p. 123 of this book.

203 : 24. Beddoe, 4, p. 139 and chap. XIV.

204 : 1. See the note to p. 150 : 21.

204 : 5. There is an amusing discussion in Rice Holmes, 1, on the Pictish question. See pp. 409-424. Rice Holmes contends that the Picts were not pure remnants of the Pre-Celtic inhabitants, but a mixture of these with Celts. The term Picts has been very widely accepted as a designation for those Pre-Celtic inhabitants, who were certainly there. No other name has been given for them and it is in this sense that it is used here, and that Rice Holmes himself is obliged to use it on p. 456. It will be useful to the reader to peruse pp. 13-16 of Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People. Appendix B, of that volume (pp. 617 seq.), written by Sir J. Morris Jones, entitled "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," shows the Anaryan survivals in Welsh and Irish to be remarkably similar to ancient Egyptian, which, with the Berber of intermediate situation, belongs to the great Hamitic family of languages and was the tongue of the primitive Mediterraneans. For Beddoe's opinion see 4, p. 36. On p. 247 he says, speaking of the Highland people: " Every here and there a decidedly Iberian physiognomy appears, which makes one think Professor Rhys right in supposing that the Picts were in part, at least, of that stock." See Hector McLean, 1, p. 170, where he suggests that the Picts were originally the Pictones from the south bank of the Loire in Gaul.

The name Pixie, met with so frequently in Irish legends, and relating to little people similar to dwarfs, may have some connection with these shy little Mediterraneans whom the Nordics found on their arrival and who were forced back by them into inaccessible districts.

204 : 19. See the article on "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," just mentioned, and Beddoe, 4, p. 46, quoting Elton, p. 167. For other Non-Aryan remnants, especially in names, see Hector McLean, 1, passim.

205 : 3. See Fleure and James, pp. 62, 73, 1 19-128, and especially pp. 125 and 151.

205 : 10. The same, pp. 38-39, 75 and elsewhere.

205 : 16. This is intimated by Rhys and Jones, in The Welsh People, p. 33.

205 : 20 seq. The same, chap. I, especially p. 35 and pp. 502 seq.; Fleure and James, p. 143.

206 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 38, 75, 119, 152. These gentlemen say, on p. 38, that they believe that certain types, without any intervening social or linguistic barrier for centuries, have apparently persisted side by side in very marked fashion in certain parts of Wales.

A letter from Mr. Baring Gould confirms this: "In Wales there are two types, the dark Siluric and the light Norman. Here in the west of England we have the same two types. In this neighborhood one village is fair, the next dark and sallow. It is the same in Cornwall; in certain villages the type is dark and sallow, in others fair. There is no comparison between the capabilities moral and physical between t he two types. The dark is tricky, unreliable and goes under, and the fair type predominates in trade, in business, in farming and in every department."

Beddoe, Fleure and James, and also Hector McLean remark on the various moral and mental capabilities of the different physical types.

206 : 13. Beddoe, 4, chap. VIII.

206 : 16 seq. Taylor, 2, p. 129; Keary, pp. 486 seq. On the Normans see Beddoe, chaps. VIII, IX and X.

207 : 2. Beddoe, the same.

207 : 11. Gibbon, chap. LVI; Taylor, 2, p. 133.

207 : 15. Beddoe, chap. VIII.

208 : 8. Beddoe, 4, p. 95. The breadth of skull "of the Norman aristocracy may probably have been smaller, but the ecclesiastics of Norman or French nationality, who abounded in England for centuries after the conquest and who, in many cases, rose from the subjugated Celtic [Alpine] layer of population, have left us a good many broad and round skulls. Thus the crania of three bishops of Durham . . . yield an index of 85.6, while those of eight Anglican canons dating from before the conquest yield one of 74.9. So far, however, as the actual conquest and armed occupation of England was concerned, the aristocracy and military caste, who were largely of Scandinavian type, came over in much larger proportion than the more Belgic or Celtic lower ranks, insomuch that it has been said that more of the Norman noblesse came over to England than were left behind."

During the Middle Ages the church was a very democratic institution, and it was only through its offices that the lower ranks succeeded in working their way up. This was partly because the older peoples possessed the Roman learning, and because the northern invaders were more addicted to martial than to priestly pursuits. The conquered people had no chance to rise in political, aristocratic or military circles, and contented themselves with the church. At the present time, in many Catholic countries, notably Ireland, the priests are derived from the lowest stratum of the population, as may be clearly recognized in their portraits.

208 : 14. Beddoe, passim.

208 : 20. Beddoe, 4, p. 270; G. Retzius, 3; Ripley; Fleure and James, p. 152; Alphonse de Candolle, Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siecles, p. 576; Peake and Horton, p. 103; and the note to p. 201 : 23 of this book.

208 : 26. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

210 : 5. Cf. Beddoe, p. 94.

210 : 20. Ripley, pp. 228, 283, 345.

210 : 24. Holland and Flanders. Ripley, pp. 157 and 293 seq.  

210 : 25. Flemings and Franks. See Sir Harry Johnston, Views and Reviews, p. 101.

211 : 6. The authorities quoted in Ripley, p. 207. See also Fleure and James, p. 140; Zaborowski, 2; and C. O. Arbo, Yner, p. 25.

211 : 26. Ripley, pp. 363-365; Feist, 5; and Dr. Westerlund as quoted in "The Finns," by Van Cleef.

212 : 1. Ripley, p. 341.

212 : 4. See the note to p. 242 : 16.
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 2:55 am

Part 4 of 5

CHAPTER IX. THE NORDIC FATHERLAND

213 : 1-23. Cf. O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Mathaeus Much; Hirt, 1, 2; Zaborowski, 1, pp. 100-110; Peake, 2, pp. 163-167; Feist, 1, p. 14; Taylor, 1; Ripley, p. 127; Ridgeway, 1, p. 373 and the notes to pp. 239 : 16 seq., and 253 : 19 of this book. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. ix and 214, gives the date when the Indo-Europeans were united as 2500 B.C. Feist, 5, believes the Nordics were still in their homeland between 2500 and 2000 B.C. This was the transition period from Stone to Bronze in north-middle and eastern Europe. Breasted, Ancient Times, says: "It has recently been scientifically demonstrated on the basis, chiefly, of the Amarna tablets and other cuneiform evidence, that the Aryans had by 2000 or 1800 B.C. begun to leave a home on the east or southeast of the Caspian, where they divided into two branches, one going southeast into India, the other southwest into Babylon." "The first occurrence of Indo-European names is in the Tell-el-Amarna (Egyptian) correspondence," says Myres, Dawn of History, p. 153, "which gives so vivid a picture of Syrian affairs in the years immediately after 1400. They represent chieftains scattered up and down Syria and Palestine, and they include the name of Tushratta, king of the large district of Mitanni beyond Euphrates. . . . But this is a minor matter; nothing is commoner in the history of migatory peoples than to find a very small leaven of energetic intruders ruling and organizing large native populations without either learning their subjects' language or improving their own until considerably later, if at all. The Norman princes, for example, bear Teutonic names, Robert, William, Henry; but it is Norman French in which they govern Normandy and correspond with the king of France. All these Indo-European names (mentioned in the tablets), belong to the Iranian group of languages, which is later found widely spread over the whole plateau of Persia."

214 : 1 seq. See pp. 158-159 of this book.

214 : 7 seq. Herodotus, IV, 17, 18, 33, 53, 65, 74, etc., for notes on the Scythians. Wheat was cultivated in the southern part of Scythia. Corn was an article of trade, and the loom was used. See also Zaborowski, 1; Ripley; Feist, 5.

214 : 10. Scythians. According to Zaborowski, 1, the Scythians were the earliest known Nordic nomads of Scythia, or southern Russia, from whom no doubt came the Achaeans, Cimmerians, etc., and later the Persian conquerors, the leaders of the Kassites and Mitanni, etc. The Sacae were an eastern branch of the Scythians (and likewise the Massagetae), who threw off branches into India. Possibly the Wu-Suns and the Epthalites, or White Huns, were eastern offshoots. Owing to the fact that Scythia has been swept time and again by various hordes moving east and west, and has served no doubt as a meeting-ground for Alpines, Nordics and Mongols, these may all, at some period or another, have been called Scythians because they inhabited this little-known territory. But the indications are strongly in favor of the original Scythians being Nordics. It is in this sense that the name is here applied. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, and D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, are two other authorities who have discussed the Scythians at length.

214 : 11. Cimmerians. See the note to p. 173. On the Persians, see the notes to p. 254. For the Sacae, the note to p. 259 : 21; for the Massagetae, the same; for the Kassites, that to p. 239 : 13. These last are Non-Aryan, according to some authors, including Prince, but Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East, says they are undeniably Aryans. For the Mitanni see the note to p. 239 : 16.

214 : 26-215 : 3. See p. 161 of this book.

215 : 15. See p. 160 of this book.

215 : 25. Dante Alighieri. It is interesting to know that the name Aligheri is Gothic, a corruption of Aldiger. It belongs to such German names as those which include the word "ger," spear, as in Gerhard, Gertrude, etc. This name came into the family through Dante's grandmother on the father's side, a Goth from Ferrara, whose name was Aldigero. With regard to the origin of his grandfather and mother, the attempt  to connect him with Roman families is known to be a pure fiction on the part of the Italian biographers, who thought it more glorious to be a Roman than anything else; but his descent from pure Germanic parentage is practically proved, since the grandfather was a warrior, knighted by the emperor Conrad, and Dante himself declares that he belonged to the petty nobility. Even to the beginning of the fifteenth century many Italians are described in old documents as Alemanni, Langobardi, etc., ex alamanorum genere, legibus vivens Langobardorum, etc. Though the majority of them had adopted Roman law, whereby the documentary evidence of their descent usually disappeared, they were thoroughly Germanic in blood, especially those to whom Rome owes much. See Franz Xaver Kraus, Dante, pp. 21-25, and Savigny, Geschichte des romischen Rechte im Mittelalter, I, chap. III.

216 : 1. See the notes to p. 254 : 13-15.

216 : 4. Nordic Sacae. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.

216 : 9. See the notes to pp. 70 and 242 : 5.

216 : 12. Gibbon, especially vols. Ill and IV, which contain numerous references, and the note to p. 135 : 25.

216 : 17. Tenney Frank, Race Mixture in the Roman Empire, pp. 704 seq.

217 13. Plutarch's Life of Pompey the Great, and his Life of Caesar; also Ferrero, The Greatness and Decline of Rome, vol. II, "Caesar," chap. VII.

217 : 12. Decline of the Romans and the Punic Wars. Livy, I, XXI seq., and Appian, De rebus hispaniensibus, and De bello Annibalico. Also Pliny, I, and Polybius, I. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, section entitled "Les Celtiberes pendant la seconde guerre punique," pp. 44 seq., says that Hannibal's success in Rome was due to the aid of the Celts and the Celtiberians. Hannibal gained much of his army from the Celts of Spain, Gaul, and Cis-Alpine Gaul, as he marched toward Rome.

217 : 16. Social and Servile Wars. Plutarch's Lives of Fabius Maximus and of Sylla.

217 : 26. See the note to p. 51 : 18.

218 : 16. Tenney Frank, 1 and 2; Dill, 2, book II, chaps. II and III; and 1, book II, chap. I; Myers, Ancient History, pp. 498-499, 523-525. Bury, in A History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. I, chap. Ill, makes slavery, oppressive taxation, the importation of barbarians and Christianity the four chief causes of the weakness and failure of the Empire.

Gibbon, vol I, at the end of chap. X, says, in speaking of the extinction of the old Roman families, that only the Calpurnian gens long survived the tyranny of the Caesars. See the last three or four pages of the chapter. Also Frederick Adams Woods, The Influence of Monarchs, p. 295.

219 : 11-220 : 19. Frank, 1, p. 705.

220 : 21. See p. 216 of this book.

221 : 25. Gibbon ; Lecky , The History of European Morals ; and the note to p. 218 : 16.

CHAPTER X. THE NORDIC RACE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE

223 : 2. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 380 seq.; Myers, Ancient History, p. 33, footnote. Also consult Von Luschan, The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia, p. 230.

223 : 5. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, pp. 200 seq.

223 : 5. Tamahu. Authorities above; Sergi, 4, pp. 59 seq. ; Beddoe, 4, p. 14, for the question of their race.

223 : 12. Broca, 1; Collignon, 5 and 7; Sergi, 1; and Ripley, p. 279. There are numerous articles on the blond Berbers and references to their relation to the Vandals. Ripley, based on Broca, gives the essential information. Gibbon, chap. XXXIII, is an important reference.

Blond Moors. Procopius says, D7, 13, describing the fighting with the Moors in Mauretania beyond Mt. Aurasium, which is thirteen days' journey west of Carthage: "I have heard Ortaias say that beyond these nations of Moors, beyond Aurasium, which he ruled" [apparently south] "there was no habitation of men, but desert land to a great distance, and that beyond this desert there are men, not black-skinned like the Moors, but very white in body and fair-haired."

Mr. J. B. Thornhill relates that about fifteen years ago he was in Morocco (presumably near Tangier) and while there he saw several purely blond Berbers from the Riff mountains. A young girl, especially, was an almost pure Swedish blond. The coloring, however, was pale and whitish rather than pink; the eyes were blue and the hair wavy and very blond.

223 : 21. For the Philistines, Anakim and Achaeans see Ridge way, 1, pp. 618 seq. Sir William Ridge way places the appearance of the Philistines as nearly synchronous with that of the Achaeans, and states that their weapons and armor were similar to those of the Achaeans, but different from those of the other nations of the early world. Cf. also Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 72, especially footnote 1, where he says: "The Philistines were specially receptive of Hellenic culture and eager to claim relationship with the Greeks, and disassociate themselves from the Semites. Their coin types shew this, see p. 399, n." He regards them as Cretans.

223 : 22-23. Sons of Anak. Numbers, XIII, 33: "And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which came of the giants; and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers and so we were in their sight." Deuteronomy, I, 28: "Whither shall we go up? Our brethren have discouraged our heart, saying, 'The people is greater and taller than we; the cities are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the sons of the Anakim there.'"

Fairness of David. I Samuel, XVI, 11, 12: "And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth the youngest, and behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him; for we shall not sit down till he come hither. And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. . . ." Chap. XVII, 41,42 : "And the Philistine came on and drew near unto David, and when the Philistine looked about, and saw David, he disdained him; for he was but a youth, and ruddy and of a fair countenance." In the Hebrew, the phrase Of a Beautiful Countenance means fair of eyes.

The presence of Nordics in Syria among the Amorites is indicated by the tall stature, long-headedness and fair skin with which they are depicted on the Egyptian monuments. In some instances their eyes are blue. See p. 59 of Albert T. Clay's The Empire of the Amorites, also Sayce, and Hall.

224 : 3. Wu-Suns and Hiung-Nu. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, p. 121. DeLapouge, L'Aryen, mentions the existence of a number of central Asiatic tribes in addition to the Wu-Suns, who were Nordic. See also J. Klaproth, Tableaux historiques de l'Asie. Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens, p. 286, says: "The Hiung-Nu hurled themselves upon the Illi, and upon another blond people the Wu-Suns, whose importance was such that the Chinese, who have made them known to us, sought their alliance against the Huns. The Chinese knew then, in Turkestan, only the Wu-Suns, the Sse, or Sacae, and the Ta-hia (our Tadjiks)."

"The Yue-Tchi, repulsed by the Wu-Suns in 130 B.C., hurled themselves upon Bactria" (see the notes to p. 119 : 13). "The Sacae were then masters of it and their dispossession resulted in pressing them in part into India where they founded a kingdom and also in part into the Pro-Pamirian valleys, especially that of the Oxus. The Yue-Tchi ruled over central Asia until 425 A.D. They were dispossessed in their turn by the Hoas, or Epthalite Huns" (White Huns).

The remainder of the chapter, pp. 287-291 is concerned with Turkestan, the Wu-Suns, Huns, Kirghizes, etc.

224 : 13. Deniker, 2, pp. 59 and 371, says the Ainus are dolichocephalic and have in addition other Nordic traits. See also Haddon, 1, pp. 8, 15-16, 49-50, Ratzel and others. The Ainus are, according to Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 852, the hairiest people in the world.

224 : 19. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16-32 : 4.

224 : 28. Deniker, 2, pp. 59 and 371 ; Haddon, 1, pp. 8, 15.

225 : 11. Phrygians. Bury, History of Greece, pp. 46-48, says: "But about this very time (1287 B.C.) the Hittite power was declining and northwestern Asia Minor as far as the valley of the Sangarius, was wrested from their rule by swarms of new invaders from Europe. These were the Phrygians to whose race the Dardanians belonged and who were so closely akin to the Thracians that we may speak of the Phrygo-Thracian division of the Indo-European family." On p. 44 we read: "The dynasty from which the Homeric kings, Agamemnon and Menelaus sprang, was founded according to Greek tradition, early in the 13th century (B.C.) by Pelops, a Phrygian. Agamemnon and Menelaus represent the Achaean stock. . . . The meaning of this Phrygian relationship is not clear." But if we follow the extent of the Achaean invasions and the relation of the art and language of archaic Phrygia to archaic Greece, the difficulty seems solved. See Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 475. The Encyclopedia Britannica (Phrygia) says: "According to unvarying Greek tradition the Phrygians were most closely akin to certain tribes of Macedonia and Thrace; and their near relationship to the Hellenic stock is proved by all that is known of their language and art, and is accepted by almost every modern authority. . . . The inference has been generally drawn that the Phrygians belonged to a stock widespread in the countries which lie around the AEgean Sea. There is, however, no conclusive evidence whether this stock came from the east, over Armenia, or was European in origin and crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor; but modern opinion inclines decidedly to the latter view"; and we may add that the recently demonstrated linguistic affiliations strengthen this assumption. See also Ridgeway, 1, pp. 396 and elsewhere; Peake, 2, p. 172; Feist, 5, p. 407; Felix Sartiaux, Troie, la guerre de Troie; and O. Schrader, Jevons translation, p. 430.

225 : 15. Cimmerians. See the note to p. 173 : 11.

225 : 17. Gauls and Galatians. See the note to p. 158 : 1.

225 : 19. Von Luschan, p. 243, says: "All western Asia was originally inhabited by a homogeneous, melanochroic race, with extreme hypsi-brachycephaly and with a 'Hittite' nose. About 4000 B.C. began a Semitic invasion from the southeast, probably from Arabia, by people looking like modern Bedawy. 2000 years later commenced a second invasion, this time from the northwest by xanthochrous and long-headed tribes like the modern Kurds, and perhaps connected with the historic Harri, Amorites, Tamahu and Galatians.

"The modern 'Turks,' Greeks and Jews are all three equally composed of these three elements, the Hititte, the Semitic, and the xanthochrous Nordic. Not so the Armenians and Persians. They, and still more, the Druses, Maronites, and the smaller sectarian groups of Syria and Asia Minor, represent the old Hittite element, and are little, or not at all, influenced by the somatic characters of alien invaders."

Von Luschan means by Persians, the round-headed Medic element, which has always been in the majority and which has, at the present day, practically submerged the once powerful, dominant Nordic class, which he says is still seen not rarely in some old noble families.

225 : 20. Until rather recently nothing much was known about the wild Kurdish tribes living in southeast Anatolia, and what reports there were, were frequently conflicting. There are two kinds of Kurds, dark and light. More data has gradually accumulated, however, and it seems that the true Kurds are tall, blond people, who resemble very much the inhabitants of northern Europe.

Ratzel, History of Mankind, says, quoting Polak: "The Kurds are, in color of skin, hair and eyes, so little different to the northern, especially the Teutonic breed, that they might easily be taken for Germans. There is nothing to contradict this racial affinity in the reputation for honor and courage, which in spite of their rapacious tendencies, the Kurds enjoy wherever it has been found possible to compel them to labor or to the trade of arms. In Persia the Shah entrusts the security of his person to Kurdish officers rather than to any others. Their loyalty to their hereditary Wali, which neither Turks nor Persians have been able to shake, is also noted with praise. The Kurd prefers to wander with his herds and in the winter lives in caves like Xenophon's Carduchi. . . . The Kurds are a highly mixed race of a type chiefly Iranian, which has been compared with the Afghan but is not homogeneous. The eastern Kurds must have received a larger infusion of Turkish blood than the western. 'Husbandmen by necessity, fighters by inclination,' says Moltke, 'the Arab is more of a thief, the Kurd more of a warrior.' They are a vigorous, violent race, running wild in tribal feuds and vendettas. . . . Their women hold a freer position than those of the Turks and Persians." The quotation is from vol. III, p. 537.

Von Luschan, op. cit., p. 229, describes them thus: " [They] have long heads and generally blue eyes and fair hair. They are probably descended from the Kardouchoi and Gordyaeans of old historians. They live southeast of the Armenian mountains. The western Kurds are dolichocephalic and more than half of them are fair. The eastern Kurds are little known but are apparently darker and more round-headed."

Soane, in To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise, gives a very full description of them, confirming the above. There are so many tribes differing from one another, that only the briefest summary may be given. It is found on pp. 398 seq. "Judged as specimens of the human form, there is probably no higher standard extant that that of the Kurds. The northerner is a tall, thin man (obesity is absolutely unknown among the Kurds). The nose is long, thin and often a little hooked, the mouth small, the face oval and long. The men usually grow a long moustache, and invariably shave the beard. The eyes are piercing and fierce. Among them are many of yellow hair and bright blue eyes; and the Kurdish infant of this type, were he placed among a crowd of English children, would be indistinguishable from them, for he has a white skin. In the south the face is a little broader sometimes, and the frame heavier. Of forty men of the southern tribes taken at random, there were nine under six feet, though among some tribes the average height is five feet nine. The stride is long and slow, and the endurance of hardship great. They hold themselves as only mountain men can do, proudly and erect. . . . Many and many a man have I seen among them who might have stood for the picture of a Norseman. Yellow, flowing hair, a long drooping moustache, blue eyes, and a fair skin — one of the most convincing proofs, if physiognomy be a criterion (were their language not a further proof), that the Anglo-Saxon and Kurd are one and the same stock." For a list of Kurdish tribes and their numbers and affiliations see Mark Sykes, vol. XXXVIII of the Jour, of the Roy. Anth. Soc. of Great Britain and Ireland, and Von Luschan, op. cit.

From all this evidence by men who have travelled among them it would appear that the Kurds are descendants of some ancient Nordic invaders who have found refuge in the mountain regions north of Mesopotamia. Cf. the note to p. 239 : 16.

CHAPTER XI. RACIAL APTITUDES

226 : 7. Conklin, in Heredity and Environment, p. 207, says: "Psychological characters appear to be inherited in the same way that anatomical and physiological traits are; indeed, all that has been said regarding the correlation of morphological and physiological characters applies also to psychological ones. No one doubts that particular instincts, aptitudes and capacities are inherited among both animals and men, nor that different races and species differ hereditarily in psychological characteristics. The general tendency of recent work on heredity is unmistakable, whether it concerns man or lower animals. The entire organism, consisting of structures and functions, body and mind, develops out of the germ, and the organization of the germ determines all the possibilities of development of the mind no less than of the body, though the actual realization of any possibility is dependent also upon environmental stimuli."

Cf. Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe, passim.

226 : 17. Deniker, 2, pp. 76, 97-104.

227 : 1. Cf. their busts with other Greek statues.

227 : 15. This does not refer to the peculiar nests of round-heads alluded to by Fleure and James, and Zaborowski, but to the Alpines proper.

227 : 20. DeLapouge, Les Selections sociales.

228 : 18. See Tacitus, Germania.

229 : 6. It may be interesting in this connection to quote Fleure and James, pp. 118-119, who, after giving illustrations of Mediterranean types, say of them: "Types i(a) to i(c) contribute considerable numbers to the ministries of the various churches, possibly in part from inherent and racial leanings, but partly also because these are the people of the Moorlands. The idealism of such people usually expresses itself in music, poetry, literature and religion, rather than in architecture, painting and plastic arts generally. They rarely have a sufficiency of material resources for the latter activities. These types also contribute a number of men to the medical profession, for somewhat similar reasons, no doubt.

"The successful commercial men, who have given the Welsh their extraordinarily prominent place in British trade (shipping firms, for example), usually belong to types 2 or 4" [Nordic and Nordic- Alpine, Beaker Maker], "rather than to 1, as also do the great majority of Welsh members of Parliament, t hough there are exceptions of the first importance.

"The Nordic type is marked by ingenuity and enterprise in striking out new lines. Type 2(c)" [Beaker Maker] "in Wales is remarkable for governmental ability of the administrative kind as well as for independence of thought and critical power."

The following remarks are taken from Beddoe, 4, p. 142: "In opposition to the current opinion it would seem that the Welsh rise most in commerce, the Scotch coming after them and the Irish nowhere. The people of Welsh descent and name hold their own fairly in science; the Scotch do more, the Irish less. But when one looks to the attainment of military or political distinction, the case is altered. Here the Scotchmen, and especially the Highlanders bear away the palm; the Irish retrieve their position and the Welsh are little heard of."

See also p. 10 of Beddoe's Races of Britain, and Hector McLean in vol. IV, pp. 218 seq. of the Anthropological Review and elsewhere. The following quotation from Hall's Ancient History of the Near East is interesting:

"Knowing what we do of the psychological peculiarities of the different races of mankind, it is perhaps not an illegitimate speculation to wonder whence the Greeks inherited this sense of proportion in their whole mental outlook. The feeling of Hellenes for art in general was surely inherited from their forebears on the AEgean, not the Indo-European side.* ["We have only to look around and seek, vainly, for any self-developed artistic feeling among the pure Indo-Europeans. The Kassites had none and blighted that of Babylonia for centuries: the Persians had none and merely adopted that of Assyria: the Goths and Vandals had none: the Celts and Teutons have throughout the centuries derived theirs from the Mediterranean region."] The feeling for naturalistic art, for truth of representation, may have come from the AEgeans, but the equally characteristic love of the crude and bizarre was not inherited: the sense of proportion inhibited it. In fact, we may ascribe this sense to the Aryan element in the Hellenic brain, to which must also be attributed the Greek political sense, the idea of the rights of the folk and of the individual in it.* [The predominance of the Aryan element in Greek political ideas is obvious. It is not probable that the old AEgean had any more definite political ideas than had his relative the Egyptian.] The Mediterranean possessed the artistic sense without the sense of proportion: the Aryan had little artistic sense but had the sense of proportion and justice, and with it the political sense. The result of the fusion of the two races we see in the true canon of taste and beauty in all things that had become the ideal of the Greeks,* ["In matters of political and ordinary justice between man and man they fell short of their ideal often enough, but they had the reasonable ideal: the barbarians had none. The Egyptians were an imaginative race, but their imagination was untrammelled by the sense of proportion: their only thinker with reasonable and logical ideas, Akhenaten, soon became as mad a fanatic as any unreasonable Nitrian monk or Arab Mahdi. Ordinarily speaking, Egyptian and Semitic ideals were purely religious, and so, to the Greek mind, beyond the domain of reason. The Babylonians, Assyrians, and Phoenicians cannot be said ever to have possessed any ideals of any kind."] and was through them to become the ideal of mankind."

229 : 22. Fleure and James, p. 146, say: "In the folk tales, it is true, the people are called fairies but colouring is mentioned only in one case — that is of a trader from the sea who is said to be fair; i.e., fair hair is treated as something worthy of special mention. The fairy children (changelings) are always described in such a way as to suggest they they were dark, and that they were the children of the Upland-folk of our hypothesis — i.e., mostly of Mediterranean race. In the romances the princes and princesses are said to be fair, as though that were exceptional. Our friend, Mr. J. H. Shaxby, draws our attention to the probability that the word fair in 'fair' or 'fair-folk' does not refer to physical traits, but is an adulatory term such as men so generally use in describing beings about whom their superstitions gather."

230 : 5. Pope Gregory, about 578 A. D.

230 : 9. For evidence as to the blond characters of Christ and the indications of His descent, see Haeckel, The Riddle of the Universe, chap. XVII.

Every now and then some reference to this question is noted in the daily papers. Not long ago, in one of the large New York dailies, there appeared a short paragraph concerning the letter of Lentulus. All mention of the extremely doubtful authenticity of this letter was omitted. The Catholic Cyclopaedia, vol. LX, discusses the matter as follows:

Publius Lentulus, A fictitious person said to have been the governor of Judea before Pontius Pilate and to have written the following letter to the Roman Senate : "Lentulus, the Governor of the Jerusalemites, to the Roman Senate and People, greetings. There has appeared in our times and there still lives, a man of great power (virtue), called Jesus Christ. The people call him prophet of truth; his disciples son of God. He raises the dead, and heals infirmities. He is a man of medium size (statura procerus, mediocris et spectabilis); he has a venerable aspect, and his beholders can both fear and love him. His hair is of the color of the ripe hazel nut, straight down to the ears, but below the ears wavy and curled, with a bluish and bright reflection flowing over his shoulders. It is parted in two on the top of the head, after the pattern of the Nazarenes. His brow is smooth and very cheerful, with a face without a wrinkle or spot, embellished by a slightly ruddy complexion. His nose and mouth are faultless. His beard is abundant, of the color of his hair, not long, but divided at the chin. His aspect is simple and mature, his eyes are changeable and bright. He is terrible in his reprimands, sweet and amiable in his admonitions, cheerful without loss of gravity. He was never known to laugh, but often to weep. His stature is straight, his hands and arms beautiful to behold. His conversation is grave, infrequent and modest. He is the most beautiful among the children of men." The letter was first printed in The Life of Christ, by Ludolph the Carthusian, at Cologne, 1474. According to the manuscript of Jena, a certain Giacomo Colonna found the letter in an ancient Roman document sent to Rome from Constantinople. It must be of Greek origin and have been translated into Latin during the thirteenth or fourteenth century, though it received its present form at the hands of a humanist of the fifteenth or sixteenth century.

The description agrees with the so-called Abgar picture of Our Lord. It also agrees with the portrait of Jesus Christ drawn by Nicephorus, St. John Damascene, and the Book of Painters (of Mt. Athos). Munter, (Die Sinnbilder und Kunstvorstellungen der alten Christen, Altona, 1825, p. 9), believes he can trace the letter down to the time of Diocletian, but this is not generally admitted. The Letter of Lentulus is certainly apocryphal; there never was a governor of Jerusalem; no procurator of Judea is known to have been called Lentulus; a Roman governor would not have addressed the Senate, but the Emperor; a Roman writer would not have employed the expressions, "prophet of truth," "sons of men," "Jesus Christ." The former two are Hebrew idioms, the third is taken from the New Testament. The letter, therefore, shows us a description of Our Lord such as Christian piety conceived him.

There is considerable literature touching on this letter, for which see the Catholic Cyclopaedia. Although we cannot credit the letter as genuine, it is interesting, as the article indicated, in showing the popular attitude to the traits in question, and in attributing these Nordic characters to Christ, as are the occasional efforts to bring the matter up again in the journals of to-day.  

CHAPTER XII. ARYA

233 : 4. Synthetic. See the note on languages, p. 242 : 5.

233 : 13. Tenney Frank, 2, pp. 1, 2, and the authorities quoted at the end of the chapter. Also Peake, 2, pp. 154-173; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 44-45.

233 : 20. See the note to p. 99 : 27.

233 : 24. Ridgeway, 1 ; Conway, 1 ; Peake, 2 ; and numerous other authorities.

234 : 2. The Messapians, according to Ridgeway, 1, p. 347, were the remnants of the primitive Ligurians, who once occupied central Italy but who migrated, under the pressure of the Umbrians, toward the south. There some of them survived under the name Iapyges or Messapians, in the heel of the peninsula. "The name Iapyges seems identical with that of the Iapodes, that Illyrian tribe which dwelt on the other side of the Adriatic, largely contaminated with the Celts (Nordics) who had flowed down over them. That the Umbrians had a deadly hatred of a people of the same name, who had survived in their coast area, is proved by the Iguvine Tables, where the Iapuzkum numen is heartily cursed along with the Etruscans and the men of Nar."

See also Giuffrida-Ruggeri.

234 : 3 seq. See the notes to pp. 157 : 10 and 157 : 14.

234 : 7. See the note to p. 192 : 1-4.

234 : 12. See pp. 174, 199 and 247 of this book.

234 : 13 seq. Non-Aryan traces in central Europe. Deniker, 2, pp. 317, 334; D'Arbois de Jubainville, 3, pp. 153 seq., gives Ligurian place names. See also 4, t. II. It all depends on whether one considers the Ligurians as Non-Aryan. D'Arbois de Jubainville is inclined to class them as Aryans. Burke, History of Spain, says, in his footnote to p. 2, that Basque place names are found all over Spain. For survivals in the British Isles see the notes to pp. 204 : 5 and 204 : 19, and for the general question, Taylor, Words and Places.

234 : 18. Finnic dialects. Zaborowski, 3, pp. 174-175, says there are very ancient traces of Germanic elements in the Finnic languages of the Baltic. Prior to the fourth century hey had a Gothic character.

234 : 24 seq. Agglutinative language. See the note to p. 242 : 5. For the physical characters of the Basques, Collignon, 3, p. 13; and Ripley, pp. 190 seq., who bases himself upon Collignon. On the language see Pruner-Bey, 1 ; Feist, 5, pp. 362-363, and Ripley, pp. 20, 183-185. There are of course other writers on the Basque language. As a result of the epoch-making study of Keltic by Professor J. Morris Jones, of the University College, Bangor, Wales, which appears as Appendix B, in Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 616-641, the assertion is made that Basque is apparently allied to Berber, and that other problems hitherto unsolved may be unravelled. It has not been possible to learn if any very recent progress has been the result of this new method.

235 : 1 seq. Pseudo-brachycephaly of the Basques. A. C. Haddon, correspondence, says: "The Basque skull is long, but with a broadening in the temporal region, in the French Basques, which forms a spurious kind of brachycephaly."

235 : 11. See the notes above, to p. 234 : 24.

235 : 17. Liguria and the Ligurian language. Sergi, 4; Ripley, chap. X. The modern Liguria comprises virtually the coast lands of Italy around the Gulf of Genoa as far south as Pisa. For ancient Liguria, which once extended into Gaul, see Dechellette, Manuel d'archeologie, t. II, pp. 6-25. D'Arbois de Jubainville treats of the Ligurians at length in several of his works mentioned, but Dechellette shows his wrong reasoning, rather convincingly it seems to the author. The opinions of Jullian, as given in his Histoire de la Gaule, are also discussed by Dechellette. A full discussion in English, of all the authorities on ancient Liguria, the Ligurians and their language is given in Rice Holmes, Casar's Conquest of Gaul, pp. 277-287. The language is treated on pp. 281-284, and 318, and by Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy, pp. 164 seq. ; see also D'Arbois de Jubainville, 3, pp. 152 seq. Feist, 5, p. 369, says that the Ligurians were Mediterraneans. A number of others agree with him. The evidence points rather to their having been an early Alpine people, somewhat less brachycephalic than those who came later, and this is the opinion held by Ratzel, vol. III, p. 561. The name Ligurian in this book designates a Pre-Nordic race of Alpine affinities, with a Pre-Aryan language.

The peculiar and discontinuous distribution of Alpine peoples with names which are variations of the term Veneti, a condition rather analogous to the scattered groups of Pelasgians as noted by various authors of antiquity, may indicate the last traces of a once widely distributed race. It is possible that the Ligurians displaced these "Veneti" in southern Europe, and later became confined to a part of Gaul and northern Italy.

235 : 23. Deniker, 2, p. 317, and the note to p. 234 : 13 of this book.

235 : 27-236 : 6. See the note to p. 234 : 17.

236 : 9. Feist, 1 and 5; G. Retzius, 2, 3; Ripley, p. 351; Nordenskiold.

236 : 14. Livs and Livonians. Ripley, pp. 358 seq.; Abercromby, The Pre- and Proto-Finns; Peake, 2, p. 150.

236 : 17 seq. Ripley, pp. 365-367- feist, 5, p. 55, says the Finnish language was once agglutinative but is now inflectional. See also another reference to it on p. 231, and our note to languages, p. 242 : 5 of this book.

236 : 26. Magyar language. The most authoritative books on Finnish, Ugrian, and Hungarian speech are those of Szinnyei. See also Feist, pp. 394 seq., and Deniker, 2, pp. 349-351.

237 : 1. Ripley, p. 415, says: "Turkish is the westernmost representative of a great group of languages, best known, perhaps, as the Ural-Altaic family. This comprises all those of northern Asia, even to the Pacific Ocean, together with that of the Finns in Russian Europe. . . . According to Chantre the word Turk seems quite aptly to be derived from a native root meaning Brigand." Also see pp. 404-405 and 419 in Ripley.

237 : 13. Ripley, p. 418, and Von Luschan, op. cit.

237 : 21. Gibbon, chap. LVII, on the "Seljukian Turks." On the Osmanli Turks see Ripley, pp. 415 seq. On Turks in general see Von Luschan.

237 : 25. See the notes to p. 173 : n and to pp. 253-261.

238 : 12. G. Elliot Smith, Ancient Egyptians, pp. 134 seq.; Zaborowski, 1, and the table of languages in the note to p. 242 15. Practically any book dealing with Aryans gives this information.

238 : 24. Ripley, p. 415; Von Luschan.

239 : 1. See the notes to pp. 158 and 253.

239 : 2. Hittites and the Hittite Empire. See S. J. Garstang, The Land of the Hittites; L. Messerschmidt, Die Hetiter (Der Alte Orient, IV, 1); Feist, 5, pp. 406 seq., and the Hittite Inscriptions, Cornell Expedition of 191 1. The history of the Hittite Empire has been brought to light by the research and investigations of Professor Sayce. See his Hittites. There are a number of short general descriptions in practically all of the histories of ancient peoples, and in those of the Near East. See for instance, Bury, History of Greece, pp. 45, 64; Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 200, 334 seq.; Myres, Dawn of History, pp. 118 seq., 152 seq. and 199 seq.; Myers, Ancient History, pp. 91-93; Feist, Kultur, pp. 406 seq.; Von Luschan, pp. 242-243; and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 121, 134, 138 and 160, deal more with the physical characters of the Hittites.

According to some of the most recent authorities, the Hittites were an extraordinarily powerful nation and held Syria from about 3700 B.C. to 700 B. C, when the Assyrians overcame them. They had some contact with Babylon and probably their development was influenced thereby. They seem to have been the Kheta or Khatti of the Ancient Egyptians. "About 1280 B.C," according to Von Luschan, "when Khattusil made his peace with Rameses II, there existed a large empire, not much smaller than Germany, reaching from the AEgean Sea to Mesopotamia and from Kadesh on the Orontes to the Black Sea. We do not know at present if this Hittite Empire ever had a really homogeneous population, but we have a good many Hittite reliefs and all these, without one single exception, show us the high and short heads, or the characteristic noses of our modern brachycephalic groups, (Armenoids)."

As to their language, J. D. Prince, correspondence, says that it was not Aryan, in spite of all conjectures to the contrary. "Friedrich Delitzsch analyzed some of the only syllabized material we have of this language, and I analyzed it still further in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. XXII, 'Hittite Material in the Cuneiform Inscriptions,' reaching the conclusion as to the Non-Aryan character of this idiom. The so-called 'Hittite Inscriptions' are in hieroglyphs and give us no clue as to the pronunciation and hence none to the character of the language." Von Luschan, p. 242, says: "Orientalists are unanimous in assuming that the Hittite language was not Semitic." A very recent communication from Fr. Cumont, in L 'Academie des inscriptions et belles lettres for April 20, 191 7, says that the tongue is proved to have been Aryan.

As to their physical characters, all are agreed that the Hittites had short, brachycephalic heads, and thick, prominent noses. Myres, p. 44, remarks that the earliest portraits, which he dates about 1285 B. C, have been thought by some to be Mongoloid, but the evidence is still scanty and inconclusive. Surely if the older likenesses were Mongoloid, they bear no resemblance to the later types. On the monuments bearded figures are frequent and the type is Armenoid. See Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East, p. 334, for a criticism of the Mongol theory.

239 : 10. Sumer. J. D. Prince, in his article on the Sumerians in the Encyclopedia Britannica, classes the Sumerian language as agglutinative. The language of Susiana is also known as Anzanite, Susian or Elamite. The Anzanite may have been a dialect of Susian. Schiel's work with de Morgan's mission shows that Elamite was agglutinative and that inflections found in derived words are due to the influence of another language. The locality of Anzan is not known exactly, but is believed to have been in the plain south or southeast of Susa. See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 149-150, and Hall, The Ancient History of the Near East. Hall agrees with Prince that Sumerian is agglutinative (p. 171). He also states that Elamite was agglutinative, but not otherwise like Sumerian. See his chap. V for the relationships of Sumerians and Elamites.

For Media see the notes to p. 254 : 13.

239 : 12. Assyria and Palestine. Breasted, Ancient Times, p. 173 and Fig. 112; Hall, History of the Near East; Myres, Dawn of History, pp. 114-116, 140; and other histories of the Near East.

239 : 13. Kassites. See Hall, pp. 198-200. Very little is known about the Kassites. Hall declares that there is very little doubt but that they were Indo-European; Prince, from the same information, says this could not possibly be the case. They are supposed to have been an Elamite tribe who were living in the northwestern mountains of Elam, immediately south of Holwan, when Sennacherib attacked them in 702 B. C. They attacked Babylonia in the ninth year of; Samsu-iluma, the son of Khammurabi, overran it and founded a dynasty there in 1780 B. C, which lasted 576 years. They became absorbed into the Babylonian population; the kings adopted Semitic names and married into the royal family of Assyria. Like the other languages of the Non-Semitic tribes of Elam, according to Prince, that of the Kassites was agglutinative. That the Kassites had been in contact with the horse-using nomads of the northern steppes, is indicated by the fact that they first introduced the horse into Mesopotamian lands, whence its use for riding and drawing chariots spread into Egypt in 1700 B.C. See Breasted, Ancient Times, p. 138.

239 : 16. Mitanni. Very little is known of the Mitanni. Von Luschan, p. 230, dates them around the fourteenth century B.C. In 1380 they called themselves Harri, from Har- ri-ya, an old form of the word Aryan. Myres, Dawn of History, says: "The conquest of Syria in 1500 B. C. brought Egypt face to face with a homogeneous state called Mitanni, occupying the whole foothill country east of the Euphrates. . . . The Egyptian conquest came just in time to relieve the kingdom of Mitanni from severe pressure exerted simultaneously and probably in collusion, by its neighbors in the foothills, — Assyria on the east, and the Hittites west of the Euphrates. Egypt made friends with Mitanni and more than one marriage was arranged between the royal houses. Soon after the treaty between Egypt and Mitanni, Subiluliuma, king of the Hittites of Cappadocia, whom Egyptian scribes conveniently abbreviate as Saplel, was overlord apparently of a number of outpost baronies in north Syria. Assured of their help, and watching his opportunity, he flung his whole force, about 1400 upon Mitanni. . . . This closed the career of Mitanni."

The racial affinities of Mitanni are doubtful. Prince, correspondence, says the language of Mitanni was certainly not Aryan. It has been thoroughly analyzed by Ferdinand Bork, in his Die Mitanni Sprache, who compares it with the Georgian or Imeretian branch of the Caucasic linguistic groups. The Mitanni are not to be confused with the Ossetes, who speak a highly archaic, real Aryan language. Mitanni, in structure, is like the polysynthetic North American groups. Feist, 1, p. 14, says the Mitanni were Nordics and inhabited the western mountains of Iran, in Zagros. In 5, p. 406, he places them on the north of the Euphrates during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries B. C. See also Hall, p. 200, the following note and that to p. 213 : 1-23 of this book. Hall also considers them Nordics.

239 : 16 seq. Von Luschan, p. 230, asks: "Can it be mere accident that a few miles north of the actual frontier of modern Kurdish languages there is Boghaz-Koi, the old metropolis of the Hittite Empire, where Hugo Winckler in 1908 found tablets with two political treaties of King Subiluliuma with Mattiuaza, son of Tusrata, king of Mitanni, and in both of these treaties Aryan divinities, Mithra, Varuna, Indra and Nasatya are invoked, together with Hittite divinities, as witnesses and protectors ? And in the same inscriptions, which date from about 1380 B. C, the king of Mitanni and his people are called Harri, just as nine centuries later in the Achaemenidian inscriptions Xerxes and Darius call themselves Har-ri-ya, 'Aryans of Aryan stock.' So the Kurds," concludes Von Luschan, "are the descendants of Aryan invaders and have maintained their type and their language for more than 3300 years."

See also the notes to p. 173 : 11.

239 : 29. See pp. 128 and 137 of this book.

240 : 4 seq. See the notes to p. 173.

240 : 15 seq. See the notes to p. 242 : 5.
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 2:55 am

Part 5 of 5

CHAPTER XIII. ORIGIN OF THE ARYAN LANGUAGES

242 : 5. The following notes on languages were taken mostly from the History of Language, by Henry Sweet, and were supplemented by the writings of W. D. Whitney, and an article on "Indo-European Languages," by Peter Giles.

All languages may be roughly divided into two great groups, isolating and agglutinative.

The isolating languages are constructed on the principle of single, distinct words for each idea, and do not employ forms which add or drop syllables, or letters, in order to obtain variety of expression, tense, mode, person, number, etc. However, the element of intonation frequently plays a large part in multiplying the number of possible forms, and therefore of ideas, in isolating languages, by imparting to otherwise identical words different meanings through pitch, rising or falling inflection or accent.

To the isolating languages belong most of those of southeastern Asia, — Chinese, Burmese, Siamese, Thibetan, Annamite, Cochin-Chinese, Malayan, etc. The term isolating does not necessarily imply words of one syllable, although there is a tendency in this direction since the roots are stripped of all incumbrances of a modifying nature so common in agglutinative or synthetic languages. The Chinese, Burmese, Siamese and Annamite are classed as monosyllabic, the Thibetan as half-monosyllabic, while the Malay is polysyllabic.

Because languages are isolating in structure does not mean that they necessarily all belong to one family. They merely have this structural principle in common. To establish family relationships it is necessary to investigate the sets of phonetics used, the root forms, the types of ideas expressed, the composition of the sentence and various other important points included under the psychology of habit and growth forms of speech. No one of these alone is ordinarily sufficient to prove that two languages are of one common stock, since extensive borrowing of all kinds has occurred since time immemorial.

Nevertheless, in point of fact, taking languages as they now exist, only those have been shown related which possess a common structure, or have together grown out of the more primitive radical stage, since structure proves itself a more constant and reliable evidence than vocabulary. But, on the other hand, since all structure is the result of growth, and any degree of difference of structure, as well as of difference of material, may be explained as the result of discordant growth from identical beginnings, it is equally inadmissible to claim that the diversities of languages prove them to have had different beginnings.

In isolating languages, word order is very important, but here again the peculiar character of any tongue of this type depends upon the order selected, or the relative importance of ideas (general, specific, etc.). The employment of particles makes possible a freer word order.

The agglutinative languages are those which combine roots or parts of words or elements into new wholes to express other related ideas than those imparted by the single forms, or else entirely new concepts. Frequently these combinations are still separable on occasion into their original elements, or, if inseparable in their secondary meanings, their original parts with their derivations are still recognizable as such. Again, the component parts are no longer independent, but form a firmly knit whole.

In some languages certain classes of elements have arisen which may be added in a perfectly formal manner to other fixed roots or elements, with or without slight phonetic modifications of either or both parts. Since this occurs in conformity with fairly fixed rules, the meanings of the resultant combinations are, according to the class of the attached elements used, fairly analogous. Thus in English many verb roots obtain the present participle by the addition of the formal element ing, in itself now meaningless, but once, no doubt, a separate root.

The process of agglutination may be accomplished in many different ways, any of which may be characteristic of whole groups of unrelated languages. These may be roughly divided first into mono- or oligo-synthetic and polysynthetic. The former very nearly approach the isolating languages, since usually only one element may be added at a time, but the process of addition may be accomplished in any of the ways possible to agglutination.

Agglutination includes prefixing, suffixing and infixing in all degrees of complexity and fixity. Thus languages may be spoken of as agglutinative only in a relative sense. Some are much more so than others, both in point of the number of elements which it is possible to add, and their dependence upon one another and the root, denoting a higher or lower degree of inextricability in blending.

Many languages are only loosely agglutinative and the component parts of the compounds readily resolve. In others, as in the inflecting languages, the combination is inextricable.

Thus under the head of agglutinative we have the merely agglutinative or synthetic, readily resolvable combinations, which are often hardly distinguishable from isolating languages, and the less easily divisible inflectional and incorporating types. Any or all of the three processes of infixing, prefixing and suffixing may be employed in simple agglutinative combinations.

In inflectional languages the root is attended by prefixes or suffixes which form inseparable modifiers. At times phonetic changes occur which render the complex unlike the simple joining of its component parts.

As Mr. Sweet says: "If we define inflection as 'agglutination run mad' we may regard incorporation as inflection run madder still, for it is the result of attempting to develop a verb into a complete sentence." In some languages, such as the incorporating, a verb is sufficiently distinct in its meaning not to require an independent pronoun. French and Spanish, though not belonging to this category, contain words with the incorporating idea, as in Spanish hablo, I speak, and French, pluit, it rains. Where polysynthesism is the prevailing character, the verb may be sufficiently comprehensive to include the objective pronoun as well as the subjective, so that it is possible to find in one word a transitive, as well as in others an intransitive, sentence. But this is only rudimentary incorporation, and borders on inflection. Some American Indian languages carry it to a very high degree, appending to or inserting into this simple complex not only nouns which may stand in apposition to the implied or actual pronouns, but particles and modifiers of every description. (See the Handbook of American Indian Languages, published by the Bureau of American Ethnology at Washington.) Frequently during this process various parts undergo phonetic changes in accordance with fixed laws, so that the final complex may not at all resemble a string of the original elements, but becomes a new, inseparable and fixed word containing a whole sentence of ideas. This sentence, in some languages, may carry throughout certain modifiers for all noun elements — for instance, as to whether the objects under discussion are visible or invisible. These modifiers bear definite relationships to the nouns, and the "sentence word" in each of its parts must then be conjugated as a verb in an even more complicated manner. This is agglutination par excellence, and is frequently so complex as to be utterly bewildering to the Indo-European mind, even though the Indo-European languages themselves employ agglutination to a limited degree and of certain varieties, particularly of the inflectional order.

Compared to the most complicated Indian tongues, English is in the position of Chinese to Indo-European languages in its structural simplicity, though of course in Chinese we have an added complexity in the use of pitch, etc.

There are certain types of speech which secure changes (plurals, etc.) by internal vowel modification. English itself makes use of this device, but it is the outstanding feature of Semitic tongues.

Sweet says: "There are many other minor criteria of morphological classification. The most important of these is perhaps that of the agglutinative or inflectional elements before or after the word or stem [modified]. In Turkish and in other Altaic languages, as also in Finnish, these are always post-positions, so that every word begins with the root which always has chief stress. The Bantu languages of South Africa, on the other hand, favor prefixes. . . . The Semitic languages favor prefixes and post-positions about equally. The Aryan languages are mainly post-positional, with occasional use of prefixes, most of which, however, are of later origin."

It must not be supposed that languages fall into absolutely distinct categories because of their structure. No language to-day is purely of one type or another. There have been too many centuries of borrowing and change for that condition to now be possible for any language, nor are there any longer what might be called primitive tongues. They have all long since outgrown that state, whatever it may have been, even the Botocudo of Brazil, which is generally ranked as the most primitive.

Languages may now be classified only according to their prevailing tendencies. Thus, modern English is in part isolating, in part inflectional and in part agglutinative, as that term is generally applied. Basque is an incorporating language, far removed geographically and linguistically from any other of that character. The Indo-European family may be considered as inflectional, because that process is a prominent feature, but it is by no means the only one present, nor is it exclusively typical of that family.

There is no doubt that all languages pass through certain stages in their development, but it is not at all true that they all have eventually the same or even similar histories. There are endless possibilities of growth and decay, and this fact alone excludes any set evolutionary scheme. Nor are the isolating languages the most primitive. On the contrary, they are as complex in their way as the most agglutinative North American tongues, and as expressive, for some psychological categories.

There is little doubt that all languages have begun on an isolating principle of simple roots for single ideas, from which they have diverged in endless variety. Probably all inflectional languages had an isolating and agglutinative stage, although this is by no means proved. The Chinese seems to have undergone an agglutinative past of some sort, but to have resolved again into simple roots, with only traces of fuller forms, but with the added complexity of tone, accent, and order, to give, as Sweet puts it, "that extreme of elliptical conciseness and concentrated force of expression, which excites our admiration."

English has become analytical, for many older inflected words have now been worked over into combinations of independent words, but this is far from a complete or consistent process. Probably it will never become like the Chinese, for to do away now with its inflectional system entirely would necessitate a complete upheaval of structure which is not likely to happen in the course of normal inner development, particularly with a vast literature to assist in stabilizing present forms.

As regards polysynthesism, or amount of agglutination, the Aryan tongues are intermediate; they allow affixes, but only within certain limits.

Languages undoubtedly differ from one another in their richness and power of expression, but may not be used as a test of the intellectual capacity of those who now speak them. In fact, men of any race can learn any language, unless abnormal. To account for the great and striking difference of structure among human languages is beyond the power of the linguistic student, and will doubtless always continue so. We are not likely to be able even to demonstrate a correlation of capacities, saying that a race which has done this and that in other departments might have been expected to form such and such a language. Every tongue represents the general outcome of the capacity of a race as exerted in this particular direction, under the influence of historical circumstances which we can have no hope of tracing, but there are striking anomalies to be noted.

"The Chinese and the Egyptians have shown themselves to be among the most gifted races the earth has known; but the Chinese tongue is of unsurpassed jejuneness, and the Egyptian, in point of structure, little better, while among the wild tribes of Africa and America we find tongues of every grade up to a high one or the highest. This shows clearly enough that mental power is not measured by language structure. On the whole the value and rank of a language are determined by what its users have made it do — a poor tool in skilful hands can do vastly better work than the best tool in unskilful hands, even as the ancient Egyptians, without steel or steam, turned out products which, both for colossal grandeur and for exquisite finish, are the despair of modern engineers and artists." In other words, we must not underestimate the important part played by habit or inertia. "The formation of habit is slow, and once formed it exercises a constraining as well as a guiding influence."

The Indo-European language is one of the most highly organized families of tongues that exist, and its greatest power lies (in modern English, etc.) in its mixed structural and material character. So to the Indo-European family belongs incontestably the first place, and for many reasons, — the historical position of the peoples speaking its dialects, who have now long been the leaders in world history, the abundance, variety and merit of its literatures ancient and modern and, most of all, the great variety and richness of its development. These have made it an illustration of the history of human speech, which is extremely valuable and the training ground of comparative philology.

W. D. Whitney gives the following linguistic groups in order of their importance from a literary standpoint:

1. Indo-European (Indo-Germanic).
2. Semitic.
3. Hamitic.
4. Monosyllabic or Southeastern Asiatic.
5. Ural-Altaic (Scythian, Turanian).
6. Dravidian or South Indian.
7. Malay-Polynesian.
8. Oceanic —
a. Australian and Tasmanian.  
b. Papuan and Negrito, etc.
9. Caucasian —
a. Circassian.
b. Mitsjeghian.
c. Lesghian, Georgian.
10. European Remnants —
Basque.
Etruscan?
Lydian?
11. South African, Bantu.
12. Central African.
13. American.


The first ten groups are families. So little is or was known about the last three groups that the author of the article classed together what are now known to be vast agglomerations of families. For instance, the American languages include several hundred distinct stocks, of which fifty are found in California alone. These are all, according to our present knowledge, utterly unrelated. It is known that the central African tongues belong to a different group than the southern, and it would be advisable to consult Sir Harry Johnston's recent large work on the Bantu languages.

The subdivision of the Indo-European family into cognate languages is given here to show the great diversity of tongues that may spring from one ancestor. Not all the dialects, nor even languages, have been included, but only those best known:

I. Centum (European). [b]

[b]1. Greek.


2. Italic

Ancient

Latin.
Oscan.
Umbrian.
Minor dialects of ancient Italy.

Modern

Portuguese.
Spanish.
Catalan.
Provencal.
French. Italian = Tuscan; Calabrian.
Friulian.
Ladin.
Romansch
Rumanian  

3. Celtic Q. Celtic

Irish.
Manx.
Scotch Gaelic.  

P. Celtic

Ancient Gaulish.
Welsh.
Cornish.
Breton or Armorican.  

Germanic or Teutonic

"Gothic"
Scandinavian = Swedish; Danish; Norwegian; Icelandic; Old Norse.  
West Germanic = English; Frisian; Low Frankish (Dutch; Flemish); Low German; High German.

4. Armenian.

[5. Tokharian?]


II. Satem. (Eastern Europe and Asia.)

I. Aryan or Indo-Iranian


Sanskrit = Zend; Old Persian; Modern Persian
Hindu, and nearly all the modern languages of India [and of the Pamirs].

2. Balto-Slavonic

a. Lithuanian; Lettish; Old Prussian or Borussian, extinct since the 17th century.
b. 1. S.E. Slavic = Old Bulgarian; Russian = Great Russian and White Russian; Little Russian or Ruthenian; Servian; Slovene
b.2. West Slavic = Polish; Czech or Bohemian; Sorb
242 : 16. Cf S. Feist, 2, p. 250. On the archaic character of Lithuanian, see Taylor, 1, p. 15, and the authorities he quotes. Also Schrader, Jevons translation.[/quote]

242 : 20-243 : 4. Deniker, 2, p. 320, sums up Hirt's position on this question in the footnote: "According to Hirt the home of dispersion of the primitive Aryan language would be found to the north of the Carpathians, in the Letto-Lithuanian region. From this point two linguistic streams would start flowing around the mountains to the west and east; the western stream, after spreading over Germany (Teutonic languages), left behind the Celtic languages in the upper valley of the Danube, and filtered through on the one side into Italy (Latin languages), on the other side into Illyria, Albania, and Greece (Helleno-Illyrian languages). The eastern stream formed the Slav languages in the plains traversed by the Dnieper, then spread by way of the Caucasus into Asia (Iranian languages and Sanscrit). In this way we can account, on the one hand, for the less and less marked relationship between the Aryan languages of the present day and the common primitive dialect, and on the other hand, for the diversity between the two groups of Aryan languages, western and eastern."

If this were so, Sanskrit should more closely resemble the Slavic than the western languages. As it is, the old Vedic speech, the earliest form of Sanskrit, is said to show more affiliations with Greek than with any other of the Aryan tongues (see Taylor, 1, p. 21, and authorities quoted), a fact which merely adds another proof to our hypothesis that sometime between 2000 and 1500 B.C. the Nordics filtered down the Balkan peninsula in their earliest wave and about the same time other branches found their way into north-western India. The Sanskrit alphabet is more closely related to the Phoenician than to any other. At the time of the first Nordic expansion their language was not reduced to writing. The alphabet used for early Sanskrit, was, according to Professor Buhler, probably introduced into India by traders from Mesopotamia about 800 B.C. Another authority on the relations of Greek and Sanskrit is Johannes Schmidt, Die Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der Indo-germanische Sprachen, Weimar, 1872.

243 : 4. Prof. J. D. Prince, correspondence, in discussing the kinship of prehistoric Ugrian to Aryan says that, although it is a temptation to believe in it, there is insufficient data for proving it. As careful a scholar as Szinnyei, in his Vergleichende Grammatik der Ugrischen Sprache, is careful not to commit himself. But see Zaborowski, 3; also the notes to p. 236 : 26; and Deniker, 2, pp. 349-351.

243 : 12. Deniker, 2, p. 320 and the authorities he quotes.

243 : 20. See the notes to pp. 158 : 21 and 159.

243 : 25. See p. 158 and also the notes on languages to p. 242 : 5.

244 : 1. See p. 157 and the notes.

244 : 6. Latin derivatives. Zaborowski, 1, p. 2. See table of languages, in the note to p. 242 : 5 of this book.

244 : 12-28. Ripley, pp. 423-424; Freeman, 2, p. 217; Obedenare, p. 350; Ratzel, vol. Ill, p. 564; and the articles on the Balkans and Hungary in the Geographical Review, by Cvijic and Wallis. Cf. G. Poisson, The Latin Origin of the Rumanians.

244 : 29-245 : 3. Freeman, 1, p. 439.

245 : 3. Jordanes, History of the Goths; Procopius, The History of the Wars; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chaps. I and XI; Freeman, The Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 70-71; also the notes to pp. 143 and 156 : 10.

245 : 12. Sarmatians. See the note to p. 143 : 21. The same for the Venethi. Under the Roman dominion Latin speech appears to have spread from the Adriatic coast eastward over the Balkans replacing the native dialects except along the shores of the Aegean and in the large cities.

246 : 9. Freeman, 1, pp. 440-441.

246 : 15. Ripley, p. 425.

246 : 24. See the note to p. 173 of this book.

246 : 27. Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People, pp. 12, 13.

247 : 3. See the note to p. 174; Oman, 2, pp. 13, 14; Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 409-410; 2, pp. 319-320; Rhys and Jones, pp. 1, 2.

247 : 9. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 227, 291 and 455 - 456.

247 : 16. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 456; Oman, 2, p. 16. See also p. 174 of this book.

247 : 23. Ripley, p. 127; Feist, 4, p. 14; Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; and pp. 195 and 212 of this book.

247 : 27. See the note to 247 : 3.

248 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 146, 148; D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, p. 88.

248 : 6. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 319-321; Taylor, 2, pp. 138, 167-168; Beddoe, 4, p. 20.

248 : 12. Neo-Celtic. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, p. 88; Fleure and James, p. 143.

248 : 14. Rice Holmes, 2, p. 12.

248 : 20-249 : 4. See the notes to pp. 177-178 of this book.

249 : 16. Beddoe, 4, p. 223.

249 : 20. The same, pp. 241-242; Ripley's maps, pp. 23 and 313; but consult Beddoe, 4, p. 66, for criticisms of evidence derived from place names; Taylor, 2, p. 119.

249 : 27-250 : 1. Beddoe, 4, pp. 139, 241-242.

250 : 1 seq. Taylor, 2, p. 173; Palgrave, vol. I of The English Commonwealth; Oman, 2, pp. 158 seq.

250 : 6. Taylor, 2, pp. 170-171.

250 : 14. Ripley, p. 22; Taylor, 2, pp. 137-138.

250 : 20. Jordanes, XXXVI; Gibbon and others.

250 : 24. Ripley, pp. 531-533.

250 : 28 seq. Cf. Ripley, pp. 101, 151 seq.

251 : 7 seq. Cf. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 309-314.

251 : 18. See the note to p. 182 of this book.

251 : 26. Since the Belgae were the last wave of the Celts, and Cymric was the later Celtic, this deduction is inevitable, even if there were no facts, such as place names, history, etc., to prove it. See the note to p. 248 : 6.

251 : 28-252 : 2. Beddoe, 4, p. 35; Ripley, pp. 101, 152; Taylor, 2, pp. 95, 98.

252 : 5. See the note to p. 196 : 7.

CHAPTER XIV. THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA

253 : 1. See p. 158 and note. Also Peake, 2, p. 165; Breasted, 1, p. 176; Von Luschan, pp. 241-243; Zaborowski, 1, p. 112; DeLapouge, i, p. 252, says: "Aryans were in India about 1500 B.C."

253 : 10. See Peake, 2; also pp. 170-171 and 213 of this book. 253 : 13. See the note to p. 225 : 11.

253 : 13-15- Eduard Meyer, Zur altesien Geschichte der Iranier.

253 : 16 seq. See the note to p. 239 : 16 seq.

253 : 19. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137 and 214.

254 : 1. See pp. 173 and 225 of this book.

254 : 3 seq. For Sacae see the note to p. 259 : 21. Cahun, Histoire de l'Asie, says on p. 35: "The Sacae and the Ephtalites and Massagetae were from the Kiptchak." See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 94, 100-101, 215 seq.

254 : 6. Massagetae. See the note to p. 259 : 21.

254 : 8. Ephtalites, or White Huns. Cahun, Histoire de l'Asie, pp. 43-55: "The Turks destroyed in the first half of the seventh century a powerful nation, the Ephtalites of Soghdiana, north of Persia. They were called Ephtalites, or White Huns or Tie-le-urn Turks." See also the notes to pp. 119 : 15 and 224 : 3 of this book, and chap. XXVI in Gibbon on the Huns in general.

Procopius, vol. I, says in speaking of the Ephtalite Huns and describing their war with the Persians about 450 A. D.: "The White Huns are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name, living in the territory north of Persia, and are settlers on the land in contrast to the Nomadic Huns who live at a distance. . . . They are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies and countenances that are not ugly and they are far more civilized than are the other Huns." The general impression gained from Procopius is that they were not true Huns. "Massagetae" is used as another name for Huns by Procopius. He describes them as mounted bowmen. It is clear that in using this name he refers to Huns only.

254 : 13. Medes. The name Medes is variously applied by different authorities; by many the Medes are regarded as a branch of the Persians, one of two kindred tribes of Nordics. The author follows Zaborowski in applying the name to the round-skulled population which was conquered by the Persians. See Zaborowski, 1, chaps. V and VI, especially part II and p. 125. Also Herodotus in the references given for Persia. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 459, gives an interesting bit of their story.  

254 : 15. Persians. The Persians were a branch of Nordics who invaded the territory of the round-skulled Medes, and gradually imposed their language and much of their culture on the subjugated populations. See Herodotus, book I, especially 55, 71, 72, 74, 91, 95, 101, 107, 125, 129, 135, 136; and book VI, 19, where he discusses both Medes and Persians. For modern commentary the author follows Zaborowski, 1, pp. 138-139, 153 seq., chap. VI, and also pp. 212-214.

Von Luschan, pp. 233-234, describes the present-day Persians, showing that there has been a resurgence of types and that the Nordic elements have been largely absorbed by the original inhabitants. He adds, however, on p. 234, that while he never saw Persians with light hair and blue eyes, he was told that in some noble families fair types were not very rare.

254 : 19. See the note on the Medes, and Zaborowski, p. 156, on the Magi.

254 : 26. Darius. Zaborowski, 1, p. 12. Herodotus, I, 209, says: "Now Hystaspes the son of Arsames was of the race of the Achaemenidae and his eldest son Darius was at that time twenty years old." Another name for Hystaspes was Vashtaspa, whose father was Arsames (Arshama). He traced his descent through four ancestors to Achaemenes (Hakhamamish) .

Von Luschan, p. 241, says: "Nothing is known of the Achaemenides who called themselves 'Aryans of Aryan stock ' and who brought the Aryan language to Persia. About 1500 B.C. or earlier, there seems to have begun a migration of northern men to Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Egypt and India. Indeed we can now connect even Further India with the Mitanni of central Asia Minor."

See Zaborowski in regard to the Behistun tablet, etc., although practically any writers on Persia and Mesopotamia discuss this great monument.

255 : 2. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 116-117.

255 : 6. See the note on the Medic language, 255 : 13. Also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 34, 182-184.

255 : 7 seq. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 180-184; Feist, 5, p. 423.

255 : 13. Bactria and Zendic. See the notes to pp. 119 : 15 and 257 : 12.

255 : 13. Zendic or the Medic language. See Zaborowski, 1, chap. VI. According to the Census of India, vol. I, pp. 291 seq. t both Persian and Medic tongues belong to the Aryan stock. They are divided in the following table:

Image
ARYAN

Persic
 

Old Persian of the Achaemenides (Darius' insc. at Behistun, c. 5th century B. C.)
Pehlevi or Parthian, 3d-7th century AD.
Modern Persian.

Medic

(The language of the Vaesta. No transition language between Medic and its modern derivatives is known.)
Galchah dialects of the Pamirs
Pashto
Omuri
Balochi
Kurdish
Other minor dialects


Zaborowski, 1, p. 146, positively identifies Medic as agglutinative, in which he agrees with Oppert. See chaps. V and VI, especially part II and p. 125. For early data on the Medes see the Herodotus references given under Persia. Zaborowski says, p. 121, that Medic was spoken until 600 B.C.

255 : 15. Kurdish. Von Luschan, p. 229: "The Kurds speak an Aryan language. . . . The eastern Kurds are little known. . . . They speak a different dialect from the western tribes, but both divisions are Aryan." On the Kurds as a people, see the notes to p. 225 : 20.

255 : 20. Zaborowski, 1, p. 216-217.

255 : 23. Von Luschan, p. 234, and the note to p. 225 : 19 of this book.

255 : 26-256 : 10. See Plutarch's Life of Alexander; Historia Alexandri Magni de prceliis; Zaborowski, 1, p. 171.

256 : 3. Alexander the Great and the Persians. Plutarch, Life of Alexander: "After this he accommodated himself more than ever to the manners of the Asiatics, and at the same time persuaded them to adopt some of the Macedonian fashions, for by a mixture of both he thought a union might be promoted much better than by force, and his authority maintained when he was at a distance. For the same reason he selected 30,000 boys and gave them masters to instruct them in the Grecian literature as well as to train them to arms in the Macedonian manner. As for his marriage with Roxana, it was entirely the effect of love. . . . Nor was the match unsuitable to the situation of his affairs. The barbarians placed greater confidence in him on account of that alliance. . . . Hephaestion and Craternus were his two favorites. The former praised the Persian fashions and dressed as he did; the latter adhered to the fashions of his own country. He therefore employed Hephaestion in his transactions with the barbarians and Craternus to signify his pleasure to the Greeks and Macedonians."

256 : 11 seq. Armenians. Ridgeway, 1, p. 396, speaking of language, says: "That the Armenians were an offshoot of the Phrygians as mentioned in Herodotus VII, 73, is proved by the most modern linguistic results, which show that Armenian comes closer to Greek than to the Iranian tongues." Cf. also Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 475. This need not imply racial affinity, however. The following notes on Armenian were contributed by Mr. Leon Dominian: "The proof of Aryan affinities in the Hittite language has not yet been established. The great difficulty in establishing the pre-Aryan relation of Armenian is due to the fact that the earliest text dates only from the fifth century A.D.

"The Cimmerians and Scythians, coming from southern Europe by way of the Caucasus (Herodotus, IV, 11, 12), reached Armenia about 720 B. C. (see Garstang, The Land of the Hittites, p. 62). The old Vannic language antedating this invasion resembles the Georgian of the Caucasus, according to Sayce (Jour. Roy. As. Soc, XIV, p. 410), who has studied the local inscriptions. On p. 409 he infers that the Aryan occupation of Armenia was coeval with the victory of Aryanism in Persia at the end of the sixth century, B.C.

"The fact that Armenia is linguistically related to the western groups of the Indo-European languages and that the Persian element consists of loan words is corroborated by geographical evidence. The Armenian highland culminating in the 17000 foot altitude of Mt. Ararat has acted as a barrier dividing the plateau of Anatolia from that of Iran. Herodotus called the Armenians the 'beyond' Phrygians." See also O. Schrader, Jevons translation, p. 430.

256 : 14 seq. Phrygians. See the note to p. 225.

256 : 15. Felix Sartiaux, Troie, la guerre de Troie, pp. 5-9.

256 : 16-17. See the note to p. 239 : 2 seq.

256 : 21 seq. See the table of languages to p. 242 : 5.

256 : 27-257 : 7. See pp. 20, 134, 238-239, of this book.

257 : 12. Bactria. See the note to p. 119 : 15.

257 : 16 seq. See the notes to pp. 15S and 253. Also Von Luschan, p. 243; Zaborowski, 1, p. 112; and the Indian Census, 1901, vol. I, p. 294.

257 : 19. Punjab. Panch — five, ah — river, in Hindustani. Cf. the Greek penta — five.

257 : 22. Dravidians. See pp. 148-149 of this book.

257 : 23. See the note to. p. 259 : 21 and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 113 seq.

257 : 28-258 : 2. See the note to p. 242 : 5. George Tumour's edition in 1836, of the Mahavamsa, first made it possible to trace Sinhalese history and to prove that about the middle of the sixth century B.C. a band of Aryan-speaking people from India, under Vijaya conquered and settled Ceylon permanently. There are a number of later works on Ceylon, dealing with its archaeology, flora, fauna, history, etc.

According to the British Indian Census of 1901 nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants of Assam were Hindus, and the language of Hinduism has become that of the province. The vernacular Assamese is closely related to Bengali. E. A. Gait has written a History of Assam (1906).

258 : 3. See the notes to pp. 158 and 253 of this book.

258 : 8. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 184-185. Compare de Morgan's dates with those of Zaborowski, the Indian Census and Meillet.

258 : 19. See Meillet, Introduction a Vttude des langues europeens. On p. 37 he claims that the relation between the two is comparable to that prevailing between High and Low German. Zaborowski, 1, p. 184, says: "The language of the Avesta, the Zend, is a contemporary dialect of the Persian of Darius (i.e., of Old Persian), from whence has come the Pehlevi and its very close relative. It even presents the closest affinities with the Sanskrit of the Vedas, from which was derived, in the time of Alexander, classical Sanskrit. This Sanskrit of the Vedas is itself so close to Old Persian that it can be said that one and the other are only two pronunciations of the same tongue." See also the Indian Census for 1001, vol. I, p. 294.

258 : 25 seq. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 213-216; Peake, 2, pp. 165 seq. and especially pp. 169 and 172.

259 : 4. Ellsworth Huntington, The Pulse of Asia; Peake, 2, p. 170; and Breasted, passim.

259 : 9. See pp. 173, 237, 253-254 and 257 of this book.

259 : 16. See the notes to pp. 119 : 13 and 255 : 7.

259 : 21 . Sacae or Saka. The Sacae or Saka were the blond peoples who carried the Aryan language to India. Strabo, 511, allies them with the Scythians as one of their tribes. Many tribes were called Sacae, especially by the Hindus, who used the term indiscriminately to designate any northern invaders of India.

One tribe gained the most fertile tract in Armenia which was called Sacasene, after them.
Zaborowski, 1, p. 94, relates the Sacae with the Scythians, and says: "The Tadjiks are a people composed of suppressed elements where blonds are found in an important minority. These blonds, saving an atavistic survival of more ancient or sporadic characters I can identify. They are the Sacae." He continues, in a note, that a great error has been committed on the subject of the Sacae. "Repeating an assertion of Alfred Maury, whose very sound erudition enjoyed a merited reputation, I myself once repeated that the Sacae who figures on the rock of Behistun was of the Kirghiz type. This assertion is completely erroneous. I have proved it and can say that the Sacae and the Scythians were identical."

Zaborowski, p. 216, also identifies the Sacae with the Persians. On this whole subject see Herodotus, VII, 64; also Feist, 5.

259 : 21. Massagetae. Zaborowski, 1, p. 285, says: "The first information of history concerning the peoples of Turkestan refers to the Massagetae, whose life was exactly the same as that of the Scythians (Herodotus, I, 205-216). They enjoyed a developed industrial civilization while they remained nomads. They were doubtless composed of ethnic elements different from the Scythians, but probably already spoke the Iranian tongue, like them. And since the time of Darius, at least, there were in Turkestan with them and beside them, Sacae, whom the Greeks have always regarded as Scythians come from Europe."

Minns, Scythians and Greeks, p. n, says: "The Scyths and the Massagetae were contemporaneous and different. The Massagetae are evidently a mixed collection of tribes without an ethnic unity; the variety of their customs and states of culture shows this and Herodotus does not seem to suggest that they are all one people. They are generally reckoned to be Iranian. . . . The picture drawn of the nomad Massagetae  seems very like that of the Scythians in a rather ruder stage of development."

Herodotus, I, 215, describes them as follows: "In their dress and mode of living the Massagetae resemble the Scythians. They fight both on horseback and on foot, neither method is strange to them. . . . The following are some of their customs, — each man has but one wife, yet all wives are held in common; for this is a custom of the Massagetae and not of the Scythians, as the Greeks wrongly say. Human life does not come to its natural close with this people; but when a man grows very old, all his kinsfolk collect together and offer him up in sacrifice; offering at the same time some cattle also. After the sacrifice they boil the flesh and feast on it; and those who thus end their days are reckoned the happiest. If a man dies of disease they do not eat him, but bury him in the ground, bewailing his ill fortune that he did not come to be sacrificed. They sow no grain, but live on their herds and on fish, of which there is great plenty in the Araxes. Milk is what they chiefly drink. [Cf. the eastern Siberian tribes of the present day.] The only god they worship is the sun, and to him they offer the horse in sacrifice, under the notion of giving to the swiftest of the gods, the swiftest of all mortal creatures."

D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, p. 231 declares they were the same as the Scyths.

Horse sacrifices are said to prevail among the modern Parses. On the whole, the Massagetae appear to have been largely Nordic.

259 : 24. Kirghizes. See Zaborowski, i, pp. 216, 290-291.

259 : 25 seq. See the note to p. 119 : 15.

260 : 3. Gibbon, chap. LXIV. Also called the battle of Lignitz. Lignitz is the duchy, and Wahlstatt a small village on the battle-field.

260 : 8. See the notes to pp. 224 : 3 and 259 : 21.

260 : 17. Feist, 5, pp. 1, 427-431, says the Tokharian is related to the western rather than to the Iranian-Indian group of languages, and places the Tokhari in northeast Turkestan. (See the note to p. 119 : 13.) On p. 471 he identifies the Yue-Tchi and Khang with Aryans from Chinese Turkestan, basing himself on Chinese annals, the date being given as 800 B. C. Cf. also the notes to p. 224 : 3 of this book.

260 : 21. See DeLapouge, 1, p. 248; Feist, 5, p. 520.

260 : 29-261 : 5. See Feist, above, in the note to 260 : 17.

261 : 6. Traces. See the note to p. 70 : 12.

261 : 17. Deniker, 2, pp. 407 seq.; G. Elliot Smith, Ancient Egyptians, p. 61; Ripley, p. 450.  
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 4:04 am

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abercromby, J. Bronze Age Pottery, 1912.
Alsina, Juan A. European Immigration to the Argentine, 1898.
Appian of Alexandria: 1. De Rebus Hispaniensibus.
2. De Bello Annibalico.
3. Appian' s Roman History, with an English translation
by Horace White, 2 vols. London, Wm. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912-1913.
4. Appiani Historia Romana. Edidit Ludovicus Mendelssohn. Lipsiae, Trubner, 1878-1881.
Arbois de Jubainville, M. H. d': 1. "Les Celts en Espagne," Revue Celtique, vols. XTV and XV.
2. "Les Celts et les langues celtiques," Revue archiologique, sene 2, t. XLIII, pp. 87-96, 141-155.
3. "Les Gaulois dans lTtalie du Nord," Rev. Celt., vol. XLI.
4. Les premiers habitants de l'Europe.
Avebury, Lord (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times, 7th ed. New York, Henry Holt & Co.; London, Williams and Norgate, 1864-1913.
Avienus, Rufius Festus. Ora maritima.
Bannwarth, E. See Studer.
Bassanovitch, I. Materials on the Anthropology of the Bulgars: The Lomsk District, pp. 3-186. 1891. Beddoe, John: 1. The Anthropological History of Europe. 1893.
2. "The Kelts of Ireland," Journal of Anthropology, 1870-1871, pp. 117-131.
3. "On the Stature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles," Memoirs of the Anthropological Society, vol. III, pp. 384-573, London, 1867-1869.
4. The Races of Britain. Bristol and London, 1885.
5. Scottish Review, vol. XIX, 1892.
Belloc, H. The Old Road. London, Constable & Co., 1911.
Bertrand, Alexandre. (With S. Reinach.) Les Celts dans les vallees du Po et du Danube. Paris, E. Leroux, 1894.
Binder, Julius. Die Plebs. Leipsig, G. Bohme, Deichert, 1909.
Boas, F.: 1. Changes in the Bodily Form of the Descendants of Immigrants. Document 208. Washington, D. C, Government Printing Office, 1911.
2. "Modern Populations of America," 19th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 569 seq., 1915. Washington, D.C.
Boni, G. Roma. Notizie degli Scavi; serie 5, pp. 123 seq. and 375 seq., 1903.
Bork, Ferdinand. Die Mitanni Sprache. Berlin, W. Peiser, 1909.
Botsford, George Willis. The Roman Assemblies. Macmillan, 1009.
Boule, M.: 1. "Essai de paleontologie stratigraphique de rhomme," Revue d' anthropologic, serie 3, t. III, pp. 129-144, 272-297, 385-411, 647-680. 1888.
2. "La taille et les proportions du corps de l'homo neanderthalensis," Compte-Rendue, Inst, franc, anth., pp. 57-60. 1912.
3. Various writings.
Breasted, James EL: I. Ancient Times, A History of the Early World. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1916.
2. "The Origins of Civilization," Scientific Monthly, vols. IX, nos. 4, 5, 6, and X, nos. 1, 2, 3.
3. A Survey of the Ancient World. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1919.
4. History of Egypt and other writings.
Breuil, L'Abbe H.: 1. "Les peintures rupestres d'Espagne," (avec Serrano Gomez et Cabre Aguilo), L Anthropologie, t. XXIII, 1912.
2. (With Obermaier.) "Les premiers travaux de l'Institut de Paleontologie humaine." L'Anthr., t. XXIII, 1912.
3. "Les subdivisions du paleolithique superieure et leur signification," Congr. intern, d'anth. et d'arch. prehist., Compte-Rendue, XIV, pp. 165-238, Sess. Geneve, 1912.
4. Various writings.
Broca, Paul: 1. "Les peuples et les monuments megalithiques: les Vandals en Afrique," Rev. d'Anth., serie 1, V.
2. Various writings.
Bryce, George. The Remarkable History of the Hudson Bay Company. New York, Scribner, 1900.
Bryce, James. The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan, 1904.
Bruhnes, Jean. "Race et nation," Le Correspondant, Paris, September, 1917.
Burke, U. R. A History of Spain, 2d ed. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1900.
Burrowes, R. M. The Discoveries in Crete. London, J. Murray, 1907.
Bury, J. B.: 1. A History of Greece. Macmillan, 1917
2. A History of the Later Roman Empire, 2 vols. Macmillan, 1889.
Cahun, Leon. Histoire de VAsie. Paris, Armand Colin et Cie., 1896.
Caldwell, Bishop R. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages, 2d ed. London, K. Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co., 1913.
Candolle, Alphonse de. Histoire des Sciences et des savaats depuis deux siecles, 2me ed. Geneve, H. Georg, 1806-1893.
Cartailhac, Emile.: 1. La France prehistorique d'apres les sepultures et les monuments, 2me ed. Paris, 1903.
2. (With H. Breuil.) Various writings.
Castle, William E.: 1. Genetics and Eugenics. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1916.
2. Heredity. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1911. Cattell, J. McKeen. "A Statistical Study of American Men of Science," Science, N. S., vol. XXIV, nos. 621-623, and vol. XXXII, nos. 827 and 828.
Chantre, Ernest: 1. "Recherches anthropologiques dans l'Asie occidentale," Extrait des Archives du musie d'histoire naturelle de Lyon. Lyon, 1895.
2. Recherches anthropologiques dans le Caucase, 4 vols. Paris, 1885-1887.
Clay, Albert T. The Empire of the Amorites. Yale University Press, 1919.
Clemenceau, Georges. South America To-day. New York and London, G. Putnam & Sons, 1911.
Collignon, R.: 1. "L'anthropologie au conseil de revision, etc.," Bulletin de la Sociite" d' anthropologic, pp. 736-805. 1890. Also Bull. Soc. d'anth., 1883.
2. "Anthropologic de la France: Dordogne, Charente, Creuse, Correze, Haute- Vienne," Memoires de la Societe d' anthropologic, serie 3, I, fasc. 3, pp. 3-79.
3. "Anthropologic du sud-ouest de la France," Mem. Soc. d'anth., serie 3, fasc. 4.
4. "Etude anthropometrique elementaire des principales races de France," Bull. Soc. d'anth., pp. 463-526, 1883.
5. "Etude sur l'ethnographie generale de la Tunisie," Bull, de geographie historique et descriptive, Paris, 1887.
6. "L'indice cephalique des populations francaises," L'Anth., serie 1, pp. 200-224, 1890.
7. "Repartition de la couleur des yeux et des cheveux chez les Tunisiens sedentaires," Rev. d'anth., serie 3, t. m, 1888.
Comparetti, Domenico. "Le leggi di gortyna, e le altre iscrizioni arcaiche cretesi," Monumenti Antichi, vol. III, Milano, 1893.
Conklin, Edwin G.: 1. Heredity and Environment. Princeton University Press, 1915.
2. "The Mechanism of Evolution in the Light of Hereditary Development," Scientific Monthly, vols. IX, no. 6, 1919, and X, nos. 1, 2, 3, 1920.
Constantinus Porphyrogenitus. Corpus scriptorum historia byzantinae.
Conway, R. S.: 1. Early Italic Dialects. Cambridge University Press, 1897.
2. "The Pre-Hellenic Inscriptions of Praesos," Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. VIII, pp. 125-157.
3. "A Third Eteocretan Fragment," Ann. Brit. Sch. at Athens, vol. X, pp. 115-127.
Crawford, O. G. S. "Distribution of Early Bronze Age Settlements in Britain," Geographical Journal, XL, pp. 184 seq., 1912.
Cuno, J. G. Forschungen im Gebiete der alien Volkerkundt. Berlin, 1871.
Cvijic, Jovan: 1. "The Geographical Distribution of the Balkan Peoples," Geographical Review, vol. V, no. 5, pp. 345-361, May, 1918.
2. "The Zones of Civilization of the Balkan Peninsula," Geog. Rev., vol. V, no. 6, June, 1918.
Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man, 2d ed. London, John Murray, 1901.
Davenport, Charles B.: 1. The Feebly Inhibited, Nomadism . . . Inheritance of Temperament. Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution, 1915.
2. Heredity in Relation to Eugenics. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1911.
Davis, J. Barnard: 1. Thesaurus Craniorum. London, 1867.
2. (With J. Thurnam.) Crania Britannica. 2 vols. London, 1865.
Dawkins, W. Boyd. Early Man in Britain. London, Macmillan, 1880.
Dawson, Charles: 1. "On the Discovery of a Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-bearing Gravel Overlaying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching, Sussex." With an appendix by Prof. G. Elliot Smith (with A. Smith Woodward), Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, vol. LXLX, part I, pp. 117-151, London, 1913.
2. "Prehistoric Man in Sussex," Zoologist, series 4, vol. xvii, pp. 33-36.
3. "Supplementary note, On the Discovery of a Palaeolithic Human Skull and Mandible," Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. LXX, pp. 82-99, London, 1914.
Dechelette, J. Manuel d'archeologie. Paris, A. Picard et Fils, 1908.
Deniker, J.: 1. "Les races de l'Europe, Note preliminaire," L'anthropologic, vol. IX, pp. 1 13-133, Paris, 1898.
2. The Races of Man. New York, Scribner; London, Walter Scott, 1902.
Dill, Samuel: x. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire, 2d ed. Macmillan, 1906.
2. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. Macmillan, 1905.
Diodorus Siculus. Bibliothecae historicae.
Dionysius Perigetes. Orbis descriptio.
Dottin, G. Manuel Celtique. Paris, Edouard Champion, 1915.
Dubois, E. Pithecanthropus Erectus, eine menschenanliche Uebergangsform aus Java. Batavia, 1894.
Duckworth, W. L. H.: I. Morphology and Anthropology. Cambridge University Press, 1904.
2. Prehistoric Man. New York, Putnam, 1912.
Dugdale, R. L. The Jukes. New York, Putnam, 1877.
Eginhard. Life of Charlemagne, Glaister translation. London, George Bell & Sons, 1877.
Evans, Sir Arthur J.: 1. "Cretan Pictographs and Pre-Phoenician Script," Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. XIV, part 2, pp. 270-373. 1895.
2. "Essai de classification des epoques de la civilisation minoienne," Report of the British Association, 1904 (1905), London, 1906.
3. "Further Discoveries of Cretan and AEgean Script," Jour, of Hellenic Studies, vol. XVII, pp. 327-395. 1898.
4. Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos. 1906.
5. "Reports of Excavations at Cnossus," Ann. Brit. Sch. at Athens, vols. VI-X.
6. Scripta minoa. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909.
Evans, Sir John. Ancient Bronze Implements . . . of Great Britain and Ireland. Longmans, Green & Co., 1881.
Faguet, Emile. Le culte de l'incompetence. Paris, B. Grasset, 1914.
Feist, Sigismund: 1. Address to the International Congress at Gratz. 1909.
2. Beitrdge z. Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache u. Literatur, XXXI, 2, Sept. 15, 1910.
3. Europa im Lichte der Vorgeschichte "Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie," 19, 1910.
4. Geschichte Deutschen Sprachen und Kultur der Indo-Germanen. 1913.
5. Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indo-Germanen. Berlin, Weidmann, 1913.
Ferrero, Guglielmo. The Greatness and Decline of Rome. New York, Putnam, 1909.
Fischer, Eugen. Die Rehobother Bastards. Jena, Fischer, 1913.
Fischer, E. "Fossile Hominiden," Sonderabdruck Handworterbuch Naturwissenschaft, Bd. IV, Jena, 1913.
Fisher, H. A. L. The Political History of England, vol. IV. Edited by William Hunt and Reginald Poole. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1906.
Fisher, Irving. National Vitality, Its Wastes and Conservation. Senate Document, no. 676, vol. III, 60th Congress, 2d Session. Washington, D. C, Government Printing Office, March, 1910.
Fleure, H. J. (with James, T. C). "Anthropological Types in Wales," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. XLVI, pp. 35-154.
Fleure, H. J. (with L. Winstanley). "Anthropology and Our Older Histories," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLVIII, pp. 155 seq.
Flower and Lydekker. Mammals, Living and Extinct. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1891.
Ford, Henry Jones. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton University Press, 1915.
Frank, Tenney: 1. "Race Mixture in the Roman Empire," American Historical Review, vol. XXI, no. 4, July, 1916. 2. Roman Imperialism. Macmillan, 1914.
Freeman, E. A.: 1. A Historical Geography of Europe. Edited by J. B. Bury, 3d ed. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1912.
2. Race and Language. Historical Essays, series 3, pp. 173-230. New York and London, Macmillan, 1879.
Fritsch, Gustave. Das Haupthaare und seiner Bildungsstatte bei den Rassen des Menschen. Berlin, 1912.
Funel, L. "Les parlers populaires du departement des Alpes- Maritimes," Bull, geogr. hist, et descrip., no. 2, 1897.
Fustel de Coulanges. La cite antique, 2me ed. Paris, L. Hachette et Cie., 1866.
Gaillard, Claude. (See Lortet, Louis.) "Les Tatonnements des Egyptiens de l'ancien empire a la recherche des animaux a domestiquer," Revue d'ethnographie, 1912.
Galton, Sir Francis. Hereditary Genius. London and New York, Macmillan & Co., 1892.
Garstang, S. J. The Land of the Hittites. London, Constable & Co., 1910.
Gatterer, J. C. Comm. Societ. Reg. Scient., XIII, Gottingen.
Geer, Baron Gerard de. "A Geochronology of the Last 12,000 Years," Compte-Rendue de la session 1910, du Congres Geol. Intern., vol. XI, fasc. 1, pp. 241-257.
Gibbon. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Gindely, Anton. History of the Thirty Years' War. New York, G. Putnam's Sons, 1884.
Giuffrida-Ruggeri, V. "A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XL VIII, pp. 80-103. 1918.
Gjerset, Knut. The History of the Norwegian People. New York, Macmillan, 1915.
Gluck, Leopold. "Zur Physischen Anthropologie der Albanesen," Wis sens chaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und Herzegovina.
Gowland, W. "The Metals in Antiquity," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLII, pp. 235-288.
Grant, Madison. "The Origin and Relationships of North American Mammals," Eighth Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society, New York, 1904.
Green, John R. A History of the English People. New York, Harper, 1878.
Greenwell, W., Canon. British Barrows. Oxford, 1877.
Gregory, W. K. : 1. "The Dawn Man of Piltdown, England," American Museum Journal, vol. XIV, New York, May, 1914.
2. " Facts and Theories of Evolution, with Special Reference to the Origin of Man," Dental Cosmos, pp. 3-19, March, 1920.
3. "Studies on the Evolution of the Primates," Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XXXV, article xix, New York, 1916.
Gross, V. La Tine, un oppidum helvete. Supplement, 1886, to Les Prolohelvetes. Berlin, 1883.
Grierson, G. A. A Linguistic Survey of India, vol. IV, Munda and Dravidian Languages. Calcutta, 1906.
Grilliere, M. le Dr. "La taille des consents correziens de la classe 1910," Bull. soc. d'anth., serie VI, t. IV, pp. 392-400. 1913.
Haddon, A. C: 1. The Races of Man and Their Distribution. London, Milner & Co.
2. The Study of Man. New York, Putnam; and London, Bliss Sands, 1898.
3. The Wanderings of Peoples. Cambridge University Press, 1912.
Haeckel, Ernest. The Riddle of the Universe. Harper, 1901.
Hall, H. R. The Ancient History of the Near East, 3d edition. London, Methuen & Co., 1916.
Hall, Prescott F.: 1. Immigration, 2d ed. New York, Henry Holt & Co. 1908.
2. "Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics," Journal of Heredity, vol. X, no. 3, pp. 125-127, Washington, D. C, March, 1919.
Harrison, J. P. " On the Survival of Racial Features in the Population of the British Isles," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XII, pp. 243-258.
Hart, H. H. Sterilization as a Practical Measure. Russell Sage Foundation.
Hauser, O. See Klaatsch.
Hawes, C. H.: 1. "Some Dorian Descendants?" Ann. Brit. Sch. at Athens, no. XVI, pp. 254-280. 1909-1910.
2. (With H. B. Hawes.) Crete, the Forerunner of Greece, 1911.
Herodotus. History of the World.
Herve, G.: 1. "Les brachycephales neolithiques," Revue d'ecole d' anthropologic, tome IV, pp. 392-406, Paris, 1894; V, pp. 18-28, 1895.
2. "Les populations lacustres," Rev. d'icole d'anth., t. V, pp. I37-IS4, Paris, 1895.
Hirt, Herman: 1. Die Indo-Germanen, ihre Verbreitung, ihre Urheimat und ihre Kultur. Strassburg, Trubner, 1905.
2. "Die Urheimat . . . der Indo-Germanen," Geographische Zeiteschrift, Bd. I, Leipsig, 1895.
His and Rutimeyer. Crania Helvetica. Basel, 1861.
Hodgkin, Thos. Italy and Her Invaders.
Hoernes, Moritz: 1. "Die Hallstattperiode," Archive fur Anthropologie, Bd. XXXI, pp. 233-283. 1905.
2. Urgeschichte d. Mensch. Wien, 1890.
Holmes, T. Rice: 1. Ancient Britain, and the Conquests of Julius Caesar. Oxford University Press, 1907.
2. Caesar' s Conquest of Gaul. Oxford University Press, 1911.
Homer. The Iliad; the Odyssey.
Horace. Epodes.
Hordlicka, Ales.: 1. "The Genesis of the American Indian," 19th International Congress of Americanists, pp. 559 seq., Washington, D. C, 1915.
2. "The Most Ancient Skeletal Remains of Man," Report, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 481-552, Pub. 2300, 1913. Washington, D. C, Government Printing Office, 1914.
3. "Old White Americans," 19th Interna'l Congress of Americanists, pp. 582 seq. Washington, D. C, 1915.
Hoton. See Peake.
Huntington, Ellsworth: 1. Civilization and Climate. Yale University Press and Oxford University Press, 1915.
2. The Pulse of Asia. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1907.
Jacobs, J. "On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XV, pp. 23-62. 1885-1886.
James, T. C. (with Fleure, H. J.). "Anthropological Types in Wales," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLVI, pp. 35-154. 1916.
Jessen, A. (Et Thomsen, Thomas). Une trouvaille de l'ancien age de la pierre. Copenhague, Braband, 1906.
Johnston, Sir Harry H.: 1. The Negro in the New World. London, Methuen & Co., 1910.
2. "On North African Animals, A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLIII, pp. 375-422.
3. Various writings.
4. Views and Reviews. London, Williams and Norgate, 1912.
Jones, David B. (With Rhys, John.) The Welsh People. London, Macmillan, 1900.
Jones, Sir J. Morris. "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic," Appendix B of Rhys and Jones, The Welsh People. London, Macmillan, 1900.
Jordan, David Starr. War and the Breed. Boston, The Beacon Press, 1915.
Jordanes. History of the Goths, Mierow translation. Princeton University Press, 1915.
Josephus, Flavius. De Bello Judaico, or The Jewish War of Flavius Josephus, translated by Robert Traill. London, Houlston & Stoneman, 1851.
Kanitz, P. F. Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan. Leipsig, 1875.
Keane, A. H.: 1. Ethnology. Cambridge University Press, 1896.
2. Man, Past and Present. Cambridge University Press, 1900. Also new edition by Ouiggin & Haddon.
Keary, C. F. The Vikings in Western Christendom. London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1891.
Keith, Arthur: 1. Ancient Types of Man. Harper, 1911.
2. The Antiquity of Man. London, Williams and Norgate, 1915.
3. "Presidential Address to the Royal Anthropological Society of Great Britain and Ireland," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLV, pp. 12-23. 1915.
Keller, Ferdinand. The Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland and Other Parts of Europe, translated by John Edward Lee, F.S.A., F.G.S., 2d edition. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1878.
King, L. W.: 1. Chronicles Concerning the Early Babylonian Kings. London, Luzac & Co., 1907.
2. The History of Babylonia and Assyria. London, Chatto. Vol. I, The History of Sumer and Akkad, 1910. Vol. II, The History of Babylon, 1915.
Klaatsch, H. Homo-Aurignacius Hauseri, 1909.
Klaatsch, H., and O. Hauser. Archivfiir Anthropologie, 1908.
Klaproth, J. Tableaux historiques de l'Asie. Paris, 1826.
Kluchevsky, V. O. A History of Russia, 3 vols., translated by C. J. Hogarth. London, Dent & Sons; New York, E. P. Dutton, 1911-1913.
Kolrausch, F. Deutsche Geschichte.
Kraus, Franz Xaver. Dante. Berlin, 1897.
Kretschmer, P. Einleitung in die Geschichte der Griechischen Sprache. Gottingen, 1896.
Kurth, G. "La frontiere linguistique en Belgique," Mem. couronnes Acad. R. Scien. Lit. et Beaux Arts de Belg., XLVIII, vol. I, 1895; vol. II, 1898. Brussels.
Lapouge, V. C. de: 1. L'Aryen, son role sociale. Paris, 1899.
2. Les Selections sociales. Paris, 1896.
3. Various writings.
Laughlin, Harry H. Eugenics Record Office Bulletins, 10A and 10B. Part I. "The Scope of the Committee's Work." Part II. "The Legal, Legislative and Administrative Aspects of Sterilization." Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., Feb., 1914.
Lecky, W. E. H. A History of European Morals, 2 vols. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1900.
Lefevre, A. Germains et Slavs. 1903.
Lewis, A. L. "The Menhirs of Madagascar," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLVII, pp. 448-455. 1917.
Livi, R. Antropometria Militaire, Parte I, "Dati Antropologia ed Etnologici." Roma, 1896.
Livius, Titus. Historic romance decades.
Lortet, Louis. (And Gaillard, Claude.) "La faune momifiee de l'ancienne Egypte," Musee d'histoire naturelle de Lyon, Archives, vol. VIII, no. 2; vol. LX, no. 2. Lyon, 1903-1907.
Lydekker. See Flower.
McCulloch, J. R. A Statistical Account of the British Empire, 3 vols. London, Longmans, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1854.
McCulloch, Oscar C. "The Tribe of Ishmael," Report of the 15th Annual Conference of Charities and Corrections, pp. 154-159. 1888.
MacCurdy, George Grant: 1. "Eolithic and Palaeolithic Man," American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. XI, no. 1, pp. 92-101. 1909.
2. "The Eolithic Problem," Amer. Anth., N. S., vol. VII, no. 3, pp. 425-480. 1905.
3. "Recent Discoveries Bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe," Smithsonian Report for 1909. Washington, D. C, Government Printing Office, 1910.
Mackenzie, Sir Duncan: 1. "The Middle Minoan Pottery of Knossos," Jour, of Hellenic Studies, vol. XXVI, pp. 243-268. 1906.
2. "Cretan Palaces," Ann. Brit. Sch. at Athens, vols. xi-xiv.
MacLean, Hector: 1. "The Ancient Peoples of Ireland and Scotland Considered," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XX, pp. 154-179. 1890-1891.
2. "On the Comparative Anthropology of Scotland," Anthropological Review, vol. IV, pp. 209-226. 1866.
3. Various writings.
Madsen, A. P. (With Sophus Muller, etc.) Affaldsdynger fra Stenalderen i Danmarck. Kjobenhavn, 1900.
Malte-Brun, V. A. " Carte archeologique de la France," Bull. Soc. de Geogr., serie 6, XVII, pp. 319-526, Paris, 1879.
Martin, Rudolf. Lehrbuch der Anthropologic. Jena, Gustave Fischer, 1914.
Matthew, W. D.: 1. "Climate and Evolution." Published by the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. XXIV, pp. 171-318. New York, 1915.
2. "Revision of the Lower Eocene Primates," Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XXXIV, pp. 429-483, New York, Sept., 1915.
Meillet, Antoine. Introduction a l'Etude comparative des langues Indo-Europiens. Paris, Hachette et Cie., 1912.
Menzel, W. Geschichte der Deutschen. Stuttgart, 1834.
Merriam, John C. "The Beginnings of Human History Read from the Geological Record: The Emergence of Man," Scientific Monthly, vols. LX and X, 1919-1920.
Messerschmidt, L. Die Hetiter (der Alte Orient, IV, 1), 2te Auflage, 1902. Leipsig, 1909.
Metchnikoff, Elie. Nature of Man. Putnam, 1903.
Meyer, Eduard : 1 . AEgyptische Chronologie. Berlin, 1904-1907.
2. Geschichte des Altertums, 2te Auflage, 1ster Bd., 2te Halfte. Stuttgart und Berlin, 1909.
3. Die Sclaverei im Altertum. Dresden, 1898.
4. Sumerier und Semiten in Babylonien. Berlin, 1906.
5. "Zur altesten Geschichte der Iranier," Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung, 1907.
Meyer, Leo. "Uber den Ursprung der Namen Indo-Germanen, Semiten und Ugro-Finner," Gottinger Gelehrte Nachrichten, philologische-historische Klasse, 1901.
Miller, Gerrit S.: 1. "The Jaw of the Piltdown Man," Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. LXV, no. 12. Washington, D. C, Nov., 1915.
2. "The Piltdown Jaw," American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. I, no. 1, pp. 25-52, Jan-Mar., 1918.
Minns, E. H. Scythians and Greeks. Cambridge University Press, 1913.
Modestov, Vasilii Ivanovich. Introduction a l'histoire romaine. Paris, F. Alcan, 1907.
Mommsen, Theodor. A History of the Roman Provinces, translated by William P. Dickson. Scribner, 1887.
Montelius, Oscar: 1. "Die Chronologie der altesten Bronzezeit," A rch. f. Anth., Bd. 25, pp. 443 seq. 1900.
2. The Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times, translated by F. H. Woods. London, Macmillan, 1888.
3. La Civilisation primitive en Italie, Stockholm, 1895.
4. Kulturgeschichte Schwedens von den altesten Zeiten. Leipsig, 1906.
5. L' Anthropologic, serie XVII, 1906.
6. Archive f. Anth., Bd. XVII, pp. 151-160; XIX, pp. 1-21 ; XXI, pp. 1-40.
Morgan, de. Rev. de l'ecole d'anth., t. XVII, p. 411, 1907.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt: 1. Heredity and Environment. Princeton University Press, 1915.
2. Heredity and Sex. Columbia University Press, 1914.
Mortillet, G. de. Formation de la nation Franqaise. Paris, 1897.
(With A. de Mortillet.) Le prehistorique. C. Reinwald, Paris, 1883.
Much, Mathaeus. Die Heimat der Indo-Germanen im Lichte der urgeschichtlichen Forschung. Berlin, 1902.
Mullenhoff, C. V. Deutsche Altertumskunde. Berlin, 1870-1892.
Muller, Friedrich: 1. Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft. Wien, 1884.
2. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857-9, unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wiellerstorf. Wien, Ubair-Linguistischer Theil, 1867.
Muller, Sophus: 1. Affaldsdynger fra Stenalderen i Danmarck, Kjobenhavn, 1900. (With A. P. Madsen, etc.)
2. L' Europe prehistorique, tr. du Danois, . . . par Emmanuel Philipot. Paris, J. Lamarre, 1907.
3. Nordische Alterthumskunde. Strassburg, 1897.
Munro, Dana Carleton. A Source Book of Roman History. D. C. Heath & Co. Boston, New York and Chicago, 1904.
Munro, John. The Story of the British Race. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1907.
Munro, R.: I. The Lake-Dwellings of Europe. London, Cassell & Co., 1890.
2. Paleolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements. Macmillan, 1912.
3. Discussion in Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst, for 1890.
Myres, J. L. "A History of the Pelasgian Theory," Jour. of Hellenic Studies, vol. XXVII, pp. 170-226, 1907.
Nansen, Fridtjof. In Northern Mists. New York, Frederick A. Stokes, 1911.
Nordenskiold, Erland. "Finland: The Land and the People," Geographical Review, vol. VII, no. 6, pp. 361-375, June, 1919.
Obedenare, M. G. La Roumanie economique. Paris, 1876.
Obermaier, Hugo: 1. "El Hombre Fosil," Museo National de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 1916.
2. Der Mensch der Vorzeit. Munschen, R., 1912.
3. (With Breuil.) See Breuil, 2.
Oloriz. "Distribution geografica del Indice cefalica," Boletin Sociedad Geografica de Madrid, vol. XXXVI, 1894.
Oman, Sir Charles: 1. The Dark Ages. London, Rivington's Press, 1905.
2. England before the Norman Conquest. London, Methuen & Co; or New York, Putnam, 1913.
Oppert, Jules. Le peuple et la langue des Medes. Paris, 1879.
Osborn, Henry Fairfield: 1. Men of the Old Stone Age, 2d edition. New York, Scribner, 1918.
2. The Origin of Life. New York, Scribner, 1917.
Palgrave, Sir Francis. The Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth. London, 1832.
Parkman, Francis: 1. The Old Regime in Canada. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1905.
2. Various writings.
Parsons, F. G. "Anthropological Observations on German Prisoners of War," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLLX. 1919.
Pausanias. Description of Greece.
Payne, Edward John. A History of the New World Called America. Oxford Press, vol. I, 1892; vol. II, 1899.
Peake, H. J. E.: 1. Memorials of Old Leicestershire. 1911.
2. "Racial Elements Concerned in the First Siege of Troy," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XL VI, pp. 154-173. 1916.
(With Hoton.) "A Saxon Graveyard at East Shefford, Berks," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLV, pp. 92-131.
Pearl, Raymond. "The Sterilization of Degenerates," Eugenics Review, April, 1919.
Peet, T. E.: 1. Rough Stone Monuments and Their Builders. Harper, 1912.
2. The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909.
Penck, Albrecht: 1. "Das Alter des Menschengeschlechts," Zeitschr. f. Eth., Jahrg. 40, Heft 3, pp. 390-407. 1908.
2. Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter, Bd. I, II, III, Leipsig, 1909.
Penka, K.: 1. Die Herkunft der Arier. Wien, 1886.
2. Origines Ariacae. Wien, 1883.
Petersen, E. (With F. von Luschan.) Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis. Wien, 1889.
Petrie, W. M. F.: 1. "Migrations," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XXXVI, pp. 180-233. 1906.
2. Revolutions of Civilization. Harper, 1912.
Peyrony, M. (and Capitan). Bulletins de la Societt d 'anthropologie de Paris, 1909-1910.
Pilcher, Maj.-Gen. Thomas L. "The Present Situation in India," Outlook, March 10, 1920.
Pilgrim, J. "The Correlation of the Siwaliks with the Mammal Horizons of Europe," Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. XLIII, part 4, pp. 264-326.
Pliny. Natural History.
Plutarch's Lives, Langhorne translation. London, Frederick Warne & Co.
Poirot, J. "Review of Atlas de Finlande," Annates de geographie, vol. XXII, pp. 310-325 and 417-426.
Poisson, G. "L'Origine latin des Roumaniens," Revue anthropologique, t. XXVII, pp. 357-379, Paris, 1917.
Pollard, A. F. A Political History of England, vol. IV. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1915.
Polybius. History.  
Popenoe, Paul. "One Phase of Man's Modern Evolution," 19th Internat'l Congress of Americanists, pp. 617 seq., Washington, D. C, 1915.
Posche, T. Der Arier. Jena, 1878.
Procopius. A History of the Wars, translated by H. B. Dewing, Loeb Classical Library. New York, Putnam; and London, Wm. Heinemann, 1919.
Pruner-Bey: 1. "Sur la langue Euskara," Bull. Soc. d'anth., pp. 39-71, 1867.
2. "Sur l'origine de l'ancienne race e'gyptienne," Mem. Soc. d'anth., t. I, pp. 399-433. 1860.
Pumpelly, Raphael. Explorations in Turkestan. Washington, D. C, Carnegie Inst., 1905 and 1908.
Punnett, R. C. Mendelism, 3d edition. Macmillan, 1911.
Quintus Curtius Rufus. Historiarum Alexandri Magni Libri Decem.
Ranke, Johannes. Der Mensch. Leipsig, 1886-7.
Ratzel, Friedrich. The History of Mankind. Macmillan, 1908.
Read, Charles H. A Guide to the Antiquities of the Bronze Age. British Museum Handbook.
Reade, Arthur. Finland and the Finns. New York, 1915.
Reid, Sir G. Archdall: 1. The Laws of Heredity. London, Methuen & Co., 1910.
2. The Principles of Heredity. London, Chapman & Hall, 1905.
Remach, Salomon: 1. "Les Gaulois dans Part antique," Revue Archeologique, serie 3, t. XII, pp. 273-284; serie 3, t. XHI, pp. 13-22, 187-203, 317-352. 1888-1889.
2. "Inscription attique relative a l'invasion des Galatea en Grece," Rev. Celtique, serie n, pp. 80-85.
3. "Le Mirage oriental," L'Anth., serie 4, pp. 539-578, 697-732.
4. Repertoire de l'art quaternaire. Paris, 1913.
5. "La sculpture en Europe avant les influences greco-romaines," L'Anth., serie 5, pp. 15-34, 173-186, 288-305; 6, pp. 168-194.
(With Alexandre Bertrand.) Les Celts dans les tallies du Po et du Danube. Paris, E. Leroux, 1894.
Reisner, George A. The Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Der. University of California publications, 1908; Leipsig, J. C. Hinrichs, 1905.
Renwick, George. Finland Today. New York, 1911.
Retzius, A.: 1. Ethnologische Schriften. Stockholm, 1864.
2. "Memoire sur les formes du crane des habitants du Nord," Annales des Sciences naturelles, serie 3, Zoologie, t. VI, pp. 133-172. 1846.
Retzius, G.: 1. Anthropologia Suecica, Beitrage zur Anthropologie der Schweden, Stockholm, 1902.
2. Crania Suecica Antiqua. Stockholm, 1900.
3. "Materiaux pour servir a la connaissance des caracteres ethniques des races finnois," Compte-rendue, Congres intern, d'anth., session VII, t. II, pp. 741-765, Stockholm.
4. "The So-Called North European Race of Mankind," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XXXIX, pp. 277-314. 1909.
Rhys, Sir John. (With D. B. Jones.) The Welsh People. London, Macmillan, 1900.
Rice Holmes, T.: 1. Ancient Britain and the Conquests of Julius Caesar. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907.
2. Caesar's Conquest of Gaul. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1911.
Ridgeway, Sir William: 1. The Early Age of Greece. Cambridge, 1901.
2. The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse. Cambridge University Press, 1905.
3. "Who Were the Romans?" Proceedings of the British Academy, 1907-1908.
Ripley, William Z. The Races of Europe. New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1899.
Roese. Beitrage zur Europaischen Rassenkunde, 1906.
Rutot, A. de: 1. "Les industries primitives," Bull, et Mem. Soc. d'anthr., t. XX, Mem. Ill, Bruxelles, 1902.
2. Various writings.
Sacken, Baron von. Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt. Wien, 1868.
Sarauw, G. F. L. En Stenolden Boplads: Maglemose ved Mullerup, 1913. Or "Trouvaille fait dans le nord de l'Europe, datant de la periode de l'hiatus," Congr. pre-hist. de France, Perigeux, 1905.
Sartiaux, Felix. Troie, la guerre de Troie. Paris, Hachette et Cie., 1915.
Savigny, Friedrich Karl. Geschichte des romischen Rechtes im Mittelalter.
Sayce, Archibald Henry: 1. The Ancient Empires of the East. Scribner, 1898.
2. The Hittites. 1888.
3. Jour. Roy. Ass. Soc, vol. XIV, p. 410.
Schenck, A. La Suisse prehistorique. Lausanne, Rouge et Cie., 1912.
Schleicher, August. Altpreussische Grammatik.
Schlozer, Kurd von. Nestor, Koch. Revolut. de l'Europe.
Schoetensack, Otto. Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis aus den Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg: Ein Beitrag zur Paldontologie des Menschen. Leipsig, 1908.
Schrader, Oscar: 1. Die Indo-Germanen. Leipsig, 1911.
2. Reallexicon der Indo-germanische Altertumskunde. Strassburg, Trubner, 1917.
3. Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte. Jena, 1890. Or Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples, a translation by F. B. Jevons. London, 1890.
Schwalbe, G.: 1. "Studien uber Pithecanthropus erectus Dubois," Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologir, Bd. I, Heft 1, 1899.
2. "Vorgeschichte des Menschen," Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie, 1906.
Schwerz, Franz. Die Volkerschaften der Schweiz von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart, 1915.
Sclater, W. L. and P. L. The Geography of Mammals. London, Kegan Paul, Trench. Trubner & Co., 1899.
Sergi, G.: 1. Africa: Antropologia delta Stirpe Cannitica (Specie Eurafricand). Torino, 1897.
2. Arii e Italici. Torino, 1898.
3. Italia le Origini. Torino, Fratelli Bocca, Editori, 1919.
4. The Mediterranean Race. New York, Scribner; and London, Walter Scott, 1901.
Siculus, Diodorus. See Diodorus Siculus.
Skeat, W. W. The Wars of Alexander, translated chiefly from Historic Alexandri Magni preliis. London, N. Trubner & Co., 1886.
Smith, G. Elliot: 1. The Ancient Egyptians. Harper, 1911.
2. "Ancient Mariners," Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, vol. XXXIII, parts 1-4, pp. 1-22, 1917. Manchester and London, April, 1918.
Sneyd, Charlotte Augusta, translator. A Relation of the Island of England about the Year 1500 (known as The Italian Relation). Published by the Camden Society, 1847.
Soane, E. B. To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co.
Stark, James H. The Loyalists of Massachusetts. W. B. Clark Co., 1910.
Steenstrup, J. C. H. R. Normannerne. Kjobenhavn, 1876-1882.
Steenstrup, J. J. S.: 1. Kjokken Moddinger : eine gedrangte Darstellung dieser Monumente sehr alter Kulturstadien. Kopenhagn, 1886.
2. Sur les Kjokkenmoddings de l'age de pierre et sur la faune et la flore prehistorique du Danemark. Kopenhagen, 1872.
Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames. A History of the Criminal Law of England, 3 vols. London, Macmillan, 1883.
Stoddard, Lothrop. The French Revolution in San Domingo. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1914.
Strabo. Geography.
Studer, T. (With E. Bannwarth.) Crania Helvetica Antique, Leipsig, 1894.
Sullivan, Louis R. "The Growth of the Nasal Bridge in Children," American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. XLX, no. 3, pp. 406-409, 1917.
Svoronos, J. N. L'Hellenisme primitif de la Macedoine prouve par la numismatique, et l' or du Pangie. Paris, Ernest Leroux; Athens, M. Eleftheroudakis, 1919.
Sweet, Henry. The History of Language. London, 1900 Sykes, Mark. "The Kurds," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XXVIII, pp. 45 seq., 1908.
Szinnyei, Josef: 1. Finnische-Ugrische Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin u. Leipsig, Sammlung Goschen, 1910,Leipsig; G. J. Goschen'sche Verlagshandlung, G.m.b.H., 1912.
2. Ungarische Sprachlehre. Berlin, Goschen, 1912.
3. Vergleichende Grammatik der Ugrischen Sprache.
Tacitus. Germania, translated by M. Hutton, Loeb Classical Library. New York, Macmillan; and London, Wm. Heinemann, 1914.
Taylor, Isaac Canon: 1. The Origin of the Aryans. London, Walter Scott, 1890.
2. Words and Places, edited by A. Smythe Palmer. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co.; and London, Routledge & Son.
Thomsen, Thomas (et A. Jessen). Une trouvaille de l'ancien age de la pierre, Copenhague, (Braband), 1906.
Thomson, J. Arthur. Heredity. New York, Putnam; and London, John Murray, 1910.
Thunman. Untersuchungen uber der Geschichte der ostlichen Europaischen Volker.
Thurnam, J. (With J. B. Davis.): 1. Crania Britannica, 2 vols. London, 1865.
2. Mem. Anth. Soc, vol. I, pp. 120-168, 485-519; III, pp. 41-75, London.
Topinard, P.: 1. "Carte de la couleur des yeux et des cheveux en France," Rev. d'anth., serie 3, IV, pp. 513-530.
2. Elements d' anthropologie genirale. Paris, Delahaye et Lecrosnier, 1885.
3. "Les types indigenes de l'Algerie," Bull. Soc. d'anth., serie 3, t. IV, pp. 438-469, Paris, 1881.
4. "Sur la couleur des yeux et des cheveux en Norvege," Rev. d'anth., IV, serie 3, pp. 293-405.
Tout, Thomas Frederick. The Empire and the Papacy. London, Rivington's Press, 1903.
Trevelyan, Sir George. George III and Charles Fox. London, Longmans, Green & Co., 1914.
Trogus Pompeius. History.
Van Cleef, Eugene. "The Finn in America," Geographical Review, vol. VI, pp. 185-214. 1917.
Vanderkindere, Lion. "Recherches sur l'ethnologie de la Belgique," Compte-Rendue du Congres international d'anth., session VI, pp. 560-574, Bruxelles, 1872.
Villari, Pasquale. The Barbarian Invasions of Italy, translated by Linda Villari, 2 vols. Scribner, 1002.
Virchow, Rudolf: 1. "Gesammtbericht . . . uber die Farbe der Haut, der Haare, und der Augen der Schulkinder in Deutschland," Archive f. Anth., Bd. XVI, pp. 275-477.
2. "Uber die kulturgeschichtliche Stellung des Kaukasus unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der ornamentirten Bronzegurtel aus transkaukasischen Grabern," Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften Abhandlungen, pp. 1-66, Berlin, 1895.
Von Luschan, F.: 1. "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia," Jour. Roy. Anth. Inst., vol. XLI, pp. 221-244.
2. (With E. Petersen.) Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis. Wien, 1889.
Vouga, E. Les Helvetes a La Tene.
Vouga, P. (With M. Wavre.) Extrait du musee neuchatelois. Mars-Avril, 1908.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Island Life. Macmillan, 1902.
Wallis, B. C: 1. "The Rumanians in Hungary," Geographical Review, Aug., 1918.
2. "The Slavs of Northern Hungary," Geo. Rev., Sept., 1918.
3. "The Slavs of Southern Hungary," Geo. Rev., Oct., 1918.
4. "Central Hungary: Magyars and Germans," Geo. Rev., Nov., 1918.
Wavre, M. (With P. Vouga.) Extrait du musie neuchatelois. Mars-Avril, 1908.
Weisbach, A.: 1. "Die Bosnier," Anthropologische Gesellschaft Mitteilungen, Bd. XXV, pp. 206-239, Wien, 1895.
2. " Korpermessungen verschiedener Menschenrassen," Erganzungsband, Zeitschr. f. Eth., Berlin, 1877.
3. "Die Serbokroaten der Adriatischen Kustenlander," Zeitschr. f. Eth. (supplement), 1884.
Weissbach, Franz H. Achamenidenschriften, Zweiter Art. Leipsig, 1890.
Wendell, Barrett. A Literary History of America. Scribner, 1900.
White, Horace. Appian's Roman History, 2 vols. London, Wm. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912-1913.
Wilser, L. Die Germanen. Eisenach u. Leipsig, 1904.
Wilson, Sir D. The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland. Edinburgh, 1851.
Winstanley, L. See Fleure.
Wissler, Clark. The American Indian. New York, Douglas C. McMurtrie, 1917.
Woodruff, C. E.: 1. The Effect of Tropical Light on White Men. New York and London, Rebman Co., 1905.
2. The Expansion of Races. New York, Rebman Co., 1909.
Woods, Frederick Adams: 1. Heredity in Royalty. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1906.
2. The Influence of Monarchs. Macmillan, 1913.
3. "Significant Evidence for Mental Heredity," Jour. of Hered., vol. VIII, no. 13, pp. 106-112. Washington, D. C, 1917.
Zaborowski, M. S.: 1. "Les peuples aryens d'Asie et d'Europe" (part of the Encyclopedie scientifique) , Octave Doin, Editeur. Paris, 1908.
2. "Relations primitives des Germains et des Finnois," Bull. Soc. d'anth., pp. 174-179, Paris, 1907.
3. Les races de l'Italie. Paris, 1897.
Zampa, R.: 1. "Anthropologic illyrienne," Rev. d'anth., serie 3, t. I, pp. 625-647. 1886.
2. "Il tipo umbro," Arch, per l'ant., vol. XVIII, pp. 175-197. 1888.
3. "Vergleichende anthropologische Ethnographie von Apulien," Zeitschr. f. Eth., Bd. XVIII, pp. 167-193, 201-232. 1886.
Zeuss, J. K. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme. Munschen, 1837.

ANONYMOUS PUBLICATIONS, COLLECTIONS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, ETC.

Argentine Geography. Published by Messrs. Urien y Colombo. (Members of the Academy of American History and Numismatics, 1914.)
Atlas de Finlande. Societe de Geography de Finlande, Helsingfors, 1911.
British Indian Census, 1901, 1911.
Cambridge Modern History. (Planned by Lord Acton, edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., G. W. Protheroe, Litt.D., and Stanley Leathes.) New York, Macmillan Co., 1902-1913.
Dutch East Indian Census, 1905.
Fontes Rerum Bohemicarum, 5 vols. Prague, 1873-1893.
Genealogical Records of the Society of Colonial Wars. Publications and documents on file with the secretary-general of the Society of Colonial Wars, New York.
Handbook of the American Indian. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1907.
Hittite Inscriptions. Cornell Expedition, Ithaca, New York, 1911.
El libro statistico de la republica argentina. Direccion general de comercio e industria. Talleres graficos del ministerio de agricultura, Buenos Aires, 1905.
Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia.
Secret History, or The Horrors of Santo Domingo, in a series of Letters Written by a Lady at Cape Francois to Colonel Burr (late Vice-President of the United States) principally during the Command of General Rochambeau. Philadelphia, Bradford and Inskeep, R. Carr, printer, 1808.
The Statesman's Yearbook for 1915. London, Macmillan.
Statisk Arsbok for Finland, 1917. Helsingfors, 1918.
The Statistical Yearbook of the Argentine Republic, 1915.
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 4:30 am

Part 1 of 2

INDEX

Aachen, 182.

Accad, 147; language of, 239.

Achaeans, 158-161, 173, 189, 223,
225, 243, 253; at Troy, 159;
invade Greece, 158-159; lan-
guage of, 161.

Acheulean period, 104-106, 133.

Achilles, 159.

Actinic rays, 38, 84.

Adamic theory, 13.

Adriatic, 36, 138.

Aegean, islands of, Hellenes in,
162 ; Algean region, Nordics in,
253.

AEolian language, 243.

AEolians, 159.

Afghan hill tribes, physical char-
acter of, 261; language, 261;
passes, Nordics in, 257, 259.

Afghanistan, 257, 261 ; Mediter-
ranean race in, 148; physical
types of, 257.

Afghans, 148; language of, 148.

Africa, 23, 33, 82; Alpines in,
140, 158; Bronze Age in, 128;
cephalic index in, 23; hunting
tribes of, 113; Mediterraneans
in, 148, 151, 152, 155; mega-
liths in, 155; Negro population
of, 33, 79, 80; no Nordic blood
in, 180, 223; Nordic invasion
of, 223; North Africa, as part
of Europe, 152; Berbers of,
152; under Vandals, 180, 233;
South Africa, density of native
population barrier to white
conquest, 79, 80.

Agglutinative languages, 148,
234, 239, 240.

Agriculture, 112, 122-124, 138,
146, 240.

Ainus, physical characters of,
224-225; crossed with Mon-
gols, 225.

Alabama, 99.

Alani, or Alans, 66, 177, 195.

Alaska, 45.

Albania, 30, 36, 164; stature in,
190.

Albanian language, 164; origin
of, 243-244; Albanian type,
164.

Albanians, 25; blondness of, 163;
in the Balkan peninsula, 153.

Albigensians, 157.

Albinos, 25.

Alcoholism, 55.

Alemanni, 135, 145, 177.

Alexander the Great, 161-162,
256, 259.

Alexandria, 92.

Algeria, 44.

Alphabet, earliest traces of, 115.

Alpine race, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 34,
35, 63, 64, 69, 73, 134-147,
167, 226; an agricultural race,
138-139, 146; and Aryan lan-
guage, 238-241 ; and Dorians,
160; and High German, 188;
and iron, 129; and lake dwell-
ings, 121, 139; and Proto-
Slavic language, 143; and
Round Barrows, 137; as aris-
tocracy in Rome, 154; Asiatic,
and earliest civilizations, 147;
bringers of bronze, 127-128;
of cereals, 138, 146; of culture,
138, 146; of domesticated
animals, 138, 146; of metals,
122, 127, 129, 146-147; of pot-
tery, 146; Celticized, 174; cen-
tre of radiation of, 124, 136,
1 41-143; conquered by Nor-
dics, 129, 145-147; crossed
with Mediterraneans, 151;
crossed with Nordics, 134, 135,
151, 163; discovery of type of,
130; distribution of, 241 ; east-
ern spread of, 136; final inva-
sion of Europe, 127-128; first
appearance of, 116; in Europe,
136; habitat of, 43-44; hair of,
34; in Africa (North), 128,
140, 156; Alsace, 140; Armor-
ica, 251; Asia, 144; Austria,
232; Auvergne, 146; Baden,
140; Bavaria, 141; Belgium,
138, 140; Britain, 137-138,
239-240, 247 (present absence
of, 137); British Isles, 199,
Brittany, 63, 146; Canada, 81;
cities, 94; Denmark, 136;
Egypt, 128, 140; Europe, 117
(central, 138-139, 141); (east-
ern, 44) ; (western, 44) ; (during
the Neolithic, 124); France,
63, 64, 138, 140, 146, 194, 240,
251; Gaul, 240; Germany, 64,
72, 184, 232; Greece, 65; Hol-
land, 136; Italy, 64, 128, 140,
I54i 157 (north, 141); Ireland,
128, 137; Lake Dwellings, 121;
Lorraine, 140; Neolithic period
136; Norway, 136, 211; Po
valley, 157; Rome, 154; Rus-
sia, 136, 142-144; Savoy, 146;
Sicily, 140; Spain, 140; Swit-
zerland, 131, 135, 141; Syria,
140; Terramara, 122; Tyrol,
141; Wiirtemburg, 140; maxi-
mum extension of, 136-137;
migrations, route of, 116;
mixed with Celts, 177; with
Nordics, 25, 35~36, 62, 135-
136; Nordicized, 130, 141, 147;
north of the Black Sea, 136,
144; origin of, 134, 241; orig-
inal language of, 140, 235;
physical characters of, 35-36,
73; racial aptitudes of, 227;
reinforced by others, 144; re-
placing Nordics in Europe,
260; resurgence of in Europe,
131, 146-147, 184, 190-191,
196, 210; retreat of from north-
west Europe, 136-138; skull
of, 62; speech of, 64; substra-
tum in eastern Germany, 72;
underlying population, 136;
(in relation to Nordics in cen-
tral Europe, 141); unimpor-
tant in modern culture, 147.

Alps, 42, 123, 129, 174, 187; Al-
pines in, 124; lake dwellings in,
121; Mediterraneans in, 149,
151; Nordics in, 151.

Alsace, 182; Alpines in, 140.

Amber, 125.

America, 6, 10, 14, 57; change of
religion in, 219; genius in, 98;
immigrants to, 2 1 8 ; in Colonial
times, 46-48, 83-85; Mediter-
ranean element in, 45; Nordic
immigration to, 211; Nordics
in, 83, 84, 87, 89, 206, 231;
Norman type in, 207; race de-
velopment in, 262-263; re-
placement of types in, no;
result of immigration to, 11,
12, 72, 86, 89-94, IO °, 209, 211;
Scandinavian element in, 211.

American aristocracy, 5; char-
acters, 26; colonies, 10; democ-
racy, 6; factories, n; farming
and artisan classes, n; In-
dians, 33 (eliminated by
smallpox, 55; arrowheads of,
113); mines, 11; Negro, pro-
venience of, 82 ; Revolution, 6.

Americans, 5, n, 12, 77, 83, 88-
90, 100; birth-rate decline of,
46, 91 ; brunet type of, 45, 150;
destruction of in Civil War, 88 ;
future race mixture of, 92-93,
100; in competition with im-
migrants, 91 ; individualism
of, 12; national consciousness
of, 90; Nordic element of, 88;
race consciousness among, 86;
southerners, 42; typical hair
shade of, 26.

Amerindian blood, 61.

Amerinds, 23, 31, 33, 34.

Amorites, 223.

Anak, sons of, 223.

Anaryan languages, 140, 194,
204, 233-236; survivals of in
Europe, 234-236, 240; in Rus-
sia, 243; in the British Isles,
246.

Anatolia, 21; present population
of, 225.

Anatolians, 237.

Andaman Islands, Negroids in,
149.

Angles, 177; in Britain, 206, 248-
249; in England, 200; in Scot-
land, 203; origin of, 200.

Anglian blood of American set-
tlers, 83.

Anglian type, 40.

Anglo-Norman type, 162.

Anglo-Normans of Ireland, 64.

Anglo-Saxons, 63, 67, 80, 154;
and genius, 109; in Colonial
America, 83.

Animals, domesticated, 112, 117,
122, 123, 138, 146, 240.

Antes, 141.

Anthropoid Apes, 101-102.

Anthropology, 3, 97; in the
British Isles, 249.

Apes, 101-102.

Aquitaine, Iberian language of,
194; brunet elements from,
208; and Celtic language, 248.

Aquitanian language, 140.

Arabia, 44, 152.

Arabic language, in Spain, 156.

Arabic race, 147.

Arabs, in Spain, 156.

Aral Sea; see also Caspian-Aral
Sea, 171, 254.

Argentine, 78.

Arian faith of the barbarians,
181.

Aristocracy, 5, 10, 140-142, 153-
154, 187-189, 191-192, 196-
197; Alpine, 154; Austrian,
141; Bavarian, 141; British,
247; French, 140; German,
141; Greek, 153; Italian, 189,
215; military, 78; Persian, 254;
Roman, 154; Russian, 142;
Spanish, 192, 247; Swabian,
141 ; a true, 7, 8.

Aristocrats, 188, 191, 192, 197.

Aristotle, 226.

Armenians, 59, 63, 66, 238-239,
256; language of, 238, 256.

Armenoid Alpines, 254.

Armenoids, 20, 134, 238, 254,
257.

Armies, conscript and volunteer,
198.

Armor, 120; of the Romans, 154.

Armorica; see also Brittany; Al-
pines in, 251; Celts in, 250-
251.

Armorican language, 248, 251.

Armoricans, 250.

Arrow, in the Azilian Period,
115; in the Palaeolithic Period,
112, 115.

Art, Cro-Magnon, 112; Magda-
lenian, 114; in the Palaeolithic
Period, 112; decline of in the
Solutrean Period, 114.

Artois, 210.

Arya, 233-241.

Aryan deities, 253.

Aryan language or speech, 20,
61, 67, 130, 155, 161, 233; and
Alpines, 238; associated with
the Nordics, 234, 241-242;
diversity of, 242; first appear-
ance of in Europe, 246; im-
posed upon the Alpines and
Mediterraneans, 242; in Ar-
menia, 239; in Asia, 253-263;
in Asia Minor, 238-239; in the
Caucasus, 238-239; in Iran,
238-239; introduced into
Etruria, 244; into Europe, 155;
into Greece, 203; into India,
258; into Media. 254; into
Spain, 192; language of the
Ossetes, 66; of Hindustan, 67,
70; origin of, 242-252; place of
development of, 243 ; primitive
212; Pre-Aryan, 204, 233,
2 35» 247. Proto- Aryan, 61 ,
233, 238, 242-243.

Aryan race, 3, 67, 213.

Asia, 20 21, 61; Alpines in, 144:
area of man's evolution, 13;
Aryan languages in, 253-263;
Aryanization of, 255; blond-
ness in, 224; cradle of man-
kind, 100-101; cradle of the
Negro, 33; early civilizations
in, 119; ethnic conquest of, 78;
(western) Hellenization of,
162; (western) Macedonian
dynasties of, 162; Mediter-
ranean languages in, 253;
Mediterranean race in, 148-
149; Mongols destroy civiliza-
tion in, 260; Negrito substra-
tum in, 148-149; Nordics in,
214, 224, 253-263.

Asia Minor, 20; Alpines in, 127,
I 34i x 36; Armenians in, 256;
bronze weapons in, 127; Cim-
merians in, 254; early iron in,
129; Gauls in, 158; Greek col-
onies in, 160; Hellenized, 220;
invaded by Phrygians, 159;
Nordics in, 214, 225; Turkish
language in, 237.

Asiatic types, Europeanized, 144.

Asiatics, 22.

Assam, dialects of, 258.

Assyria, 147; ancient civiliza-
tions of, 153; languages of,
239.

Athenians, instability and ver-
satility of, 229.

Athens, 160, 162.

Atlas Berbers, 25.

Atlas Mountains, 223.

Attica, and genius, 109; Pelas-
gians in, 160.

Attila, 139, 250.

Augustus, Emperor, 51, 154, 216.

Aurignacian Period, 105, 108,
m, 112, 114, 132.

Australia, Nordic race in, 79.

Australians, 31; opposing the
Japanese and Chinese, 79.

Australoids, 33, 107; hairiness of,
224.

Austria, 56, 183; Alpines in. 210,
232; Nordics in, 210; present
population of, 231-232; Slavs
in, 141.

Austrians, 57, 135.

Auvergne, Alpines in, 146; an-
cient centre of population, 149.

Avars, 143-145; language of, 236.

Avesta, 255.

Azilian Period (Azilian-Tarde-
noisian), 99, 105, 115-117. 132,
136; and brachycephalics, 116;
and Mediterranean race, 117;
bow and arrow in, 113, 115.

Azilians, 113, 138.

Babylonia, 147; ancient civiliza-
tion of, 153.

Bactra, 119.

Bactria, language of, 255; Mon-
golization of, 259 ; Sacse in, 259.

Baden, Alpines in, 140.

Bahamas, 39, 40; English in, 40.

Balkan Peninsula, Albanians tit,
*53; Ulyrians in, 153; Medi-
terranean substratum in, 152-
153; Nordics in, 189; Slavs in,
143, 153.

Balkan Question, 156-157.

Balkans, 56, 57, 144; Alpines in,
116, 124, 127, 136; immigrants
from, 89; language in, 237.

Balkh, 119.

Balochi dialect, 255.

Baltic, coasts, Neolithic occupa-
tion of, 122-123; Pre-Neo-
lithic culture of, 117; Prov-
inces, 211, 212; Race, see Nor-
dic race; Russification of, 58;
Sea, 20, 37, 117, 122, 124, 151,
168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 180;
subspecies, 20; see also Nordic
race.

Baluchistan, 148.

Bantus, 80.

Barbadoes, 39.

Bashkirs, 144.

Basques, 140; language of and its
affinities, 140; 234; physical
characters of, 234-235.

Bas-reliefs, 112.

Batavia, 210.

Batavians, 177.

Bavaria, Alpines in, 116, 141;
dolichocephalics in, 116.

Bavarians, 135, 141.

Beaker Maker type, 138, 164.

Bedouins, 100.

Belgae, 145, 194-195, 200, 269;
in Britain, 251; in England,
1 75 ; in France, 1 75 ; Gaul, 251;
Normandy, 251; mixed with
Teutons, 248; language of,
251.

Belgians (modern), 195.

Belgium, 56, 64, 195; divided
into Walloons and Flemings,
57; Alpines in, 116, 138, 140;
Walloons in, 146.

Benin, Bight of, 82.

Berbers, 25, 63, 152, 223; lan-
guage of, 204, 233; related
to the Spaniards and South
Italians, 152.

Berserker, 231.

Bessarabia, Rumanian language
in, 245.

Birth control, 48-49; increase,
51; privilege of, 6; rate in
upper and lower classes, 47-52,
91 ; unconscious part played by
church in, 52.

Black Belt of Mississippi, 76.

Black Breed of Scotland, 107.

Black Sea, 125, 136, 144, 165;
Alpines north of, 136.

Blends, 14.

Blond Hair, 24, 25.

Blond type, 24-26; 229, 230;
crossed with brunet, 14, 18,
26, 28, 202; origin of, 214.

Blondness, 25, 26; associated
with glabrous skin, 32; with
red hair, 32; of Ainus, 224; of
Albanians and Greeks, 163; of
Berbers, 223; of Libyans, 223;
of Swiss, 136; of Tamahu, 223;
in Asia, 224; in Bosnia, 190;
in central Europe in Roman
times, 131; in Ireland, 201; in
literature as special trait, 229;
in Poland, 190; in Russia, 190;
in Spain, 192; of Christ, 230.

Blonds, mixed with brunets, 202.

Bohemia, 59, 183; revolt of, 187;
loss of population in during
Thirty Years' War, 184.

Bohemian national revival, 58.

Bone-carving, 112.

Borreby type (see Beaker Mak-
ers), 164.

Borussian language, 242.

Bosnia, 190.

Boundaries, of Catholics and
Protestants, 185; of Nordics
and Alpines, 185-186; of East-
ern and Western Empires, 179.

Bow and arrow in the Paleo-
lithic Period, 112, 113, 115.

Brachycephalic, as a term, 19;
races, first appearance of, 116.

Brachycephaly, 19, 116, 122,
127-128, 136-138, 144, 146,
I5 1 . I 57» I 7 2 l increase of in
France, 197; Russian, 136.

Brahmans, 257.

Brandenburg, population of, 72.

Brazil, Negro blood in, 78.

Brenner Pass, 189.

Brennus, 157.

Bretons, 62 ; Asiatic origin of, 63.

Britain, 128, 131, 194; Alpine in-
vasion of, 239; Angles in, 206,
248-249; Aryan language in,
234; Beaker Makers in, 138;
Belgae in, 248, 251; bronze in,
127; Bronze Age in, 163; Cel-
tic language in, 247; Celts in,
248; Danes in, 249; Goidels
in, 174, 248; iron in, 130-
131; land connection of, with
France, 199; with Ireland,
199; loss of Roman power in,
250; Mediterraneans in, 123,
127, 248; (see also British Isles
and England) ; Neolithic popu-
lation of, 123; Normans in,
249; Norse in, 249; Paleo-
lithic population of, 123; Pro-
to-Mediterraneans in, 150;
race mixture in, 248; racial
composition of, 199; Round
Barrow Men in, 163; Saxons
in, 248-249; Welsh in, 248-
249.

British, 29; native British stat-
ure, 29.

British Empire, 57.

British Isles {see also Britain and
England); Alpines absent in,
63; absence of round skulls in,
63, 137, 138, 247, 249; an-
thropology of, 249; brunets
of, 28, 29, 149, 150; conquered
by Saxons, 180; Celtic lan-
guages in, 249-250; Iberian
substratum in, 249; invaded
by Belga? or Cymry, 199; by
Brythons, 199; by Goidels,
199; Mediterraneans in, 149,
198, 266; Nordics in, 188, 199-
206, 269, 271; Saxon and Dan-
ish parts of, 88; Saxons in,
180; Teutonic languages in,
249; Vikings in, 249.

Brittany, 81 , 129, 146, 202, 248;
(see Armorica); Alpines in,
146, 267; Armorican language
in, 248; Celtic language in,
250-252; Celts in, 250-251;
dolmens in, 129; megaliths in,
155; ravaged by the Saxons,
251-252.

Bronze, 132, 155; associated with
Alpines, 128, 136; composi-
tion and invention of, 126;
effect of, 127, 128, 129; fab-
ulous value of, 126; imple-
ments, wide diffusion of com-
mon types, 128; in Crete, 128;
in England, 128, 137; in Ire-
land, 137; in Italy, 127-128;
in megalithic monuments, 129;
in north Africa, 128; in Scan-
dinavia, 128; in Sweden, 137;
introduction of, 157, 158; on
Atlantic coasts, 128; absence
of in dolmens, 127.

Bronze Period (Age), 120-122,
126-133, 137, 163, 174, 199,
213, 238, 267; and Beaker
Makers, 138; in the South
contemporary with the north-
ern neolithic, 129.

Brunet, crossed with blond, 14,
18, 26, 28, 202.

Brunetness, among Greeks, 163;
in central Europe, 131; in
literature, as a special char-
acter, 229; in England and
America, 150, 153; in Scotland,
150, 153, 204.

Brunn-Pfedmost race, 113, 114,
132.

Brutus, 217.

Brythonic elements, in Scotland,
203; (Cymric) invasion, 247;
language, 248; in France, 248;
in Wales, 205.

Brythons, 203, 247-249, 269; on
the continent, 174; in England,
175, 200, 206; in Ireland, 200,
206.

Bukowina, Rumanian language
in, 245.
Bulgaria, Mongoloid characters
in, 144; Mediterraneans in,
153.

Bulgarian national revival, 58.
Bulgarians and Christianity, 65;
domination of in Thrace, 246.
Bulgars, 145.
Burgund, 142.
Burgundians, 70, 72, 145, 177,
194; in Gaul, 180.
Burgundy, 30, 182-183.
Byzantine Army, 189; Empire,
65, 165-166, 179, 181, 189,
221, 237, 246; decline of, 221;
Greeks in, 165.
Byzantium, 92, 166.

Cacocracy, 79.

Caesar, 69, 140, 182, I93~i95,
200, 217, 221, 248, 251.

Caithness, 249.

Calabrian, language, 244.

California, II, 75.

Californians, 79.

Caligula, 217.

Campignian Period, 120, 121;
culture of, 132.

Canada, 23; Nordics in, 81;
French Canada, 47.

Canadians (French), II, 47, 58,
81; origin of, 81; Alpine char-
acter of, 81; language of, 81;
(Irish), II; Indian, 9, 87.

Cantabrian Alps, 140, 267.

Carpathian Mountains, 124, 136,
141, 142, 143. 244-245.

Carthage, 126, 165, 180; ancient
civilization of, 153.

Carthaginians, 228.

Caspian Sea (see also Caspian-
Aral Sea), 171, 257.

Caspian-Aral Sea, 170, 214, 225,
254. 258.

Cassiterides, 127.

Cassius, 217.

Castes, 70.

Castilian language, 156, 244.

Catalan language, 156, 244.

Catholic boundaries in Europe,
185.

Catholic colonies, the half-breed
in, 85.

Caucasian race, 3, 32, 34, 65, 66,
67; hair of, 34; in the United
States, 65 ; origin of the name,
66.

Caucasus, 66, 144, 225, 238-239,
253; Cimmerian raids in, 254;
Nordics in, 214, 258.

Caucasus Mountains, 66, 214,
257.
Cavalier type, 185.
Caverns of France and Spain,
112, 132.
Celtiberians, 192; language of,
234.

Celtic dialects, 62, 130.

Celtic languages, 62; antedating
Anglo-Saxons in England, and
Romans in France, 63; in
Spain, 155, 234; Celtic and
High German, 189; Celtic in
France, 194, 248; Celtic lan-
guage of the Nordics, 194;
first crosses the Rhine west-
ward, 246; introduced into
Britain, 247-250; in Brittany,
250-251; in Gaul, 250; de-
scendants of, 250; remnants
of, 155-156.

Celtic Nordics, 139.

Celtic race, 3, 62-64.

Celtic-speaking nations, 130, 131,
139. 173-177. 189, 192, 199;
physical characters of, 175.

Celtic tribes, 250; in Armorica,
251.

Celto-Scyths, 174.

Celts, 62, 63, 194; in the Rhine
valley, 174; in the Danube
valley, 174; expulsion of from
Germany, 174; physical char-
acters of, 175; mixed with
Mediterraneans and Alpines,
177; "Q" and "P," 247-248.

Central America, 61, 75.

Centum group of Aryan lan-
guages, 256.

Cephalic index, 19-24; in Eng-
land, 137; increase of in
France, 197.

Cereals, 138.

Ceylon, 258; Mediterranean race
in, 148; Negroids in, 149;
Veddahs in, 149.

Chalons, battle of, 250, 272.

Channel coasts, 201; depression
of, 199.

Characters, unit, 13 et seq.

Charlemagne, 182, 187, 191, 195;
capital of, 182; coronation of,
182; empire of, 182; language
of the court of, 182.

Charles V, 183.

Charles Martel, 181.

Chase, the, 122.

Chellean Period, 104-105, 132;
Pre-Chellean, 104-105.

Cherbourg, 201.

China, whites in, 78.

Chinese, II, 79, 119, 260; in
California and Australia, 79;
Nordic elements among, 224.

Chinese civilization, 119.

Chinese coolie, 11.

Chinese-Turkestan, Wu-Suns in,
260; Tokharian language in,
260.

Chivalry, 228.

Christ, 227; blondness of, 230.

Christianity, 181-183, 221-222.

Chronological table, 132-133.

Chronology, Hebrew, 4.
Church, and birth control, 52;
harboring defective strains,
49-50.
Church of Rome and democracy,
, 85.

Cimbri, 177.

Cimmerians, 173, 189, 214, 225,
253, 258, 269.

Cinque cento, 215.

Circassians, 237.

Cisalpine Gaul, 157.

Cities, consumers of men, 209;
Alpines in, 94; Mediterraneans
in, 94, 209; Nordics in, 94, 209.

Civil War, 16, 42-43, 81, 86, 88,
218.

Civilization, foundation of Eu-
ropean, 164, 165; and race
mixture, 161; of Nordics and
Mediterraneans, 214-216.

Climate and arboreal man, 101.

Climatic conditions, 38-42, 215.

Cnossos, 165.

Colonial American families, 46-
48, 51, 83-85.

Colonial population, of America,
48, 83, 84.

Colonial Wars, causes of, 85.

Colonies, American, Nordic
blood in, 84; Catholic, in New
France and New Spain, 85.

Colonization, 93.

Columbaria, 220.

Competition of races, 46-55.

Conquistadores, 73, 193.

Conscript Armies, 197-198.

Constantine, 166.

Constantinople, 166 (see Byzan-
tium).

Consumption, 55.

Continuity of physical charac-
ters, 262.

Copper, 125, 132; in Egypt, 125;
first appearance of in Europe,
122; implements, 121; mines,
125.

Cornish language, 248.

Cornwales, 178.

Cornwall, 178; racial types in,
206; Phoenicians in, 127.

Cotentin, 201.

"Crackers," 39.

Cretans, 228.

Crete, 99, 165; ancient civiliza-
tion of, 153; bronze in, 128;
Hellenes in, 162; Minoan cul-
ture of, 99, 164; Pre- Aryan
language, remnants in, 233.

Crimea, 176; Gauls in, 174.

Croats, 143.

Cro-Magnon, race, 105-107,
108-115, 132; and art, 112,
114; and Esquimaux, 112;
cranial capacity of, 109; cul-
ture of, m-113; direction of
entrance of, into Europe, 1 1 1 ;
disappearance of, 1 1 0-1 1 1 ,
115; disharmonic features of,
no; distribution of, in; first
appearance of, 108, 1 1 1 ; genius
of, 109; in France, 265; origin
of, in; race characters of,
108-109; remnants of, 15, no;
skull of, 15, no; weapons of,
112, 113.

Crossing, brunets and blonds, 14,
18, 26, 28, 202.

Crucifixion, in art, 230.

Crusades, 182, 191.

Cuba, 76.

Culture, European, derivation
of, 164.

Cumberland Mountains, 39.

Cymric invasions, 174; (Bry-
thonic), 247.

Cymric language, 248; Anaryan
syntax of, 204; in Britain, 248;
in central Europe, 248 ; in Nor-
mandy, 251 ; in Wales, 205.

Cymry, 145, 174, 205-206, 247,
269, 271; and La Tene, 131;
in Britain, 175, 200; in France,
175. 251.

Cyprus, mines of, 125; My-
cenaean culture of, 164.
Cyrus, 254.
Czechs, 143.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 215.

Dacia, 245.

Dacian Plain, 176, 244-245; oc-
cupation of, 143.

Dalmatian Alps, 30; coast, 138.

Danes, 69, 145, 177, 196, 206,
211 ; along the Atlantic coasts,
180; in Britain, 249; invasion
of, 201 ; Nordic, 64; of Ireland,
63-64, 201 ; of Schleswig, Ger-
manization of, 58-59.

Danish barbarians, identified
with Normans, 252; Danish
blood of American settlers, 83 ;
Danish Peninsula, 200.

Dante, 215.

Danube, 244-245; Alpines, in
valley of, 116, 127, 136, 167;
lake dwellings of, 131, 122;
Nordics in, 174; routes of, 125.

Dardanelles, 256.

Darius, 254-255; Nordic type,
258.

Dark Ages, 99.

Dart, barbed, 112; poisoned, 113.

David, fairness of, 223; mother
of, 223-224.

Dawn Man, 105.

Dawn stones, 102-103.

DeGeer, Baron, 169.

Delphi, Galatians at, 158.

Democracy, 5, 8, 10, 12, 78, 79;
and socialism, 79.

Democratic forms of govern-
ment, 5.

Denmark, Alpines in, 136, 911 ;
kitchen middens of, 123; Mag-
lemose culture in, 117, 123,
169; Teutons from, 174.

Dinaric race, or type, 138, 163-
164, 190.

Diogenes, 227.

Diseases, 54, 55.

Disharmonic combinations of

physical characters, 14, 28, 35,
110.

Dnieper river, 143.
Dog, the, domesticated, 117, 123;

Paleolithic, 112.
Dolichocephalic, as a term, 19;

Dolichocephalics, earliest races
in Europe, 116.
Dolichocephaly, 24, 107, 108,
114, 116, 122, 136, 148-149,
151. 172.

Dolichocephs and megaliths,
129.

Dolmens, of Brittany, absence of
bronze in, 129.
Domesticated animals, 117, 122-
123, 138.
Dominion of Canada, 81.
Dordogne, stature in, 198.
Dorian dialects, 164, 243; inva-
sion of Greece, 99, 159-160.
Dorians, 159-160, 164, 189, 269.
Dravidians, 148, 257; mixed with
Mediterraneans, 150.
Dutch, 61 ; in the East Indies, 78;
in New York, 80, 84; in South
Africa, 80.

East Indies, whites in, 78; Dutch
in, 78.

Eastern Empire of Rome, 165-
166, 176, 179, 221.

Ecclesiastics among Normans,
brachycephalic, 208.

Egypt, Alpines in, 128, 140;
ancient civilization of, 119,
153, 164; bronze weapons in,
127; copper in, 125; culture
synchronous with the northern
Neolithic, 125; (lower) earliest
fixed date of, 1 25 ; fellaheen of,
15 ; freed menof,ii6; Hellenized,
220; invaded by Libyans,
223; iron in, 129; Macedonian
dynasties of, 162; Mediter-
ranean race in, 148; monu-
ments in, 155; national revival
of, 58; Nordics in, 223.

Egyptians, 15, 63; ancient, 152;
language of, 233.

Elam, 147.

Elimination of the weak and un-
fit, 49-54.

Eneolithic Period, 121, 128, 132.

Energy of the Nordics, 215.

England, 10, 21, 26, 56, 62, 185-
186; Alpines in, 137; Angles in,
200; blond elements in, 63;
bronze introduced into, 128;
Brythons in, 175; cephalic in-
dex in, 137, 138; conquered by
the Danes, 69, 201; by the
Normans, 69, 206-207 ; by the
Norsemen, 69; by the Saxons,
69; blonds mixed with bru-
nets in, 202; deterioration of,
209; economic change in, 43,
209; ethnic elements in, 201-
210; Goidelic elements in, 201 ;
Goidelic speech in, 200;
Iberian substratum in, 201;
iron in, 129-131; land connec-
tion of with Ireland and
France, 128, 199; loss of Nor-
dics in, 168, 191; Mediter-
ranean race in, 26, 83, 150, 153,
J 55» 203, 208-210; megaliths
in, 155; nobility in, 191; Nor-
dic race in, 26, 188, 199-210;
decline of Nordic element in,
190, 191, 208-210; Norman
type in, 206-208, 252 ; physical
types in, 249; Post-Roman in-
vaders of, 73 ; race elements in,
64, 249; Round Barrow men
of, 137-138; Saxon invasion
of, 200-201; Saxon speech of,
69; severed from France and
Ireland, 128; stone weapons in,
120-121; in world war, 191,
198.

English, the, 61, 67; brunet, 149-
150; borderers, 40; characters,
26, 29, 64; in the Bahamas, 40;
in New York, 80; in South
Africa, 80; modern, 67; Nor-
man type among, 207; Round
Barrow survivals among, 164;
typical hair shade of, 26.

English Channel, 199.

English language, 61; a world
language, 80, 204.

English race related to the Fris-
ians, 73.

Environment, 4, 16, 19, 28, 38-
39, 98-99; effects of, 262.

Eoanthropus, 105-106.

Eolithic culture, 103; man, 97-
103; Period, 102-103, I0 5> I 3 2 -

Eoliths, 102-103.

Ephtalites, 254.

Epirus, 164.

Erse language, 247.

Esquimaux, and Cro-Magnons,
no, 112, 225.

Esthonians, 234; language of,
234, 236, 243; immigration of,
236.

Esths, 236, 243.

Eternal City, 153.

Ethiopia, 151.

Ethiopian Negro, 24, 151.

Etruria, 153, 165; ancient civili-
zation of, 153; struggles of
with the Latins, 154; empire
of, 165.

Etruscans, 154, 157, 244; lan-
guage of, 234, 244; empire of,
I 57: power of destroyed, 157;
learn Aryan, 244.

Eugenics, ideal in, 48.

Eurasia, 100, 202.

Europe, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 44, 56,
60, 62, 63, 68; abandoned to
invaders, 179; Alpines in, 117;
Anaryan survivals in, 234-235 ;
brain capacity of, 53; Cro-
Magnons in, 108, 115; dolicho-
cephalic, 116; early man in,
102; glaciation in, 101-102;
not the home of the Alpines,
43; nor of the Slavs, 65; Ger-
man types in, 73; iron in, 129-
131; (mediaeval), 10, 52, 59;
megaliths in, 155; Mongols in,
65; Nordic aristocracy in, 188;
see also Aristocracy; Nordics
in, 188; peninsula of Asia
or Eurasia, 100; Pre-Aryan
speech in, 235; Teutonic, 179-
187; Turkish language in, 237;
(western) introduction of Ar-
yan speech into, 234.

Europe (Paleolithic), 23.

European culture, derivation of,
164.

European man, 25,000 years ago,
109.

European races, 18-21, 24, 28-
30, 32, 33, 35, 60, 66, 131;
natural habitat of, 37 ; physical
characters of, 21, 31, 34; pres-
ent distribution of, 272-273.

European wars and Nordics, 73,
74; causes of, 56.

Europeans, in Brazil, 78; mod-
ern, cranial capacity of, 109.

Euskarian language; see also
Basque, 140, 235.

Euskarians (Basques), 234.

Eye color, 13, 24, 25, 35, 135,
168, 175.

Farms, immigrants on, 209;
nurseries of nations, 209.

Fellaheen, 152.

Fen districts, Mediterraneans
in, 153.

Ferdinand of Hapsburg, 187.

Fertility and infertility of races,
22.

Feudalism, 228.

Finland, 59, 236; Alpines in, 211;
colonized by Sweden, 211; con-
quered by the Varangians, 177.

Finlanders, language of, 234, 236,
243.

Finnic dialects, 234.

Finns, 58, 243; round-skulled,
invasion of, 236.

Firbolgs, 108, 203.

Flanders, 182; Nordics in, 188,
210, 231.

Flemings, 57, 61, 195, 210; lan-
guage of, 195; descended from
the Franks, 210.

Flints, chipped, 102-104, 113,
119-12 1 ; polished, 1 19-120.

Foot, as a race character, 31.

Forests, 124.

Forty-Niners, 75.

France, 23, 56, 60, 63; and the
church, 181; and the Hugue-
nots, 53; Alpines in, 138, 140,
142, 194; Aryan language in,
234; Athenian versatility of,
161; Basques in, 140; Bronze
Age in, 129, 131; Brythonic
language in, 248; caverns in,
112; Celtic language in, 194,
248-251; connection of by
land with Britain, 199; ce-
phalic index in, 197; conquered
by Gauls, 173; Cro-Magnon
race in, no; Cymry or Belgae
in, 175, 251; decline of inter-
national power in, 197; first
Alpines in, 116; Hallstatt relics
in, 131; in Caesar's time, 194-
195; invasion of by Gauls, 199;
loss through war, 197; Medi-
terraneans in, 149, 156, 194;
megaliths in, 129; mercenaries
i n » *35; Nordic aristocracy in,
140; Nordics in, 188, 231;
Normans in, 201; Paleolithic,
remnants in, no; racial com-
position of, 194; religious wars
of, 185, 196; Saxons in, 201;
severed from England, 128;
stature in, 198; Tardenoisian
Period of, 115; variation of
physical characters in, 23.

Francis I, 183.

Franco-Prussian War, 198.

Frankish aristocracy, 196; dynas-
ties, 195; kingdom, 196.

Franks, 67, 70, 145, 177, 181,
251; founders of France, 195;
in Belgium, 195; in Gaul, 206;
conquer the Lombards, 181;
conversion of, 181; control
western Christendom, 181 ; de-
feat the Moslems, 181; king-
dom of, 180-196.

French, 67; stature of, 197-198;
conscripts, 198; language, 244;
Revolution, 6.

French Canadians, n, 58.

Frisia, 73.

Frisian coast, 210; dialect (Taal),
South Africa, 80.

Frisians, 177; Nordic character
of, 73.

Friulian language, 244.
Frontiersmen of America, 45, 74-
75, 85.

Furfooz-Grenelle race, 116, 132,
136, 138.

"Furor Normanorum," 130.

Gaelic, 247, 249.

Galatia, 158, 225.

Galatians, 158; physical char-
acter of, 175.

Galicia, 245; Nordics in, 156.

Gallicia, Slavs in, 143.

Gaul, 60, 131; Cisalpine Gaul,
157; Roman Gaul, 69; Alpines
in, 124, 240; Belgae in, 251;
Burgundians in, 180; Celtic
speech in, 250; conquered by
the Goths and Franks, 251;
Franks in, 206; Goidels in, 248;
languages in, 69-70; Latinized,
194; Latin speech in, 251;
Mediterraneans in, 123; Nor-
dics in, 193-194; Nordics or
Celts cross into, 173, 194;
Teutonic speech in, 251; Visi-
goths in, 180.

Gauls, 68, 131, 145, 156, 189,
194; ancient, 229; conquer
France, 174; enter Spain, 174,
192; in Asia Minor, 158; in the
Crimea, 174; in France, 199;
in Galatia, 225; in Greece, 158;
in Italy, 1 57, 1 74, 225 ; in south
Russia, 174; in Thrace, 225;
mixed with Alpines, 247 ; mixed
with Mediterraneans, 192, 247;
physical characters of, 175;
as a ruling class, 247.

Genius and leaders, 98; and edu-
cation or environment versus
race, 98; in Greece, 109; in
various states, 99; genius- pro-
ducing type and rate of in-
crease, 51, 99.

Georgia, 39, 99.

Georgians, 237.

Gepidse, 177.

German, Emperor, 182-183; Em-
pire, 184; immigrants to
America, 84, 86, 87, 184; in
the Civil War, 87; in Brazil,
78; language, 61, 182, 188-189;
Revolution, of 1848, 87; type,
Germans, 61, 67; Austrian Ger-
mans, 145; defeat Mongols,
260; descendants of Wends,
72; immediate forerunners of,
194; in America, 84; in Brazil,
78; in Civil War, 87; of the
Palatinate, 84; Russification
of, 58; stature of, 154.

Germany, 65, 72, 200; Alpines in,
64, 72, 73, 124, 135, 141-142,
184-187, 189, 232; Celts in,
173-174, 248; change of race
in, 141-142, 184-185; Chris-
tian overlordship of, 183; early
Nordics in, 124, 131; gentry
of, 185, 198; Goidels in, 247-
248; imperial idea in, 187;
loss of population of during
Thirty Years' War, 183; Medi-
terraneans in, 123; in Middle
Ages, 183; modern population
of, 186, 231-232; nobility of,
185; Nordics in, 73, 124, 131,
141-142, 170, 174, 184, 187-
188, 210, 213, 231; peasantry
(Alpine) in, 185; race con-
sciousness of, 57; race mixture
m i l 35't racial composition of,
72, 73, 184; Slavic substratum
in, 72, 131, 141-142; Teutons
m » 7 2 » 73. 184-189; Thirty
Years' War, effect of, 183-
187, 198; unified, 56-57, 186;
Wends in, 236; women of, 228;
in world war, 186-187, 231.

Ghalcha, 255, 259.

Ghalchic, 261.

Ghettos, 209.

Gizeh round skulls, 127.

Glacial stages, 101, 105-106, 133.

Glaciation, 100-106, 132.

Goidelic dialects, 200-201, 248;
elements in Scotland, 203;
language, Anaryan syntax in,
204; in Wales, 205; older in
central Europe, 248.

Goidels, 131, 173-174, I94"i95»
200, 247, 269, 271; crossed
with Mediterraneans, 248-249;
invade Britain, 199; late wave
of from Ireland to Scotland,
250; a ruling class, 247.

Gold, 125.

Gothic language in Spain, 156.

Goths, 66, 73, 142, 145, 176-177,
180-181, 189, 192, 206, 211,
251, 270; early home of, 176;
in Italy, 157.

Graeculus, 163.

Greece, 59; ancient, absence of
Dinaric type in, 164; ancient
civilization of, 153; classic
period of, 99, 160-161; con-
quered by Achaeans, 158; cul-
ture of, contrasted with that
of the Persians, 255; dark
period of, 99; Dorian invasion
of. 99, J59J Homeric, 163-164;
Homeric-Mycenaean culture of,
99; Mediterranean substratum
in, 152; modern, 161-164;
Hellenes in, 162; Mycenaean
culture of, 164; Nordics in,
159-160, 173, 214; Pelasgians
in, 158; race mixture in, 161;
war of with Persia, 255.
Greek language, 179; origin of,
243.

Greek states, 162.

Greeks, in Asia Minor, 160.
ancient, cranial capacity of,
109; brunets among, 159,
163; blonds among, 159,
163; genius of, 109; lan-
guage of, 158; Mediter-
raneans, 153, 158
classic, 161, 256; blondness
of, 159, 163; brunets
among, 160-161; charac-
ter of, 154, 160; language
of, 161; Nordic type of,
162 ; physical character of,
163; race mixture among,
160-161
modern, 68; Alpines among,
65; language of, 163;
physical character of, 162-
163.

Greenland, 211.

Gregory, Pope, 230.

Grenelle race, 116, 132, 136, 138,
267.

Gulf States, Negroes in, 76.

Gunz glaciation, 101, 132.

Gunz-Mindel glaciation, 132.

Gustavus Adolphus, 210.

Hair, of the head, 33; character
of, 33-34-

Hair color, 13, 24, 25, 28, 32, 35,
135. 168, 175.

Hairiness, 31, 168; of the Ainus,
224; of the Australoids, 224;
of the Scandinavians, 224.

Haiti, 76, 77.

Hallstatt iron culture, 129, 130-
132.

Hamitic peoples, 152; speech,
140.

Hannibal, 217.

Hanover, 73.

Hapsburg, House of, 183; Ferdi-
nand of, 187.

Harold, King of England, 120.

Hebrew chronology, 4.

Heidelberg jaw, 102; man, 106,
118, 133.

Hellas, ancient civilization of,
153, 160, 215; conquered by
Macedon, 161-162.

Hellenes, 68, 158-163, 215, 243;
language of, 233-234.

Hellenic colonies, 165; language,
233-234; states, 165.

Henry VIII, 183.

Henry the Fowler, 142.

Heredity, 4, 13 et seq.; in relation
to environment, 16; unaltera-
ble, 16-19.

Heroes, blondness of, 159, 229.

Heruli, 177.

Hidalgo, meaning of the term,
192.

High German, and Teutonized
Alpines, 189; and Celtic ele-
ments, 189; High German peo-
ple, 73; High and Low Ger-
man, 258.

Highlanders, Scottish, 62.

Highlands, Goidelic speech in,
250; language of, 247.

Himalayas, western, 22; Alpines
111, 134-

Hindu Kush, 20, 256; Alpines in,
134.

Hindus, 18, 21, 70, 159, 216;
Aryan speech of, 67; languages
of, 148, 216, 257.

Hindustan, 67, 70, 148-149, 255;
Mediterraneans in, 149; Nor-
dic invaders of, 67, 70; physi-
cal types of, 257; whites in,
78.

Hittite empire, 256; language,
239.

Hittites, ancestors of the Ar-
menians, 239; and iron, 129.

Hiung-Nu, 224.

Hohenstaufen emperors, 186.

Holland, 26, 73, 182, 210; Al-
pines in, 136; bronze in, 127;
Nordics in, 188, 210.

Hollanders, related to Anglo-
Saxons of England, 80.

Holstein, 73.

Holy Roman Empire, 182, 184.

Homer, 159, 189.

Homeric-Mycenaean civilization,
159.

Homo, 32, 33, 167; eoanthropus,
105-106; europcBus, 167; heidel-
bergensis, 102, 106, 118; pithe-
canthropus, 101.

Horse, 112.

"House of Refuge," 115.

Hudson Bay Company, 9.

Huguenots, exterminated in
France, 53: in exile, 53; in
America, 84.

Humboldt, skull of, 226.

Hungarian nation, 59.

Hungarians, 143; modern, 145.

Hungary, 144; Alpines and Nor-
dics in, 210; early Nordics in,
131; independent, 59; lan-
guages in, 236; Saxons in, 201 ;
Slavs in, 131.

Huns, 176.

Hunting, 113, 122.

Hybridism, 14, 17, 18, 60, 188.
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Re: The Passing of the Great Race, by Madison Grant

Postby admin » Mon Aug 30, 2021 4:31 am

Part 2 of 2

Iberian language, 194, 235.
Iberian Peninsula, Aryan lan-
guage in, 192; Mediterraneans
in, 152, 156; states, 60.

Iberian subspecies, 20, 148
(see Mediterranean race); as
substratum in British Isles,
249; in England, 201; in Ire-
land, 201.

Iberian type or race, 148, 202
(see Mediterranean race); re-
surgence of, in Scotland, 249.

Iberians, 68, 156, 193, 201, 249.

Iceland, 211.

Illyria, stature in, 190.

Illyrian language, 164; origin of,
243.

Illyrians, mixed with Slavs, 153,
190.

Immigrants, 71, 74, 84, 100, 218;
Americanization of, 90-9 1 ; and
American institutions and en-
vironment, 90; in America, II,
12, 84, 86-92, 209, 2ii, 218;
German and Irish, 84, 86, 87;
large families among, 47; Nor-
wegian, 211; Scandinavian,
211; skulls of, 17; Teutonic
and Nordic types of, 184.

Immigration, and decline of
American birth rate, 91; Ger-
man, in Brazil, 78; Italian, in
Brazil, 78; Japanese and Chi-
nese, 79; result of, in the
United States, II, 12, 89-94.

Immigration Commission, Con-
gressional, report of, 17.

Immutability of characters, 15,
18.

Imperial idea, 182; of Germany,
187.

Implements, bronze, 121, 122;
copper, 125: flint, 103-104;
wide diffusion of, 128.

Incineration, 128.

Increase of native Americans,
88, 89; and immigration, 89.

India, 22, 33, 66, 78, 119, 171,
241, 261; Aryan languages in,
173, 216, 237, 257-261; con-
quering classes in, 70, 71;
Dravidians in, 148; fossil de-
posits in, 101 ; Mediterraneans
in, 150-151, 261; Negroids in,
149; Nordics in, 257; physical
types of, 257; Pre-Dravidians
in, 149; prehistoric remains in,
101; race mixture in, 150;
Saca in, 257-258; Sanskrit
introduced into, 216; selection
in, 150; whites in, 78.

Indian languages, 173, 216, 237,
257-261.

Indians, 9, 18, 23, 33, 55, 65, 76,
77, 85, 87.

Individualism, 12.

Indo-European race, 3, 66; Indo-
Germanic race, 3, 66; Indo-
Iranian group of Aryan lan-
guages, 261.

Inequality, law of nature, 79.

Inheritance of genius, 15, 18, 98.

Inhumation, 128.

Inquisition, in selection, 53.

Instep, as race character, 31.

Intellect, privilege of, 6.

Interglacial periods, 102, 104,
105, 133-

Invaded countries, effect on lan-
guage and population in, 70-73.

Ionia, Pelasgians in, 160.

Ionian language, 163-164, 243.

Ionians, 159.

Iran, Alpines in, 134, 261.

Iranian, division of Aryan lan-
guages, 255, 259, 261; pla-
teaux, 116, 238.

Ireland, 59; Alpines in, 128;
blond elements in, 63, 201;
Celtic language in, 247; con-
nection of, by land, with
Britain, 199; Danes in, 201;
Erse language in, 247; Goidelic
element in, 201 ; Goidelic in-
vasion of, 199, 200; Goidelic
speech in, 200; Goidels leave
Ireland for Scotland, 250;
Iberian substratum in, 201;
Mediterraneans in, 203; Nor-
dics in, 201 ; Paleolithic man
in, 202-203; Paleolithic rem-
nants in, 108; religion in, 203;
severed from England, 128.

Irish, 29, 58; immigrants, II, 86,
87; instability and versatility
of, 229; intellectual inferiority
of, 203; Neanderthal type of,
108; race elements in, 63, 64,
175, 201-203, 22 9; r ed hair
of, 175; stature of, 29.

Irish Canadians, 1 1 ; Irish Cath-
olic immigrants to America,
84, 86, 87; Irish coasts, Norse
language on, 249-250; Irish
immigrants in the Civil War,
87; Irish language, Pre-Aryan
syntax of, 204, 249; Irish na-
tional movement, 58, 64; Irish
recruits, pigmentation of, 202 ;
Irish type, 202.

Iron, 123, 124, 129, 132; discov-
ery and effect of, 129; fabulous
value of, 126; first appearance
of, 121; in Asia Minor, 129;
in eastern Europe, 129; in
Egypt, 129 ; in western Europe,
130; weapons, 126, 159, 200.

Iroquois, 85.

Islam, 59.

Isle of Man, language of, 247.

Italia Irredenta Movement, 58.

Italians, 68, 91; decline of, 217;
descended from slaves, 216;
loss in war, 216; (south) im-
migrants in Brazil, 78 ; (south)
mixture of, 71; related to the
Berbers, 152.

Italy, 29, 120; Alpines in, 64,
127, 139-140, 157; and the
Huguenots, 53; bronze in, 127;
introduction of, from Crete,
128; Eneolithic Period in, 121,
128; Gauls in, 174, 225; Goths
in, 157; Lake dwellings in, 139;
languages in, 234, 244; Lom-
bards in, 157, 180; Mediter-
raneans in, 29, 123, 152, 157-
158; mercenaries in, 135; My-
cenaean culture in, 164; Nor-
dics in, 42, 145, 157, 173, 174.
180, 189, 215, 220-221, 269-
271; Ostrogoths in, 180; races
in the north, 157, 189; races in
the south, 158; Terramara
Period in, 122; Teutons in,
176, 180; slaves in, 218;
Saxons in, 201 ; Umbrians and
Oscans in, 173; under Austria,
183; unification of, 56, 57.
Ivory carving, 112.

Jamaica, population of, 76.

Japan, Ainus of, 224.

Japanese, 1 1 ; in California and
Australia, 79.

Java, connection of with main-
land, 101 ; prehistoric remains
in, 101.

Jews, 16-18, 82, 91, 227.

Jutes, 177.

Jutland, 200.

Kalmucks, 144.

Kassites, 214, 239; language of,
239; Aryan names among, 253.

Kentish dialect, related to Fris-
ian and Taal, 80.

Kentucky, 39, 40.

Kiptchak, 254.

Kirghizes, 259.

Kitchen Middens, 123.

Kurd, 100.

Kurdish dialect, 255.

Kurgans, Russian, 265.

Lacedaemonian power, 160.
Ladin language, 244.
Lake Dwellers, 121, 123, 139;
physical characters of, 139.

Lake Dwellings, 132; bronze in,
127.

Languages, 3, 4, 233-263; and
nationality, 56-57; changes in,
249-252; through superposi-
tion, 204; in invaded countries,
70; a measure of culture, 240;
nationalities founded on, 56,
57; no indication of race,**6o-
68. See also under various
languages.

Languedoc, Mediterraneans in,
156; Nordics in, 180.

Langue d'oll, 140, 180, 244.

Lapps, language of, 234, 236.

La Tene culture, 131; Period,
130-132, 266.

Latifundia, 218.

"Latin America," 61.

Latin language, 69; ancestral
forms of, 234; derivation of,
244; descendants of, 244; in
Gaul, 182, 251; in Normandy,
251; in Spain, 156; limiting
Western Roman Empire on
the east, 179; Teutons adopt it
in Artois and Picardy, 210;
Vlachs in Thrace adopt it, 246;
Latin nations, 61; race, 3, 61,
76, 154; stock, 61; type, 76.

Latins, struggle of with Etruria,
154.

Leaders and genius, 98.

Legendary characters and physi-
cal types, 229-230.

Leonardo da Vinci, 215.

Lettish language, 212, 242.

Levant, Hellenization of, 162,
220.

Libya, 152.

Libyans, blondness of, 223; in-
vade Egypt, 223.

Liguria, Mediterraneans in, 152,
157.

Ligurian language, 140, 234.

Lips, as race character, 31.

Literary characters and physical
types, 229-230.

Lithuanian language, 212, 242.

"Litus Saxonicum," 252.

Livonian language, 236.

Livonians, or Livs, 236.

Lombards, 73, 142, 145, 177, 271 ;
in Italy, 157, 180; overthrow
of, by Franks, 181, 191.

Lombardy, 25, 35, 183; Nordics
in, 189, 221.

London, 29, 153.

Long skulls in India, 261.

Lorraine, 182; Alpines in, 140.

Low Countries and the Hugue-
nots, 53.

Low German language, 258 ; and
the Nordics, 188-189.

Low German people, 73.

Lower Paleolithic, 104-106, 132.

Loyalists, 6.

Lusitania (Portugal), occupied
by the Suevi, 180.

Luxemburg, 183.

Macedon, 161-162.

Macedonian dynasties, 162.

Macedonians, mixed with Asiat-
ics, 161-162.

Magdalenian bow, 112-113;
Period, 105, ill, 112, 114, 115,
132; art, 114.

Magi, 254.

Maglemose culture, 117, 123,
132, 169, 265.

Magna Gracia, 158.

Magyar language, 236, 244.

Magyars, 143, 144.

Malay Peninsula, Negroids in,
149.

Male, as indicating the trend of
the race, 27.

Man, ancestry of, 104-118; ar-
boreal, 101; ascent of, 97-98;
classification of, 32; definition
of, 104; earliest skeletal evi-
dence of, in Europe, 101, 102;
evolution of, 101 ; phases of
development of , 101-103; place
of origin, 100; predisposition
to mismate, 22 ; race, language,
and nationality of, 3, 4; three
distinct subspecies of, in Eu-
rope, 19-22.

Manx language, 247.

Marcomanni, 177.

Maritime architecture, 165, 199.

Marius, 177, 217.

Marriages between contrasted
races, 60.

Mas d'Azil, 115, 265.

Massachusetts, genius produced
in, 99.

Massageta? (see Sacae), 214, 254,
257, 270; physical characters
of, 259.

Massif Central, 141.

Medes, 173, 216, 254; Nordics in
the Empire of, 254.

Media, 147; language of, 239;
introduction of Aryan lan-
guage into, 254; Nordics in,
Mediaeval Europe, 10, 52, 179-
188. See also Middle Ages.

Medic language (see Media, also
Zendic language), 255.

Mediterranean basin, 89, in,
123; immigrants from to
America, 89.

Mediterranean race, or sub-
species, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29,
31, 34, 66, 68, 69, in, 134,
145, 148-167, 226; and Alpine
race, 146, 181; and ancient
civilization, 153, 214-215; and
Aryan speech, 155, 233, 235,
237-238, 257; and Celtic lan-
guage, 247-251; and Gauls,
156; and Negroes, 151; and
Negritos, 151; and synthetic
languages, 237; as sailors, 227-
228; classic civilization due to,
!53» 165-166; Celticized, 248;
crossed with Goidels, 248; de-
scription of, 20, 148; distribu-
tion of, 148-149, 241 ; distribu-
tion in the Neolithic, 123, 148-
149; in the Paleolithic, 147;
to-day, 20, 148 seq., 152, 167,
273; habitat of, 44, 45; hair of,
20, 26, 31, 34; expansion of,
266; eye color of, 20; fore-
runners of, 117; handsomest
types of, 158; in Afghanistan,
148; Africa, 148, 151-152, 155;
Algeria, 44; America, 44, 45;
Arabia, 153; Argentine, 78;
Asia, 148-150, 257; Azilian
Period, 117; Baluchistan, 148;
Britain (see also British Isles
and England), 123, 149, 247-
249; British Isles, 137, 149-
153, 177 (Pre-Nordic), 153,
198-199, 247; Bronze Age,
128, 155; Eastern Bulgaria,
145; Canada, 44; Ceylon, 148;
cities, 94, 209; north and
western Europe, 149, 155;
Egypt, 148; England, or the
British Isles, 64, 83, 123, 127,
137, 149, 150, 153, 208-210,
249; France, 44, 149, 156, 194,
197; Greece, 158-161; Iberian
Peninsula, 152, 156; India, 66,
148, 150, 257, 261; Italy, 122,
127, 157, 158; Languedoc, 156;
Liguria, 152, 157; Morocco,
148; Nile Valley, 151; Paleo-
lithic Period, 149; Persia, 66,
148; Po Valley, 157; Provence,
156; Rome, 153-154; Sahara,
151; Scotland, 150, 153, 203-
204 ; Senegambian regions, 151;
i n Sicily, 1 58 ; in South America ,
78; in Spain, 149, 151, 155-156,
192; in the Terramara Period,
122; in Wales, 62,63, 153, 177,
203, 205; increasing in Amer-
ica, 45; language of, 155-158,
233; (in Spain, Italy, and
France, 238); knowledge of
metallurgy, 146; mental char-
acteristics of, 229; mixed with
Celts, 177; with Dra vidians,
150; with Gauls, 192; with
Negroids, 150, 241; with Nor-
dics, 161 ; with other ethnic
elements, 149-166; never in
Scandinavia, 150-151; not in
the Alps, 149, 151; not purely
European, 155, 241; origin of,
241; original language of, 235;
physical characters of, 34, 117,
134, 148; racial aptitudes of,
228-229; ri3e °fi m Europe,
190; route of migration of, 155;
resurgence of, 190, 196; in
England, 83, 208; skulls of, 20,
24, 117, 134; stature of, 20, 29;
underlying the Alpines and
Nordics', in western Europe,
150; victims of tuberculosis,
45; yielding to the Alpines at
the present time, 177; Proto-
Mediterraneans, 132, 149, 150.

Mediterranean Sea, 71, 89, 111,
117, 123, 148, 155, 165, 179.

Megalithic monuments, 128-129;
distribution of, 155, 265.

Melanesians, 33.

Melting Pot, 16, 263.

Mendelian characters, 13.

Mercenaries, 135, 216.

Mesaticephaly, 19.

Mesopotamia, 147, 239; chron-
icles of, 253; city states of, 1 19;
copper in, 125; culture syn-
chronous with the northern
Neolithic, 125; earliest fixed
date of, 126.

Messapian language, 234.

Messina, Pelasgians in, 160.

Mesvinian river terraces, 133.

Metallurgy, 120, 122, 123, 125-
132, 146, 238-240, 267.

Metals, 120-132.

Mexican War, 86.

Mexico, 17, 76; peons of, 9.

Michael Angelo, 215.

Microliths, 113.

Middle Ages, 65, 135, 156, 183,
185, 189, 197, 202, 227; civili-
zation of, 165; elimination of
good strains of, 52-53.

Middle Paleolithic Period, 104,
106, 132.

Middle West, settlement of by
poor whites, 40.

Migrating types, 10, 208.

Mikklegard, 179.

Mindel glaciation, 133.

Mindel-Riss Interglacial stage,
102, 133.

Minoan culture of Crete, 99, 164;
Minoan Empire, 164.

Miocene Period, 101-102.

Miscegenation, 60.

Mississippi, 99; black belt of, 76.

Missouri, 40; river, 40.

Mitanni, 214; Aryan names
among, 253; Empire of, 239.

Mixture of races, 18, 34, 60; see
also race mixture.

Mohammedan invasion of Eu-
rope, 181.

Moldavia, Vlachs in, 246.

Mongolian elements in Europe,
139.

Mongolians, see Mongols.

Mongoloid race, 33, 144, 237;
hair of, 34; invasions of Eu-
rope by, 65, 259-260, 272.

Mongols, 31, 33, 34, 65, 134, 139,
144, 224, 241, 260; crossed
with Ainus, 225; crossed with
Esquimaux, 225; in Russia, 65.

Monosyllabic languages, 240.

Moors, in Spain, 156, 181, 192.

Moral, intellectual and physical
characters, race differences in,
226 et seq.

Mordvins, 144.

Morocco, bronze in, 128; Medi-
terranean race in, 148.

Mosaics, 13.

Moscovy, 212.

Moslems in Europe, 181.

Mound burials, 129.

Mousterian Period, 104, 106-107,
132.

Muscovite expansion in Europe,
65.

Mycenae, ancient civilization of,
153.

Mycenaean civilization, 159, 161,
164; culture, of Crete, 164; of
Greece, 99; of Sardinia, 164.

Myrmidons, 159.

Napoleon, 186.

Napoleonic Wars, 197.

National consciousness of Ameri-
cans, 90.

National movements, 57, 58;
types, absorption of higher by
lower, 58, 59.

Nationalities, formed around
language and religion, 57, 58.

Nationality, 3, 4; artificial group-
ing, 56; and language, 56-68.

Navigation, development of , 165,
199.

Neanderthal man, 15, 104-107,
in, 114, 118, 132; habits of,
107; race characters of, 107;
remnants or survivals of, 15,
107-108; skull of, 15, 107-108.

Neanderthaloids, 106-107; rem-
nants of, 114.

Negritos, and Mediterraneans,
151 ; as substratum in southern
Asia, 148-149.

Negroes, 16, 18, 23, 24, 31, 33,
34, 40, 65, 76, 80, 88, 152;
African, 80; American, pro-
venience of, 82; and genius,
109; and the Mediterranean
race, 151-152; and socialism,
87; citizenship of, 218; hair of,
34; in Africa, 23, 24, 33, 79, 80;
America, 82; Brazil, 78; Haiti,
76, 77; Mexico, 76; New Eng-
land, 86; South America, 76,
78 ; Southern States, 42 ; United
States, 16, 40, 65, 76, 82, 85-
87, 99; West Indies, 76; Nor-
dic blood in, 82; rapid multi-
plication of, 79; replacing
whites in the South, 76-78; a
servient race, 87, 88; station-
ary character of their devel-
opment, 77.

Negroids, 33, III, 149; crossed
with Mediterraneans, 150, 241,
257; hair of, 34; (in India)
physical character of, 261.

Neo-Celtic languages, 248.

Neo-Latin, 250.

Neolithic (New Stone Age), 29,
105, 136, 139. 148, 157, 169,
199, 205, 213-214, 248; Beaker
Makers in, 138; beginning of,
118-122; duration of, 121;
distribution of races during,
123-124; in western Europe,
121; northern Neolithic con-
temporary with southern
Bronze, 129; Pre-Neolithic,
117, 207; Upper or Late Neo-
lithic, 121, 132; and writing,

Neolithic ancestors of the Proto-
Mediterraneans, 149; invasion
of the Alpines, 138.

Nero, 217.

New England, 11, 38, 41, 55;
immigrants in, 11, 72; lack
of race consciousness in, 86;
Negro in, 86; Nordic in Co-
lonial times, 83; race mixture
in, 72; settlers of, 83.

New England type, 83.

New France, Catholic colonies
in, 85.

New Spain, Catholic colonies in,
85.

New Stone Age, 119; see Neo-
lithic.

New York, 5, 41, 80; immigrants
in, 91, 92.

New Zealand, whites in, 79.

Nile river, 80; Nile valley, Medi-
terraneans in, 151.

Nobility (French), Oriental and
Mediterranean strains in, 197.

Nomads, 10, 209, 258, 259; see
also migratory types.

Non-Aryan, 204. See Anaryan.

Nordic aristocracy, 213; see also
aristocracy; in Austria, 141;
Britain, 247 ; eastern Germany,
141; France, 140, 196-197;
Gaul, 247; Germany, 187;
Greece, 153; Italy, 215; Lom-
bardy, 189; Persia, 254; Rome,
154; Russia, 142; Spain, 192,
247; southern Europe, 188;
Venice, 189; loss of through
war, 191.

Nordic broodland, 141, 213 et
seq.; Nordic conquerors of In-
dia, 71, 216; fatherland, 213-
222; immigrants to America,
211; invaders of Italy, 215;
invasions of Asia, 257-259;
nations, 142.

Nordic race, or subspecies, 20,
24, 31, 61, 131, 133, 149, 151,
167-178; adventurers, pioneers
and sailors, 74; affected by the
actinic rays, 84; allied to the
Mediterraneans, 24; depleted
by war, 73-74; a European
type, 167; in the Great War,
168; habitat of, 37-38; hair of,
34; in Italy, 42; in the sub-
tropics and elsewhere outside
of its native habitat, 41-42;
location of, in Roman times,
131; mixed with Alpines, 25,
35-36, 135-136; mixed with
other types in the United
States, 82-94; passing of, 168;
physical character of, 20, 26,
2 7i 29, 31, 32, 167-168; at the
present time, 168; racial apti-
tudes of, 226-228; red-haired
branch of, 32.

Nordic stature, 29.

Nordic substratum in eastern
Germany and Poland, 141;
in Russia, 172.

Nordic troops of Philip and Alex-
ander, 161.

Nordic type, 40; among native
Americans, 88; in California,
75; in Scotland, 249.

Nordic vice, 55.

Nordics, 58, 61, 72, 129; absorp-
tion of by conquered nations,
176; and alcoholism, 55; and
consumption, 55; and Low
German, 188-189; an d Aryan
languages, 240-242 ; and Proto-
Slavic languages, 143; and
specialized features, 92 ; around
the Caspian-Aral Sea, 214;
among the Amorites, 223;
among the Philistines, 223;
as mercenaries, 155, 216; as
officers, 142; as raiders, 130;
Celtic dialects of, 157, 194;
Celtic and Teutonic Nordics,
139; centre of evolution of,
169-171; checked by the
Etruscans in their advance
southward, 157; carriers of
Aryan speech, 234; conquer
Alpines, 145, 147; continental,
73; cross the Rhine westward,
J 73> I 94i 2 4°; decline of, 190,
196; (in England) 208-210,
(in India) 216, (in Europe and
Asia) 260, (in Spain) 192;
destroyed by war, 230-231;
distribution of, 242; early
movements of, 253 ; energy of,
215; expansion of, 174, 188-
212; first, 130-132; first ap-
pearance of along the Baltic,
169; first appearance of in
Scandinavia, 117; founders of
France, England and America,
206; in agriculture, 209;
Africa, 223; Afghan passes,
257; the ^Egean region, 253;
the Alps, 151: Austria, 210;
Asia, 214, 224; Asia Minor,
214, 225; the Balkan Penin-
sula, 189; the British Isles,
188; the Caucasus, 214, 225;
south of the Caucasus, 253-
254; cities, 94, 209; colonies,
84; England (Britain), 64, 137,
188, 249; France, 188, 231;
Flanders, 188, 210, 231; Gaul,
69, 193-194; Germany, 170,
174, 188, 210, 231; Europe,
188; Hindustan, 67; Holland,
188; Galicia, 156; Greece, 158-
160, 214; India, 257; Ireland,
201 ; Italy, 189, 220-221 ; Lom-
bardy, 221; Persia, 254; Po-
land, 188; Portugal, 192; the
Punjab, 257-258; Rome, 154;
Russia, 188, 214, 231; Scan-
dinavia, 188, 210; Scotland,
188; Spain, 156; Styria, 210;
Thrace, 214; the Tyrol, 210;
invade Greece, 158-160;
landed gentry in Wales, 205;
later in central Europe, 141;
long skulls of, 134; loss of
through war, 184, 191-193,
196-197; mixed with Alpines,
134-135, I5i» 163; with Medi-
terraneans, 161, 192; Neo-
lithic location of, 124; outside
of Europe, 223-224; owners
of fertile lands and valleys,
141; physical characters of,
214; Protestants, 228; reach
the MediterraneanjjSea through
the Alpines, 145, id**; seize the
Po valley, 157.

Norman language, spoken by
French Canadians, 81.

Norman type, in England and
America, 207.

Normandy, 23, 206; conquest of,
196; Belgae in, 251; change of
language in, 251; Cymric lan-
guage in, 251 ; Latin speech in,
251; Normans in, 252; Norse
pirates in, 70; ravaged by
Saxons, 251-252.

Normans, 201, 206-207; char-
acters of in Sicily, 207; eccle-
siastics among, 208; in Britain,
249; in England, 252; language
of, 252; racial aptitudes of,
207-208 ; racial mixture among,
208; settle Normandy, 252;
transformation of, 252.

Norse, along the Atlantic coasts,
180; Norse blood of American
settlers, 83; Norse in Britain,
200, 249; in Ireland, 64; in
Scotland, 203; Norsemen, 201 ;
Norse pirates, 70 ; language of,
250; Norse Vikings, see Vik-
ings.

North Europeans, 67.

North Germans, 61.

North Sea, 20, 73, 166, 168, 171.

Northmen, 145, 196; invasion of,
201 ; language of, 70.

Norway, 201; Alpines in, 136,
2ii ; bronze in, 127; intellec-
tual anaemia of, 210.

Norwegian immigrants, 211.

Nose form, 13, 30, 31.

Of net race, 116.

Oklahoma, 87.

Old Persian, 254-255, 258.

Old Prussian, 212, 242.

Old Sanskrit, 257.

Old Saxon (related to Frisian and
Taal), 80.

Old South, 42-43.

Old Stone Age {see also Paleo-
lithic), 120, 123.

Oscan language, 234.

Oscans, 157, 160, 173, 244, 269.

Osmanli Turks, 237.

Ossetes, 66; language of, 66.
Ostrogoths, 176; in Italy, 180.
Ottoman Turks, 166.

Paintings, polychrome, 112.

Palatine Germans, 84.

Paleolithic Period, 23, 38; art of,
112, 114; close of, 117, 149;
dates of, 104; man, 104-118,
107-108, 124, 149, 227, 247;
in Ireland, 202 ; remnants of in
England, 64; in Wales, 205;
races of the Paleolithic Period,
118; Lower Paleolithic Period,
104-106, 133; Middle Paleo-
lithic Period, 104, 106, 133;
Upper Paleolithic Period, 100,
105, 108, in, 113, 132; close
of, 115.

Palestine, 223; bronze weapons
in, 127; language of, 239.

Pamirs, the, 20, 254, 261; Al-
pines in, 134; language of, 259.

Pan-Germanic movement, 58.

Pan-Rumanian movement, 58.

Pan-Slavic movement, 58.

Parthian language, 255.

Patagonia, 23.

Patricians in Rome, II, 217.

Pax Romana, 195.

Peasant, European, 117; see also
under Alpines and Racial
aptitudes.

Pehlevi language, 255.

Pelasgians, 158-161, 215; at
Troy, 159; language of, 158,
233, 243.

Peloponnesus, 160.

Pennsylvania Dutch, 84.

Peons, Mexican, 9.

Pericles, 263.

Persia, 22, 66, 147, 171, 241, 254;
Aryan language in, 237; Ary-
anization of, 225; language of
(see Old Persian), 255; Medi-
terraneans in, 148; physical
types in, 257; wars of with
Greece, 255.
Persian Empire, organization of,
254.

Persians, 63, 73, 161, 214, 216,
2 53 _ 256, 269; culture of, 255;
date of separation of, from the
Sacae, 258; expansion of, 225;
Hellenization of, 256; as Nor-
dics, 255; physical character
of, 259.

Pharsalia, 217.

Philip of Macedon, 161.

Philippi, 217.

Philippines, 33; Spanish in, 78;
whites in, 78.

Philistines, Nordics among, 223.

Phoenicia, 165; ancient civiliza-
tion of, 153.

Phoenician language in Spain,
156.

Phoenicians, 228; colonies of, 126;
in Spain, 156; voyages of, 126-
127.

Phrygians, 173, 225, 253, 256;
invade Asia Minor, 159; lan-
guage of, 256.

Physical types and literary or
legendary characters, 229-230;
physical types of Normans,
207-208; of British soldiers
and sailors, 208; see also under
various races.

Picardy, 210.

Pictish language, 204, 247.

Picts, 204.

Pile dwellings, 121, 127, 132.

Piltdown man, 105-106.

Pindus mountains, Vlachs in,
245-246.

Pioneers, 45, 74-75.

Pithecanthropus erectus, 1 01, 133.

Plebeians or Plebs of Rome, 11,
154, 217-218.

Pleistocene Period, 100.

Pliocene Period, 22, 101.

Po valley, Alpines in, 157; as
Cisalpine Gaul, 157; Mediter-
raneans in, 157; seized by Nor-
dics, 157; Terramara settle-
ments in, 127.

Poetry, 241.

Poland, 59; Alpines in, 44, 124,
141-142; blondness in, 190;
dolichocephaly in, 190; Nor-
dics in, 124, 131, 170, 188-213;
Nordic substratum in, 141;
Slavs in, 131, 142; stature in,
190.

Poles, 58, 72, 143; increase in
East Germany, 184.

Polesia, 143.

Polish Ghettos, immigrants from,
89.

Polish Jews, 16; in New York,
91.

Polished Stone Age, see Neo-
lithic; beginning of, 118-119.
Polygamy, among the Turks,
237-

Pompey, 217.

"Poor Whites," 39-40; physical
types of, 40.

Population, direction of pressure
of, 171; effect of foreign in-
vasion on, 69-71; infiltration
into, of slaves or immigrants,
71; value and efficiency of a,
48.

Portugal, Nordics in, 192; occu-
pied by the Suevi, 180, 192.

Portuguese language, 156, 244.

Posen, 72.

Post-Glacial Periods, 105-106,
132-133.

Post-Roman invaders of Britain,
73.

Pottery, 138, 146, 241; first ap-
pearance of, 122-123.

Pre-Aryan language, 204, 233,
235, 247; in the British Isles,
246.

Pre-Dravidians, 149; physical
character of, 261.

Pre-Neolithic culture on the
Baltic, 117.

Pre-Nordic brunets in New Eng-
land, 83.

Pre- Nordics, 29, 63; of Ireland,
64.

Primates, 3, 24, 106; erect, 101.

Pripet swamps, 143.

Procopius, 189.

Propontis, 179.

Proto- Alpines, 135; language of,
235, physical characters of,
135.

Proto-Aryan language, 67, 233,
242; and Alpines, 237; Nordic
origin of, 61.

Proto-Mediterranean Race, 132;
descended from the Neolithic,
149-150.

Proto-Nordics, 224, 233; in Rus-
sia, 64, 170.

Proto-Slavic language, Aryan
character of, 143.

Proto- Teutonic race, 169.

Provencal, 244; Provencal lan-
guage, 244.

Provencals, 156.

Provence, 23; Mediterraneans in,
156.

Prussia, Spartan culture of, 161.

Prussian, Old (Borussian), lan-
guage, 312, 242.

Prussians, ethnic origin of, 72.

Punic Wars, 217.

Punjab, the, 257; entrance of
Aryans into, 258; decline of
Nordics in, 261.

Puritans, 55.

Pyrenees, caverns of, 115.

Quebec Frenchmen, 81.

Race, 3, 4; Aryan, 3; Caucasian,
3; Celtic, 3; Indo-Germanic, 3;
Latin, 3; adjustment to habi-
tat of, 93 ; characters, 13 et seq.;
consciousness, 4, 57, 60, 90; in
Germany, 57; in Sweden, 57;
in the United States, 86; de-
generation, 39-43, 109; deter-
mination, 15, 19, 24, 28; dis-
harmonic combinations of, 14,
28, 35, no; distinguished from
language and nationality, 34;
effect of democracy on, 5; feel-
ing, 222; importance of, 98-
100; physical basis of, 13-16;
positions of the three main
races in Roman times, 131;
resistance to foreign invasion,
71; selection, 46, 50,154, 55,
215; versus species and sub-
species, 22.
Race mixture, 18, 34, 60, 77, 85,
116, 262; among the Gauls,
145; among the Normans, 208;
among the Turks, 237; among
the Umbrians, 145; and civili-
zation, 214-216; in North
Africa, 151; in South Africa,
80; in the Argentine, 78; in
Brazil, 78; in Britain, 248; in
Canada, 81; in Europe, 261-
262; in Germany, 135; in
Greece, 161; in Jamaica, 76;
in large cities, 92 ; in Macedon,
161; in Mexico, 76; in the
Roman Empire, 71; in Rome,
154, 220; in Russia, 174; in
Spain, 192; in Switzerland,
135; in the United States, 77,
82-94; in Venezuela, 76; in
Tunis, 158; of Alpines and
Celts, 177; of Alpines and Nor-
dics, 151 ; of Alpines and Medi-
terraneans, 151; of Ainus and
Mongols, 225; of Belgse and
Teutonic tribes, 248; of Celts
and Mediterraneans, 177; of
Goidels and Mediterraneans,
248; of Mediterraneans and
Dra vidians and Negroids, 150;
of Nordics and Negroes, 82;
of late Nordics and Paleoliths,
149; of Slavs and Illyrians,
153, 190.

Race supplanting, 77, 46-48, no.

Races, European distribution of
during the Neolithic, 123; in
Europe, 131 ; laws of distribu-
tion of, 37; evolution of
through selection, 37 et seq.

Racial, aptitudes, 226-232; of
Alpines, 138-139, 146; of
Negroes, 77, 109; of Normans,
207-208 ; elements of the Great
War, 187; resistance of accli-
mated populations, 71; types,
intellectual and moral differ-
ences of, 206.

Raphael, 215.

Ravenna, surrender of, 189.

Recapitulation of development
in infants, 30.

Reformation, the, 191, 210, 228;
in England, 10.

Regiments, German, composi-
tion of, 142.

Religion, 64; nationalities
founded on, 57, 58.

Renaissance, 215, 231.

Republic, a true, 7, 8.

Resurgence of types, 15; of Al-
pines in Europe, 146-147, 184,
190-191, 196, 210; of Iberians
in Scotland, 249; of Mediter-
raneans, 190, 196; in England,
83, 208.

Revolution, 6; French, 6, 16,
191, 196, 197; German, 87.

Revolutionary Wars, 197.

Riss glaciation, 105, 133.

Riss-Wurm, 105; interglacial,
133.

Robenhausian culture, 132; Pe-
riod, 121; Upper, 122, 265.

Rollo, 263.

Romaic language, origin of, 243.

Roman, abandonment of Britain,
200; aristocracy, 217; busts,
154; church, 53, 85; Empire,
10, 71-72, 142, 176, 179-182,
187, 217-222; component
states of, 183; fall of, 221;
Eastern Empire, 165-166;
population of, 216, 220; slaves
in, 216; Western Empire, re-
established, 182; ideals, 153;
occupation of Britain, effect
of, ethnically, 200; provinces,
Teutonized, 191; Republic,
71, 154, 217, 219; State, an-
cient civilization of, 153, 216;
stature, 154; stock, extinction
of, 51.

Romance tongues, 61, 238, 244.

Romans, 68, 156, 174-176, 193,
194, 216-221, 246; decline of,
217-222; features of, 154; in
Britain, 200, 250; in France,
63; in Spain, 156; a modified
race in Gaul, 69; stature of,
154.

Romansch language, 244.

Rome, 11, 52, 61, 70, 92, 130,
154, 157, 158, 165, 179, 180,
191, 195, 215-221, 245, 251;
Alpines, Nordics and Mediter-
raneans in, 130, 153, 154;
change of race in, 218-220;
change of religion in, 219;
early struggles in, 154; in
Dacia, 245; language of, 61,
70; Northern qualities of, 153-
154; race mixture in, 154, 220;
slaves in, 71, 100, 216, 218-
220; stormed by Brennus, 157.

Rough Stone Age, see Paleo-
lithic.

Round Barrows, 1 37-1 38, 163,
247, 267; brachycephalic sur-
vivals of, 163-164.

Round skulls, absence of in
Britain, 249. See also physi-
cal characters of the Alpines,
Armenoids, etc.

Rumania, 59, 245; Alpines in, 65;
Mediterraneans in, 153.

Rumanian language, 244-246;
origin of, 244-245; distribu-
tion of, 245.

Rumanians, 21, 145; and Chris-
tianity, 65; descent of, 244-
246; Latin language of, 244-
246.

Russia, 38, 143, 253; Alans and
Goths in, 66; Alpines in, 44,
131, 136, 142-144, 147; An-
aryan survivals in, 235, 243;
Asiatic types in, 144; Baltic
provinces of, Nordic, 212;
blondness in, 190; Bulgars
from, 145; burial mounds or
kurgans in, 172; changes m
racial predominance in, 142-
144, 147; dolichocephaly in,
190; early Nordics in, 124, 131,
142; Esthonians in, 236; Finns
in, 236; Gauls in, 174; grass-
lands and steppes of, 240, 253-
254, 2 57". language in, 235-236,
243; Livs in, 236; Mongols in,
65, 142; Muscovite expansion
in, 65; Nordic substratum in,
64, 142; Nordics in, 170, 188,
213-214, 231; organized by
Sweden, 180; race mixture in,
174; races in, 142; Saxons in,
201; Slavs or Alpines in, 64,
131, 142; Slavic dialects in,
143; Slavic future of, 147; stat-
ure in, 190; Swedes in, 211;
Varangians in, 177; water con-
nections across, 170.

Russian brachycephaly, 136-
137; settlements of Siberia,
78.

Russians and Christianity, 65.

Ruthenia, 245; Slavs in, 143.

Sacae, 173, 214, 216, 254 (see
Massagetae); date of separa-
tion from Persia, 258 ; evidence
of conquests of, 261 ; identified
with the Wu-Suns, 260; in In-
dia, 257-258; language of, 259;
physical characters of, 259,
261.

Sahara, the, 33, 44; Mediter-
raneans in, 1 51-152.

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of,
196.

Sakai, 149.

Sangre Azul, derivation of the
term, 192.

Sanskrit, 148, 243, 255, 257-258,
261; introduction of into In-
dia, 173, 216. See Old San-
skrit.

Santa Fe Trail, 40.

Sardinia, 29; Mediterraneans in,
152; Mycenaean culture of, 164.

Sardinian, the, 28; stature of, 28.

Sarmatians, 143, 245, 269, 272.

Satem group of Aryan languages,
256.

Saviour, the, blondness of, 230.

Savoy, Alpines in, 146.

Savoyard, 21, 23.

Saxon blood of American settlers,
83; in Normandy and Scot-
land, 208; Saxon type, 40.

Saxons, 69, 73, 141-142, 145, 177,
180, 195, 206; in Britain, 248-
249; in Brittany, 251-252; in
England, 200-201; in France,
201 ; in Hungary, 201 ; in Italy,
201; in Russia, 201; invaders,
201; invasions of, 200-201,
252, 270; origin of, 200; ravage
Normandy, 251-252.

Saxony, 73, 200-201.

Scandinavia, brunets in, 151;
centre of radiation of the Teu-
tons, 168; character of the
population of, 169; first Nor-
dics in, 117, 124, 169; first oc-
cupation of by human beings,
169; introduction of bronze
into, 128; megaliths in, 155;
Mediterraneans never in, 150-
151; Neolithic culture in, 117,
122; Nordics in, 117, 124, 188,
210.

Scandinavian blood in Nor-
mandy and Scotland, 208;
place names in Scotland, 249;
states, 4, 20, 60.

Scandinavians, 61, 68; hairiness
of, 224.

Schleswig, 58, 73.

Sclaveni, 141.

Scotch, 29; brunet type of, 150;
red hair of, 175; stature of, 28,
29.

Scotch borders, 40; Highlanders,
62.

Scotch-Irish in America, 84.

Scotland, 40, 69; Angles in, 203;
blond elements in, 63; blonds
mixed with brunets in, 202;
brunetness in, 153, 204; Bry-
thonic elements in, 203; Gaelic
area in, 249; Goidelic element
in, 201, 203; Goidelic speech
in, 200; Goidels invade from
Ireland, 250; Iberian substra-
tum in, 201 ; language in, 204,
249-250; Mediterraneans in,
J 53» 2 °3I Neanderthal type in,
107; Nordic type in, 249;
Nordics in, 188; Norse pirates
in, 200, 203 ; racial elements in,
203-204, 208; resurgence of
types in, especially the Iberian,
249 ; Scandinavian place names
in, 249.

Scots, 28.

Scottish Highlands, language of,
247.

Scythians, 66, 214, 257.

Selection, 37, 46-55, 215, 225;
by elimination of the unfit,
50-54; in Colonial times, 92;
in colonies, 93; in tenements
and factories, 92; practical
measures in, 46-55; through
alcoholism, 55; through dis-
ease, 54-55; through social
environment, 46.

Seljukian Turks, 237.

Semitic language, 239; race, 147.

Senegambian regions, Mediter-
raneans in, 151.

Senlac Hill, 120.

Serbian national revival, 58.

Serbs, 53, 143; and Christianity,
65; in Bulgaria, 145.

Serfs and serfdom, 10.

Servile wars in Rome, 217.

Ship-building, 165, 199.

Siberia, Russian settlements of,

Siberian tundras, 65.

Sicily, Alpines in, 128, 140;
Mediterraneans in, 158; Nor-
mans in, 207.

Sidon, 126, 165.

Sikhs, 261.

Silesia, 72, 260.

Sinai Peninsula, mines of, 125.

Singalese, 258.

Siwalik Hills, fossil deposits of,
101.

Skin color and quality, 27-28.

Skull shape, 13, 15, 17, 19, 139,
226; among immigrants, 17;
antiquity of distinction be-
tween long and round, 23, 24;
as a race character, 151 ; of the
Ainus, 224 ; African, 23 ; Ameri-
can Indian, 23; Asiatic, 22;
Cro-Magnon, no; European,
19-21; Neanderthal, 107; best
method of determining race,
19-24; see also Brachyceph-
aly, Dolichocephaly, Mesati-
cephaly, and the physical char-
acters of the various races.

Slave trade, 79.

Slavery, 8-1 1, 42, 86.

Slaves, 9-11, 16; in Italy, 218;
in Rome, 71, 100, 216, 218,
220; source of, 82, 200.

Slavic Alpines in Germany, 72;
homeland, 245; languages,
141-145, 238-237, 244-245;
Proto-Slavic, 143; race, 64,
72; as an Alpine race, 64, 131.

Slavs, 63, 64, 124, 172, 190; of
Alpine race, 64, 131; area of
distribution of, 143; expansion
of, 272; in Austria, 141 ; in the
Balkans, 153; eastern Europe,
65; eastern Germany, 1 41-142,
Greece, 65; Middle Ages, 65;
Poland, 142; Russia, 214;
mixed with Illyrians, 153, 190;
northern and southern, 143.

Slovaks, 91, 143.

Social environment, 46.

Social wars in Rome, 217.

Socialism, 12, 79.

Socrates, 227.

Sogdiana, 254.

Solutrean Period, 105, 111-113;
culture of and the Brunn-
Pfedmost race, 114, 132; and
the Cro-Magnon race, 132.

Sorb, 142.

South Africa, 79, 80; Dutch and
English in, 80.

South America, 61, 73, 75, 76, 78.

Southern States of America, 71,
99; brunets in, 84; Mediter-
ranean element in, 44, 45:
Nordic type in, 83, 84; "poor
whites" of, 39, 40; race con-
sciousness in, 86.

Southerners, effect of climate on,

39-43-
Spain, 115, 149, 176, 202; Al-
pines in, 140; Arabic spoken
in, 156; Arabs in, 156; aris-
tocracy of, 192; Basques in,
140; blondness in, 192; bow
and arrow of the Azilians in,
115; cause of the collapse of,
193; caverns in, 112; Celtic
language in, 155, 234; decline
of the Nordic element in, 193;
elimination of genius-produc-
ing classes in, 53; Gauls in,
174, 192; Gothic language in,
156; Goths in, 192; Latin lan-
guage in, 156; Mediterraneans
in, 123, 149, 152, 155-156;
megaliths in, 155; Moorish
conquest of, 181; Moors in,
156; Nordics in, 155-156, 174,
192-193, 269; Phoenician lan-
guage in, 156; Phoenicians in,
126, 156; racial change in, 192;
Romans in, 156; Teutons in,
180; tin mines in, 126; types
in, 156; Vandals in, 192; Visi-
goths in, 180, 192.

Spaniards or Spanish (modern),
53, 68; (ancient), 68; in Mex-
ico, 17; and Nordics, 73; in the
Philippines, 78; related to the
Berbers, 152.

Spanish conquistadores, 76, 193;
infantry, 193; Inquisition in
selection, 53; Spanish Main,
44; islands and coasts of, 76;
Spanish-American War, 74.

Sparta, 160, 162.

Spartans, 160, 164; and Dinaric
race, 164; physical character
of, 164.

Specializations, racial, recent, 37,
18, 24.

Species, significance of the term,
21, 22.

Stature, 13, 28-30, 35; affected
by war, 197-198; of the Ro-
mans, 154; in Albania, 190;
in France, 198; in Illyria and
the Tyrol, 190; in the Scottish
Highlands, 28-29, 20 3'< m Sar-
dinia, 28-29.

Sterilization of the unfit, 51, 52.

Stoicism, 221.

Stone weapons in England, 120-
121. For Stone Ages see Neo-
lithic and Paleolithic.

Styria, 183; Alpines in, 210;
Nordics in, 210.

Suevi, 156, 177, 181, 270; in

Portugal, 180, 192.
Sumer, 119, 147; language of,
239.

Susa, 147; language of, 239.

Swabians, 141.

Sweden, 52, 59, 176, 194, 211;
centre of Nordic purity, 168,
170; colonizes Finland, 211;
colonizes Russia, 211; cradle of
Teutonic branch of the Nor-
dics, 124, 177; bronze intro-
duced into, 137; first Nordics
in, 117; intellectual anaemia of,
210; Kitchen Middens in, 123;
Nordic race in, 117, 124, 135-
136, 168-170, 210-21 1 ; race
consciousness in, 57; saves
Protestantism, 210; unity of
race in, 169.

Swedes, 23 ; organization of Rus-
sia by, 180; Russification of,
58.

Swiss, 135; blondness of, 136;
Swiss Lake Dwellers, 121, 127.

Switzerland, 12 1, 127, 183; Al-
pines in, 44, 135, 141; Lake
Dwellings in, 139; mercenaries
in, 135; Nordics in, 135; race
mixture in, 135.

Sylla, 217.

Synthetic languages, 165, 216,
233, 237, 239-240, 243.

Syr Darya, 119.

Syria, hellenized, 220; round
skull invasion of, 140.

Syrians, 16, 91.

Taal dialect, 80.

Tamahu, blondness of, 223.

Tardenoisian Period, 115, 117,
132.

Tatars, 139, 144.

Tchouds, language of, 236.

Tennessee, 39, 40.

Terramara Period, 122, 127, 266.

Terramara settlements, bronze
in, 127; copper in, 122; human
remains in, 122.

Teutobergian forest, 154.

Teutonic, as a term, 231-232;
branch of the Nordic race, 20,
61, 62, 72, 124, 131, 139, 146,
168-170, 210, 211, 231, 232,
248; expansion of, 270, 271;
invaders of Gaul, 69; inva-
sions, 63, 69, 179-184, 189,
194-196; languages of, 61, 139,
249-251; duration of Teutonic
language in Gaul, 182; Teu-
tonic tribes mixed with the
Belgae, 248; speech in the
British Isles, 249-250; Proto-
Teutonics, 169.

Teutons, 72, 141-142, 144, 173-
174, 176-177. 189, 194-196;
division of in the Great War,
184; physical characters of,
175; route of expansion of, 174.

Thebes, 162.

Thessaly, 245.

Thibet, 22, 134.

Thirty Years' War, 184-187, 198.

Thrace, Nordics in, 214; early
inhabitants of, 246; Gauls in,
225.

Thracian language, 130, 256;
origin of, 243.

Tin, 126-127.

Tin Isles of Ultima Thule, 127.

Titian, 215.

Tokharian language, 260-261.

Tools, 102-104, 112, 120-121,
123, 126, 129, 155.

Tours, battle of, 181.

Trade routes, 119, 123-125.

Trajan, 244.

Transylvania, Rumanian lan-
guage in, 245; Vlachs in, 246.

Trapping, 122.

Trinitarian faith of the Franks,
181.

Tripoli, round skull invasion of,
140.

Trojans, 159.

Troy, siege of, 159.

Tunis, Alpines in, 128, 140, 158;
bronze in, 128; race mixture in,
158.

Turcomans, 238; or Turkomans,
21.

Turkestan, 254, 257; Nomads of,
259; Tokharian language in,
261.

Turki or Turks, 100, 144-145,
166, 237, 238, 254; language
of, 237-238; race mixture
among, 237.

Tuscan language, 244.

Tyre, 126, 165.

Tyrol, the, 30, 36, 129; Alpines
in, 141, 210; Dinaric race in,
138; Nordics in, 200; stature
in, 190.

Tyrolese, 135; physical character
of, 190.

Tyrrhenians, 157.

Ugrian language, 243.

Ukraine, 213.

Ultima Thule, 126.

Umbrian language, 130, 234, 244.

Umbrians, 145, 157, 160, 173,
244, 269.

Unit characters, 13, 14, 30, 31;
intermixture of, 14; unchang-
ing, 15-18, 139.

Unitarian faith of the barbarians,
181.

United States of America, af-
fected by immigration, 89 et
seqj; as a European colony,
racially, 83, 84; German and
Irish immigrants in, 84, 86;
Indian element in, 87; Negroes
of, 16, 40, 65, 76, 82, 85, 87, 99;
Nordic blood in the colonies,
83-85; race consciousness in,
86; Nordics in, 81; in the
world war, 187; see also
America.

Upper Neolithic, 121.

Upper Paleolithic, 100, 105, 108,
113, 132; close of, 115.

Upper Robenhausian, 122.

Ural mountains, 65, 213.

Ural-Altaic speech, 236.

Urmia, Lake, 253.

Ussher, Archbishop, 4.

Vagrancy, 10.

Valais, 178.

Vandal kingdom, destruction of,

181 ; conquests, 223.
Vandals, 73, 142, 145, 156, 176-

177, 181, 195, 223, 270; in

Africa, 180; in Spain, 176-177,
192.

Varangians, 177, 189.

Varus, 154.

Vassalage, 9.

Vedas, 257-259.

Veddahs, 149.

Venethi, 141, 143, 245.

Veneto, 183.

Venezuela, population of, 76.

Venice, Nordic aristocracy of,
189.

Vikings, 129, 177, 206-207, 2I0,
211, 249, 271; in America, 211,
249; see also Norse pirates.

Villein, 10.

Virginia, 84.

Visigoths, 156, 176, 195, 270;
in Gaul, 180; in Spain, 180,
192; kingdom of destroyed,
181.

Vlachs, 178, 245-246.

Volga river, 145.

Voluntary childlessness, 217.

Volunteer armies, 198.

Wahlstatt, battle of, 260.

Wales, Celtic language in, 63;

Cymric language in, 205, 248;
derivation of the name, 178;
Goidelic language in, 205;
Mediterraneans in, 63, 153,
203; Nordics in, 203; racial
elements and survivals in,
204-205.

Wallachia, Little and Great, 246.

Wallachian, 178.

Walloons, 57, 140, 178, 195; lan-
guage of, 244.

War and racial elements, 91;
effect of on populations, 183-
187, 191-193, 196-198, 216,
231 ; Great World War, 73, 74,
168, 186, 187, 191, 230-232.

Wars, European, 56, 191, 198,
230-232; losses from, 185, 196-
198; Nordic element in, 73, 74,
231; of the Roses, 191; Punic,
217; Servile, 217; Social, 217.

Wealth, privilege of, 6.

Weapons, 103, 113-115, 120-121,
126-130, 155, 159, 200.

Welsh, 62, 63, 177-178; in
Britain, 248; Round Barrow
survivals among, 164.

Wends, 72, 141-143, 236, 269,
272; increase of in east Ger-
many, 184.

West Indian sugar planters, II.

West Indies, Negroes in, 76.

West Prussia, 72.

Western Empire, 179, 180, 216.

Westphalia, 26.

White Huns, 254.

White race, 79.

White Sea, 171.

Whites, 76-77; in the Argentine,
78; in Australia, 79; in Brazil,
78; in China, 78; in the East
Indies, 78; in India, 78; in
Jamaica, 76; in Mexico, 76;
in the Philippines, 78; in New
Zealand, 79; see also Nor-
dics, the Nordic race, and
Teutons.

Women, lighter in pigmentation
than men, 26, 27; more primi-
tive, 27; social status of among
the races, 228.

Writing, 115, 241.

Wu-Suns, 224, 260.

Wiirm glaciation, 106, 133, 170,
171.

Wurtemberg, Alpines in, 140-
141 ; loss of population in dur-
ing the Thirty Years' War,
184.

Wurtembergers, 135.

Zanzibar, 82.

Zendavesta, 258.

Zendic language, 255, 259.
admin
Site Admin
 
Posts: 36125
Joined: Thu Aug 01, 2013 5:21 am

Previous

Return to Ancien Regime

Who is online

Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 14 guests