Part 2 of 5
CHAPTER IV. THE ALPINE RACE 134 : 1. There seem to have been at least three distinct types of Alpines, one with a broad head and developed occiput typical of western Europe, a second with a flat occiput and a high crown, represented by such peoples as the Armenoids of Asia Minor, and a third, of which little notice has been taken, except by such men as Zaborowski (2) and Fleure and James, pp. 137 seq. This third type is encountered here and there in nests which "stretch at least from southern Italy to Ireland, by way of the Straits of Gibraltar and across France by the dolmen line." Fleure and James may be quoted for the following discussion. "Questions naturally arise as to the homologies of this type, and its distribution beyond the line here mentioned. If we had the type in Britain, by itself, we should be inclined to connect it with the general population of Central Europe, the dark, broad-headed Alpine type. We should, however, retain a little hesitation about this, as our type is sometimes of extraordinary strength of build and, while often fairly short, it is occasionally outstandingly tall; moreover, the hair is frequently quite black, and this is not on the whole an Alpine character. But, when we note the coastal distribution of this type, our hesitation is much increased, for the Alpine type has spread typically along the mountain flanks and its characteristic rarity in Britain is evidence of how little it has followed the sea.
''We cannot but wonder also whether what Deniker calls the Atlanto-Mediterranean type is not a result of averaging these dark broad-heads with the true Mediterranean type.
"Seeking further distributional evidence, we find that the dark broad-heads are highly characteristic of Dalmatia and may be an old-established stock, but it would appear that this region is famous for the height of the heads there, and our type is not specially high-headed. Broad-head brunets do, however, occur farther east in Asia Minor, the AEgean, and Crete, for example. Many are certainly hypsicephalic, but in others it seems that the brow and head are moderate and the forehead rather rectangular, as in our type. . . .
"It is interesting that there should be evidence of our dark broad-heads beyond the Irish end of the line now discussed, the line of intercourse which Dechellette thinks must be older than the Bronze Age. The chief evidences for the type beyond Ireland are:
"1. Ripley (p. 309) shows that a dark, broad-headed element is present in Shetland, West Caithness, and East Sutherland. This is sometimes called the Old Black Breed.
"2. Arbo finds the coast and external openings of the more southerly Norwegian fjords have a broad-headed population, whereas the inner ends of the fjords and the interior are more dolichocephalic. The broad-heads stretch from Trondhjemsfjord southward, and from their exclusively coastwise distribution he supposes them to have come across from the British Isles.
"The population is darker than the rest of Norway and its area of distribution, as Dr. Stuart Mackintosh has kindly pointed out to us, is, like that of the same type in the British Isles, characterized by a pelagic climate."
Von Luschan has fully discussed the Armenoid type in his Early Inhabitants of Western Asia, and with E. Petersen, in Reisen in Lykien, Milyas, und Kibyratis. A special study was made by Chantre in his Recherches anthropologiques dans l'Asie occidentale.
The first type, then, the western European, has a short, thick stature, round head, and rather light pigmentation; the second, Armenoid, a rather tall stature, square, high head, flat occiput, and dark pigmentation. The third, the Old Black Breed, is rather small and dark.
In addition to these we have a fourth type, which has been called the Bronze Age race, or, better, the Beaker Maker type (Borreby). This has been discussed by Greenwell and Rolleston, Beddoe, and Keith, especially as to their possible survivors at the present day; by Abercromby, in Bronze Age Pottery; by Crawford, The Distribution of Early Bronze Age Settlements in Britain; and by Peake, in a discussion of the last work in the same number of the Geographical Journal. Fleure and James describe it also. See the note to p. 138 : 1 of this book.
Further anthropological studies may simplify the problem somewhat, but the author is now inclined to believe that the above-mentioned third brachycephalic type, the "Old Black Breed," represents the survivors of the earliest waves of the round-head invasion — in Britain antedating the arrival of the Neolithic Mediterraneans, while the first type mentioned above represents the descendants of the last great Alpine expansion. This type in southern Germany has been so thoroughly Nordicized in pigmentation that these blond South Germans are sometimes discussed as though they were a distinct Alpine sub-species. The type is scantily represented in England, and when found may be partly attributed to ecclesiastics and other retainers brought over by the Normans.
The second of the above types, the Armenoids, are virtually absent from Europe, and seem to be characteristic of eastern Anatolia and the immediately adjacent regions.
The author regards the fourth, Borreby or Beaker Maker type of tall, round heads as distinct from the three preceding types. The distribution of their remains would indicate they they entered Britain from the northeast. We have no clew as to their origin. A similar type is found in the so-called Dinaric race of Deniker (which Fleure and James mention in connection with the third type but hesitate to class with it), which extends from the Tyrol along the mountainous east coast of the Adriatic into Albania. Further study of the Tripolje culture (see note to p. 143 : 15) and the mixture of population north of the Carpathians, where the early Nordics and early Alpines came in contact, may throw light on this question, as well as upon the problem of the acquisition of Aryan languages by the Alpines.
All these four round-skulled types seem to have been of West Asiatic origin, but their relationship to each other and to the true Mongols of central Asia is as yet undetermined. One thing is certain, that the Alpine Slavs north and east of the Carpathians, and, to a less degree, the inhabitants of Hungary and Bulgaria, have in their midst a very considerable Mongoloid element, which has entered Europe since the beginning of our era.
134 : 12 seq. For further characters of the Alpines see Ripley, pp. 123-128, 416 seq., and p. 139 of this book.
135 : 1. Haddon, Races of Man, pp. 15-16; Deniker, Races of Man, pp. 325-326.
135 : 14 seq. Zaborowski, Les peuples aryens, p. no.
135 : 17. See the authorities given in Ripley; for the Wurtemburgers, pp. 233-234; for Bavaria and Austria, p. 228; for Switzerland, pp. 282-286; and for the Tyrolese, p. 102.
135 : 22. Beddoe, 4, chap. VI, is particularly good on the physical anthropology of the Swiss, while His and Rutimeyer, Crania Helvetica, are classic authorities.
135 : 23. The Historical Geography of Europe, by Freeman; and Beddoe, 4, pp. 75 seq.
135 : 25 seq. Beddoe, 4, p. 81, says: "As Switzerland, especially its central region, was for ages the great recruiting ground of mercenary soldiers, it is probable that the tall, blond, long-headed element would emigrate at a more rapid rate than the brown, short-headed one. In this way may also be accounted for the apparent decline in the stature of the modern Swiss, who certainly do not, as a rule, now justify the descriptions given of their huge physical development in earlier days, the days of halberds, morgensterns and two- handed swords. " These mercenaries were Teutonic, but their Celtic predecessors were addicted to the same habit as G. Dottin has shown on p. 257 of his Manuel Celtique: "When the Celts could not battle on their own account or against their neighbors, they offered their services for the price of silver to foreign kings. There is hardly a country that was not overrun with Celtic mercenaries, nor struggles in which they had not taken part. As far back as 368 B.C. an army sent by Denys, the Ancient, to Corinth to aid the Spartiates, was in part formed of Celtic foot-soldiers."
"Pas d'argent, pas de Suisses," as the old saying has it.
See also Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chap. LV, where are described the Teutonic Varangians in Constantinople, who became the body-guard of the Greek Emperor.
136 : 5. Osborn, 1, pp. 458 and 479 seq. See p. 116 of this book.
136 : 7. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 179; Haddon, 3; Peake, 2, pp. 160-163; Deniker, 2, p. 313; Zaborowski, 1, pp. 172 seq.; Herve, 1, IV, p. 393, and V, p. 18; and the authorities quoted in Osborn.
136 : 14. Russian brachycephaly. See Ripley, pp. 358 seq., and the authorities quoted.
136 : 16. See p. 143 : 13 of this book, and notes.
136 : 19-26. Brachycephalic colonies in Scandinavia. See p. 211 : 6 and notes.
136 : 29. Ripley, p. 472.
137 : 2. See the notes to p. 128 : 13.
137 : 8. See pp. 138 : 1, and 163 : 26 of this book.
137 : 21. See the notes to p. 128 : 16.
137 : 29 seq. Beddoe, 4, pp. 231-232.
138 : 1 seq. Beddoe, 4,pp. 15,17, 231-233; Davis and Thurnam; Keane, 1, p. 150; Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 194, 441; Ripley, pp. 308-309. Holmes suggests that the Beaker Makers may have come from Denmark. Compare this theory with that expressed by Fleure and James, pp. 128 seq. and 135; and by Abercromby, Crawford and Peake as given there. The Beaker Makers are quite fully discussed on pp. 86-88, 117, 1 28 seq., and 135-137, in the article by Fleure and James. See also Greenwell, British Barrows, pp. 627-718, and J. P. Harrison, On the Survival of Certain Racial Features in the Population of the British Isles. Fleure and James describe the type as follows on p. 136: "With the beakers have long been associated the broad-headed, strong-browed type, long known to archaeologists as the Bronze Age race, but better called the 'Beaker Makers,' or Borreby type, for we now think that these people reached Britain without a knowledge of bronze. . . . The general description of them is that they must have been taller than the Neolithic British, averaging 5 feet 7 inches, rather strongly built, with long forearms and inclined to roughness of feature. The head was broad (skull index over 80, often 82 or more) and the supraciliary arches strong, but very distinctly separated in most cases by a median depression, and thus strongly contrasted with the continuous supraciliary ridges of e.g., Neanderthal man. . . . Keith . . . thinks it [the type] was usually brown to fair in colouring at all periods, and this seems to be a very general opinion."
138 : 3. Beddoe, 4, p. 16: "On the whole, however, we cannot be far wrong in describing the British skulls of the bronze period as distinctly brachycephalic; and this seems to have been the case in Scotland as well as in England (see D. Wilson, Archaeological and Prehistoric Annals, pp. 168- 171). Whencesoever they came, the men of the British bronze race were richly endowed, physically. They were, as a rule, tall and stalwart, their brains were large and their features, if somewhat harsh and coarse, must have been manly and even commanding. The chieftain of Gristhorpe, whose remains are in the Museum of York, must have looked a true king of men with his athletic frame, his broad forehead, beetling brows, strong jaws and aquiline profile."
138 : 14. Rice Holmes, 1, p. 425.
138 : 17. Dinaric Race. Deniker, 1, pp. 113-133; also 2, p. 333- For allusions to this and descriptions see Ripley, pp. 350, 412, 597, 601-602.
138 : 18. Remains of Alpines. Fleure and James, pp. 117, no. 3, and pp. 137-142.
138 : 22. See the notes to p. 122 : 3. Also Jean Bruhnes in Le Correspondant for September, 191 7, p. 774.
139 : 3. See p. 121 : 16.
139 : 6 seq. Sergi, Africa, p. 65 ; Studer and Bannwarth, Crania Helvetica Antiqua, pp. 13 seq.; His and Rutimeyer, Crania Helvetica, p. 41.
139 : 16. See p. 144 of this book.
139 : 22 seq. See p. 130.
140 : 1 seq. See DeLapouge, passim; Ripley, p. 352; Johannes Ranke, Der Mensch, vol. II, pp. 296 seq.; part II of Topinard's V anthropologic generate, and the note to p. 131 : 26.
140 : 4 seq. Alpines in the Cantabrian Alps. See Ripley, p. 272, and Oloriz, Distribucion geografica del Indice cephalica.
140 : 9. Basques and the Basque language. See the notes to p. 234 : 24 seq.
140 : 15. Aquitanian. See p. 248 : 14. Ligurian. See the notes to p. 235 : 17.
140 : 17. Round skulls on North African coast. See pp. 127-128.
140 : 22 seq. See the authorities quoted in Ripley, chap. VII. For the Walloons see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 323-325, 334; Deniker, 2, p. 335; D'Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 87-95; G. Kurth, La frontiere linguistique en Belgique; L. Funel, Les parlers populaires du departement des Alpes-Maritimes, pp. 298-303.
The dialects or patois spoken to-day in France all fall under one of these two languages. They can be classified as follows:
LANGUE D'OC Patois Languedocian / Spoken in the Departments of Gard, Herault, Pyrenees-Orientales, Aude, Ariege, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Tarn, Aveyron, Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne.
Provencal / Drome, Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhone, Hautes- and Basses-Alpes, Var.
Dauphinois / Isere.
Lyonnais / Rhone, Ain, Saone-et-Loire.
Auvergnat / Allier, Loire, Haute- Loire, Ardeche, Lozere, Puy-de-Dome, Cantal.
Limousin / Correze, Haute- Vienne, Creuse, Indre, Cher, Vienne, Dordogne, Charente, Charente-Inferieure, Indre-et-Loire.
Gascon / Gironde, Landes, Hautes-Pyrenees, Basses-Pyrenees, Gers.
LANGUE D'OIL Norman / Normandie, Bretagne, Perche, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, Saintonge.
Picard (modern French) / Picardie, Ile-de-France, Artois, Flandre, Hainault, Basse Maine, Thierache, Rethelois.
Burgundian / Nivernais, Berry, Orleanais, lower Bourbonnais, part of Ile-de-France, Champagne, Lorraine, Franche-Comte
140 : 28 seq. For the distribution of the Alpines see Ripley, p. 157.
141 : 6. Austria and the Slavs. See Ripley's authorities mentioned on pp. 352 seq.
141 : 9. See p. 143 of this book.
141 : 13. See the notes to chap. LX.
141 : 23-142 : 4. Introduction of the Slavs into eastern Germany. See Jordanes, History of the Goths, V, 34, 35, and XXIII, 119; Freeman, Historical Geography of Europe, pp. 113 seq.
141 : 25. Wends, Antes and Sclaveni. See the notes to p. 143 : 13 seq.
142 : 4. Haddon, 3, p. 43.
142 : 9. Ripley, p. 355 and the authorities quoted. The word Slave originally signified illustrious or renowned in Slavic language, but in Europe was a word of disdain for the backward Slavs. See T. Peisker, The Expansion of the Slavs, Hist., vol. II, p. 421, n. 2.
142 : 13. See pp. 143-144 of this book.
142 : 23. Russian populations. Ripley, based on Anutschin, Taranetzki, Niederle, Zakrewski, Talko-Hyrncewicz, Olechnowicz, Matiezka, Kharuzin, Retzius, Bonsdorff, etc. Consult his chap. XIII, especially pp. 343-346 and 352. Olechnowicz and Talko-Hyrncewicz both remark on the dolichocephaly and blondness of the upper classes of Poland.
143 : 1. Keane, 2, pp. 345-346; Beddoe, 1, p. 35; Freeman, 1, pp. 107, 113-116, 155-158-
143 : 3. Avars. See the authorities just given; also Eginhard, The Life of Charlemagne; Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chaps. XLII, XLV and XLVI.
143 : 4. Hungarians. That the Hungarians as such were known earlier than this date appears from a passage in Jordanes, written about 550 A.D. See the History of the Goths, V, 37, where he says: "Farther away and above the sea of Pontus are the abodes of the Bulgares, well known from the disaster our neglect has brought upon us. From this region, the Huns, like a fruitful root of bravest races, sprouted into two hordes of people. Some of these are called Altziagiri, others, Sabiri; and they have different dwelling places. The Altziagiri are near Cherson, where the avaricious traders bring in the goods of Asia. In summer they range the plains, their broad domains, wherever the pasturage for their cattle invites them, and betake themselves in winter beyond the sea of Pontus. Now the Hunuguri are known to us from the fact that they trade in marten skins. But they have been cowed by their bolder neighbors." Also on the Hunuguri see Zeuss, p. 712.
143 : 5 seq. The invasion of the Avars and the Magyars. See Freeman, 1, pp. 107, 113, 115-116; Beddoe, i, p. 35; and Ripley, p. 432.
143 : 13 seq. Haddon, 3, chap. III, Europe, especially p. 40; and A. Lefevre, Germains et Slavs, p. 156. Minns, in an article on the Slavs, says: "Pliny (N. H., IV, 97) is the first to give the Slavs a name which can leave us in no doubt. He speaks of the Venedi (cf. Tacitus, Germania, 46, Veneti); Ptolemy (Geog., Ill, 5, 7, 8) calls them Venedae and puts them along the Vistula and by the Venedic Gulf, by which he seems to mean the Gulf of Danzig; he also speaks of the Venedic mountains to the south of the sources of the Vistula, that is, probably the northern Carpathians. The name Venedae is clearly Wend, the name that the Germans have always applied to the Slavs. Its meaning is unknown. It has been the cause of much confusion because of the Armorican Veneti, the Paphlagonian Enetae, and above all the Enetae-Venetae at the head of the Adriatic. . . . Other names in Ptolemy which almost certainly denote Slavic tribes are the Veltae on the Baltic. The name Slav first occurs in Pseudo-Caesarius (Dialogues, II, no; Migne, P. G., XXXVIII, 985, early 6th century), but the earliest definite account of them under that name is given by Jordanes (Getica [History of the Goths], V, 34, 35), about 550 A.D.: 'Within these rivers lies Dacia, encircled by the Alps as by a crown. Near their left ridge, which inclines toward the north, and beginning at the source of the Vistula, the populous race of the Venethi dwell, occupying a great expanse of land. Though their names are now dispersed amid various clans and places, yet they are chiefly called Sclaveni and Antes. The abode of the Sclaveni extends from the city of Noviodunum and the lake called Mursianus, to the Dnaster, and northward as far as the Vistula. They have swamps and forests for their cities. The Antes, who are the bravest of these peoples dwelling in the curve of the sea of Pontus, spread from the Dnaster to the Dnaper, rivers that are many days' journey apart.'" See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 272 seq.
The name Wends, as has been said, was used by the Germans to designate the Slavs. It is now used for the Germanized Polaks, and especially for the Lusatian Wends or Sorbs. It is first found in English used by Alfred. Canon I. Taylor, in Words and Places, p. 42, says: "The Sclavonians call themselves either Slowjane, 'the intelligible men,' or else Srb which means 'kinsmen,' while the Germans call them Wends."
Haddon, 3, p. 47, says: "The Slavs, who belong to the Alpine race, seem to have had their area of characterization in Poland and the country between the Carpathians and the Dnieper; they may be identified with the Venedi."
In the author's opinion these people have, so far as is known, nothing whatever to do with the tribe of Veneti at the head of the Adriatic, nor with the Veneti in western Europe in what is now Brittany. Of the former Ripley, p. 258, says that they have been generally accepted as of Illyrian derivation and cites D'Arbois de Jubainville, Von Duhn, Pigorini, Sergi, Pulle, Moschen and Tedeschi as authorities.
The Veneti in Italy are tall, broad-headed and some are blond, having mixed with the Teutons. They possessed some eastern habits, such as their marriage customs, as set forth in Herodotus. They were flourishing, wealthy and peaceful. Later they were driven to what is now Venice.
The Veneti in Gaul were a powerful maritime people, who carried on a sea trade with Britain. Strangely, perhaps, the ancient name of northern Wales was Venedotia. The name Veneto, however, has nothing to do with that of Vandal. For some theories as to the relationships of some of these Veneti, see Zaborowski, 3.
143 : 15. Gallicia and the Tripolje Culture. Cf. pp.
113-114. Gallicia is not far from the known location of the Brunn-Predmost race, which was dolichocephalic with a long face. This early appearance of a dolichocephalic race at the point where the dolichocephalic Nordics later came in contact with the Alpines is very significant.
The locality is in the neighborhood of the Tripolje area in southern Russia, for which see Minns, Scythians and Greeks, pp. 130-142, and Peake, 2, p. 164.
Minns says: "The first finds of Neolithic settlements in Russia were made near the village of Tripolje, on the Dnepr, forty miles below Kiev, and this name has since been extended to the culture of a large area in southern Russia. The remains consist of so-called 'areas' with buildings which had wattled, clay-covered walls which were fired when dry to give them greater hardness. Pottery is present in great abundance and variety of forms. These bear painted deco- rations which are very artistic. There are a few figurines. The buildings were not dwellings but probably chapels. The homes were probably pit dwellings. Bodies of the dead were incinerated and deposited in urns.
"The theory has been abandoned that this was an autochthonous development, typical of the Indo-Europeans [Nordics] before they differentiated (cf. Chvojka, the first discoverer). Although similar to AEgean art this was earlier (see Von Stern, Prehistoric Greek Culture in the South of Russia). It came suddenly to an end and had no successor in that region. The people were agriculturalists long before the Scythians, but the next people who lived there were thorough nomads. Niederle (Slav. Ant., I) dates them 2000 B.C. The Tripolje people either moved south or were overwhelmed by new comers." As Peake says, 2, pp. 164-165, here was a very likely point of contact between the Nordic and Alpine stocks, a mixture which, in the opinion of the author, may ultimately throw some light on the origin of the Dinaric and Beaker Maker types. Through this region both Alpines and Nordics must have passed many times in their wanderings. Here perhaps the Alpines became partly Nordicized, especially as to their language.
143 : 21. Sarmatians. There has been considerable confusion over these people, owing to the various ways in which the name has been spelled by early and later writers, and to the fact that they dwelt in the region where both Alpines and Nordics must have existed side by side. The name Sarmatians has been applied at one time to Nordics, at another to Alpines or even Mongolians, depending on the dates when they were discussed and the bias of various writers. We have no generic name for the Alpine peoples who must have been in this region in early times, except that of Sarmatians or Scythians. As the Scythians are apparently strongly Nordic in character, the name Sarmatians seemed more fitting to apply to the Alpine tribes who were certainly there. Not all authorities are agreed as to their affiliations, however, as has been said.
Jordanes declares that the Sarmatians and the Sauromatae were the same people. Stephanus Byzantius states that the Syrmatae were identical with the Sauromatae. They are first mentioned by Polybius as being in Europe in 179 B.C. (XXV, II; XXVI, VI, 12). But in Asia we hear of them as early as 325 B. C, according to Minns, p. 38, who says that they gradually shifted westward, until in 50 A.D. they were in the Danube valley. Jordanes later speaks of the Carpathian mountains as the Sarmatian range. Mierow, in the notes to his translation of Jordanes, makes the Sarmatians a great Slavic people dwelling from the Vistula to the Don, in what is now Poland and Russia. (See also Hodgkin, Italy, vol. I, part I, p. 71.) According to Jordanes, the Sarmatians were beyond Dacia (the ancient Gothic land) and to the north (XII, 74). It is with these statements in mind that the author has designated them as Alpines.
Minns describes the Sarmatians as nomads of the Caspian steppes who wore armor like the Hiung-nu. About 325 B.C. there was a decline of the Scyths and they appear. During the second and third centuries A.D. was the time when they spread over the vast regions from Hungary to the Caspian. Minns, however, is firm in the belief that they were Iranians [Nordics], like the Alans, Ossetes, Jasy, etc. In the second half of the fourth century B.C. they were still east of the Don or just crossing; for the next century and a half we have very scanty knowledge of what was happening in the steppes. Procopius, III, II, also makes them Goths. (See the note to p. 66 : 16.) Feist, 5, p. 391, quotes Tacitus as to their being horse-loving nomads of south Russia. See also D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, and Gibbon, chaps. XVIII, XXV, etc., for further discussions.
144 : 11 seq. See the authorities quoted in Ripley, pp. 361-362. The Bashkirs, however, are partly Finn, partly Tatar as well.
144 : 26-145 : 1. Ripley, pp. 416 seq. and 434.
145 : 3- Ripley, p. 434.
145 : 7. Freeman, 1, pp. 113-115; Haddon, 3, p. 45.
145 : 10. Ripley, p. 421. These are the Volga Finns. Old Bulgaria, according to Pruner-Bey, 2, t. I, pp. 390-433, P. F. Kanitz and others, seems to have been between the Ural mountains and the Volga. The old Bulgarians were a Finnic tribe (just which is a matter of much dispute). They crossed the Danube toward the end of the seventh century. See Freeman, 1, pp. 17, 155.
145 : 11 seq. Ripley, p. 426, based on Bassanovic, p. 30.
145 : 16. Ripley, p. 421.
145 : 19. Of the numerous tribes who, since the Christian Era, have entered Europe and Anatolia from western Asia some were undoubtedly pure Mongoloids, like the Huns of Attila, or the hordes of Genghis Khan. Others were probably under Mongoloid leaders, and included a large proportion of West Asiatic Alpines (i.e., Turcomans), while still others may have been substantially Alpines. The Mongols in their sweep into Europe would naturally gather up and carry with them many of the tribes of western Asia, or perhaps more often would drive the latter ahead of them.
146 : 3 seq. Ripley, p. 139; Taylor, 1, p. 119; Peake, 2, p. 162.
146 : 8. Ripley, p. 136. These primitive nests occur also in Norway.
146 : 12. See the note to p. 131 : 26.
146 : 19-147 : 6. See pp. 122 and 138 of this book.
147 : 7 seq. Accad and Sumer. Prince, and Zaborowski (after de Sarzec) give the earliest date of Accad as about 3800 B. C, but Prince thinks this date too old by 700-1000 years. See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 118-125. H. R. Hall, in The Ancient History of the Near East, reviews the entire work in this field in his first chapter. According to him, dates in Babylonia can be traced as far back as those of Egypt, without coming to a time when there was no writing or metal, while Egyptian records begin in a Neolithic culture. The earliest dates so far established are in the fourth millennium B.C., but already a high degree of civilization had been reached there or elsewhere by people who brought it to Babylonia. Hall, p. 176, says: "The most ancient remains that we find in the city mounds are Sumerian. The site of the ancient Shurripak, at Farah in Southern Babylonia, has lately been excavated. The culture revealed by this excavation is Sumerian, and metal-using, even at the lowest levels. The Sumerians apparently knew the use of copper at the beginning of their occupation of Babylonia, and no doubt brought this knowledge with them." See chap. V of Hall's book, and the two great works of King, the Chronicles Concerning the Early Babylonian Kings, and The History of Sumer and Akkad, as well as Rogers's History of Babylonia and Assyria. In his preface to the first-mentioned of his two works King states that the new researches are resulting in a tendency to reduce the dates of these ancient empires very considerably, especially for the dynasties. Thus for Su-abu, the founder of the first dynasty, a date not earlier than 2100 B.C. is now given, and for Hammurabi one not earlier than the twentieth century B.C. Accad is by many authors, including Breasted, considered to have been Semitic from the beginning, and to have been established about 2800 B.C. But Zaborowski claims that it was not originally Semitic, but Semitized at a very early date. He makes both city-kingdoms originally Turanian [by which he means Alpine and pre-Aryan] with an agglutinative language related to the Altaic. See also Zaborowski, 2. He dates the cuneiform inscriptions between 3700 and 4000 B. C, after de Sarzec and de Morgan. Hall draws attention to the remarkable resemblance of the Sumerians to the Dravidians, and is inclined to believe that they may have come from India. Both G. Elliot Smith and Breasted claim the Babylonians derived their culture from Egypt, but the weight of evidence is gradually accumulating against them. See Hall, chap. V. The relations of the two regions and Egyptian dates are treated in Reisner's Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Der; and Eduard Meyer, Geschichte des Alter turns, should also be consulted. Against these Egyptologists are most of the later writers, such as Hall and King and many others. The location of Babylonia is a fact distinctly in favor of its earlier beginnings. There is no denying the very remote origin of Egyptian culture, which in its isolation for so many centuries had ample time to develop its own peculiar features and to become sufficiently strong to later extend a very wide influence. There is an interesting study of the fauna of Egypt by Lortet and Gaillard, which proves that much of it was originally African, not Asiatic, as those who wish to prove the opposite theory, that Egyptian culture was derived from the east in very remote times, have endeavored to establish. There is no doubt that the Egyptians were sufficiently plastic and adaptable in the earlier centuries of their development, wherever they may have come from, to make use of what the continent of Africa contributed in the way of resources. (See also Gaillard, Les Talonnements des Egyptiens, etc., and H. H. Johnston, On North African Animals.) To claim that the civilization of Sumer was derived directly from Elam, which in turn obtained its earliest culture from Egypt, is, in the opinion of the author, to reverse the truth. Some authorities believe that Elam was the origin from which came the civilization found by Pumpelly in Turkestan, and believed by him to have been not earlier than the end of the third millennium B.C. (For a further reference to this see the note to p. 119 : 15 of this book, on Balkh.)
See Hall as to the relationship of the Accadians and Sumerians with Elam. Zaborowski says they were all of the same Alpine stock, that is, the very early Sumerians and Accadians and Elamites. See 2, p. 411. For Susa, Elam and Media, see Les peuples Aryens, pp. 125-138, and Hall, chap. V. For the Persians, Zaborowski, 1, pp. 134 seq. Ripley, pp. 417, 449-450, discusses some of the eastern tribes, among them the Tadjiks, whom general opinion makes round-skulled. These, according to Zaborowski, are the living prototypes of the Susians, Elamites and Medes. Many writers consider the Medes to have been Nordics and related to the Persians. The author, however, follows Zaborowski in classing them as the early brachycephalic population of Elam or its highlands or plateau, which was conquered by the Persians. On the Medes and Media see the notes to P- 254 : 13.
CHAPTER V. THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE 148 : 1. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi, 4; Ripley; and Elliot Smith, 1.
148 : 14. Deniker, 2, pp. 408 seq.; Ripley, pp. 450-451.
148 : 15. See the notes to pp. 257-261.
148 : 18. Dravidians. Bishop R. Caldwell, Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages; G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, vol. IV, Munda and Dravidian Languages; Friedrich Muller, Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857-1859, etc., pp. 73 seq.; Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, vol. III, pp. 106 seq. See also Haddon, 3, p. 18.
148 : 22 seq. Deniker, 2, p. 397; Haddon, 1, 3, but Haddon has pointed out that the Andamanese are not racially of the same stock as the Sakai, Veddahs, etc.
149 : 6. Haddon, 3, and Sergi, 4, p. 158; Ripley; Fleure and James; Peake; etc.
149 : 12. Peake, 2, p. 158.
149 : 21. On this point, Ripley, pp. 465 seq., quotes Von Dueben, Retzius, Arbo, Montelius, Barth, Zograf, Lebon, Olechnowicz, etc.
150 : 8. See the notes to p. 149.
150 : 12. See the notes to p. 257.
150 : 21. Beddoe, 4, and 3, pp. 384 seq., and Ripley, pp. 326, 328 seq.
150 : 24 seq. See the notes to p. 149.
150 : 29-151 : 3. A. Retzius, 1, 2; G. Retzius, 1, 2; Peake, 2, p. 158. Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 101, says the Iberian type is not found in northern Europe east of Namur. In the British Isles, however, it extends to Caithness.
151 : 3 seq. See the notes to p. 149; Ripley, pp. 461-465; Sergi, 4, p. 252; Osborn, 1, p. 458.
151 : 18. Sir Harry Johnston, passim; G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 18, 30, 31, and chap. V.
151 : 22 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 30. For a contrary opinion see Sergi, 4.
152 : 3. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, The Geography of Mammals, pp. 177 seq.; Flower and Lydekker, Mammals, Living and Extinct, pp. 96-97.
152 : 6. Elliot Smith, 1, chap. IV and elsewhere; Sergi, 4, chap. III.
152 : 12. Negroes seem to have been unknown in Egypt and Nubia in pre-dynastic days and only appear in small numbers in the third and fourth dynasties, in the South. The great ruins on the Zambezi at Zimbabwe were probably the work of the Mediterranean race and are to be dated about 1000 B.C. In other words, all northeast Africa, including Nubia, the northern Sudan, the ancient Kingdom of Meroe at the junction of the Blue and White Niles, Abyssinia and the adjoining coast were originally part of the domain of the Mediterranean race.
In the recent kingdom of the Mahdi, the predominant element was not Negro but Arab more or less mixed.
152 : 16. Sir Harry Johnston, passim; Ripley, pp. 387, 390; Hall, Ancient History of the Near East.
152 : 27. Sardinia. See Ripley and Von Luschan. A recent article by V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, entitled "A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy," in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, is well worth consideration. On pp. 91-92 the author gives a short sketch of the Sardinians and his authorities are to be found in a footnote on p. 91.
153 : 4. Albanians. See the notes to p. 163 : 19.
153 : 6 seq. Fleure and James, pp. 122 seq., 149; Beddoe, 4, pp. 25-26; Davis and Thurnam, especially p. 212; Boyd Dawkins, Early Man in Britain.
153 : 10. Scotland. See the notes to pp. 150 : 10 and 204 : 5.
153 : 14 seq. See the notes to p. 229 : 5-12.
153 : 24 seq. The Mediterranean Race in Rome. Montelius, La Civilisation primitive en Italie; Peet, The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy; Munro, Palaeolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements; Modesto v, Introduction a l'histoire romain; Frank, Roman Imperialism. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy, p. 101, says of the composition of the population of Rome: " The three fundamental European races, H. mediterraneus, H. alpinus, and H. nordicus, had their representatives among the ancient Romans, although the skeletal remains of the Mediterraneans and the Northerners are difficult to distinguish from each other. It is also possible that the Northerners belonged to the aristocrats who preferred to burn their dead. In the calm tenacity and quiet growth of the Roman people perhaps the descendants of H. nordicus represented the turbulent restlessness of violent and bold individuals which, even in Roman history, one is able to discern from time to time."
In this connection it is interesting to note what Charles W. Gould has said on p. 117, in America, a Family Matter, concerning Sulla. He describes him as follows: "Even during the terror Sulla found time for enjoyment. Tawny hair, piercing blue eyes, fair complexion readily suffused with color as emotion and red blood surged within, Norseman that he was, he presided over constant and splendid entertainments, taking more pleasure in a witty actor than in the degenerate men and women of the old nobility who elbowed their way in." Also see the notes to p. 215 : 21.
154 : 5. Quarrels between the Patricians and the Plebs. See Tenney Frank, Roman Imperialism, pp. 5 seq., for a discussion of the mixture of races, "only we cannot agree that a social state can accomplish race amalgamation. The two races are still there." Boni, Notizie degli Scavi, vol. III, p. 401, believes that the Patricians were the descendants of the immigrant Aryans, while the Plebeians were the offspring of the aboriginal Non-Aryan stock. Compare this with the statements of early writers concerning the conditions in Gaul, especially as summed up by Dottin in his Manuel Celtique.
Frank says, concerning the quarrels, in chap. II, op. cit.: " Roman tradition preserved in the first book of Livy presents a very circumstantial account of the several battles by which Rome supposedly razed the Latin cities one after another. . . . Needless to say, if the Latin tribe had lived in such civil discord as the legend assumes, it would quickly have succumbed to the inroads of the mountain tribes." Thus probably the quarrels between Latin and Etruscan have been overrated. See again, p. 14, for the oriental origin of some intruding people. He says, in a note at the end of the chapter: "Ridgeway, in Who were the Romans, 1908, has ably, though not convincingly developed the view that the Patricians were Sabine conquerors. Cuno, Vorgeschichte Roms, I, 14, held that they were Etruscans. Fustel de Coulanges, in his well-known work, La cite antique, proposed the view that a religious caste system alone could explain the division. Eduard Meyer, the article on the Plebs in Handwurterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, and Botsford, Roman Assemblies, p. 16, have presented various arguments in favor of the economic theory. See Binder, Die Plebs, 1909, for a summary of many other discussions."
Breasted, Ancient Times, pp. 495 seq., and Sir Harry Johnston, Views and Reviews, p. 97, are two who have touched upon these questions.
On Etruria see the note to p. 157 : 14.
154 : 11. An allusion to the short stature of the Roman legions of Caesar in Gaul may be found in Rice Holmes, 2, p. 81. D'Arbois de Jubainville, Les Celts en Espagne, XIV, p. 369, says in describing a combat between P. Cornelius Scipio and a Gallic warrior: "Scipio was of very small stature, the Celtiberian warrior with the high stature which in all times in the tales of the Roman historians characterizes the Celtic race; and the beginning of the struggle gave him the advantage." Taylor, Origin of the Aryans, p. 76, says: "The stature of the Celts struck the Romans with astonishment. Caesar speaks of their mirifica corpora and contrasts the short stature of the Romans with the magnitudo corporum of the Gauls. Strabo, also, speaking of the Coritavi, a British tribe in Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says: 'To show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their young men at Rome and they were taller by six inches than anyone else in the city.'" See also Elton, Origins, p. 240.
154 : 18 seq. Nordic Aristocracy in Rome. Tenney Frank, Race Mixture in the Roman Empire. But he also makes Gauls and Germans on the same level as other conquered people, as legionaries, etc. See also Giuffrida-Ruggeri, p. 101.
155:5 seq. G. Elliot Smith, 1; Peet, 2, pp. 164 seq. Fleure and James use the terms Neolithic and Mediterranean interchangeably. Recent study is giving a somewhat different interpretation to the significance of the megaliths. See the article by H. J. Fleure and L. Winstanley in the 191 8 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. On the megaliths see also the note to p. 129 : 2 seq.
155 : 22 seq. See the notes to p. 233 seq.
155 : 27-156 : 4. See the notes to p. 192.
156 : 4. See the notes to p. 244 : 6.
156 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70.
156 : 10. Gauls. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 1, XIV, p. 364, says: "Hannibal left Spain for Italy in 218, but he left there a Carthaginian army in the ranks of which marched auxiliaries furnished by the Celtic peoples of Spain; Roman troops came to combat this army and four years after the departure of Hannibal, (i. e. in 214), they gave many battles to the Carthaginian generals where the Celts were vanquished. In the booty there were found abundant Gallic trappings, especially a great number of collars and bracelets of gold; among the dead of the Carthaginian army left upon the plain were two petty Gallic kings, Moencapitus and Vismarus. Livy, who tells us these things, says distinctly that the trappings were Gallic (Gallica) and that the kings were Gallic. See Livy, I, XXIV, c. 42."
156 : 13. See the note to p. 192.
156 : 16. Feist, 5, p. 365, is one of the authors who notes the fact that classic writers spoke of light and dark types in Spain.
156 : 18. This of course means racial evidence. See Mommsen, History of the Roman Provinces, I, chap. II, and Burke, History of Spain, p. 2.
156 : 25-157 : 3. On the history of the Albigenses the most important authority is C. Schmidt, Histoire de la secte des Cathares on Albigeois, Paris, 1849. The Albigenses were deeply indebted to the Arabic culture of Saracenic Spain, which was the medium through which much of the ancient Greek science and learning was preserved to modern times.
157 : 4. Ripley, pp. 260 seq. For an exhaustive resume of the subject see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 277-287. Also consult the notes to p. 235 : 17 of this book.
157 : 6. See p. 122 for the predominance of the Mediterraneans.
157 : 10. Umbrians and Oscans. It is fair to assume that some people brought the Aryan languages into Italy from the north, and this introduction is credited to the Umbrians and Oscans. (See Helbig, Die Italiker in der Poebene, pp. 29-41 ; Ridgeway, Early Age of Greece; Conway, Early Italic Dialects.) The Umbrians and Oscans were closely allied in regard to their language, whatever may have been their ethnic affinities. In a remoter degree they were connected with the Latins. From the time and starting-point of their migrations, as well as from their type of culture, it would appear that they were cognate with the early Nordic invaders of Greece. Whether they were wholly Nordic, or were thoroughly Nordicized Alpines, or merely Alpines with Nordic leaders is not of particular moment in this connection, but if they were the carriers of Aryan language and culture they were Nordicized in a degree comparable to the genuine Nordics who invaded Greece. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in one of the latest papers on Italy, as well as many earlier authorities, regards the Umbrians as Alpines, but he says they were not all round-skulled. "The Osci, the Sabines, the Samnites, and other Sabellic peoples were Aryans or Aryanized, although they inhumated their dead instead of burning them. It is possible that the founders of Rome consisted of both families, as we find both rites in ancient Rome" (p. 100).
157 : 14. Etruscans. The author is familiar with the persistent theory that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor by sea, but he nevertheless regards them as indigenous inhabitants of Italy, that is, the Pre-Aryan, Pre-Nordic Mediterraneans, who, as part of a large and extended group, were spread over a great part of the shores of the Mediterranean, and were at that time the Italian exponents of the prevailing AEgean culture. During the second millennium in which this culture flourished, they were much influenced by Crete, although they developed their civilization along special lines. The Etruscan language, excluding the borrowed elements from later Italic dialects, is apparently in no sense Aryan. Cf. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 53-54.
157 : 16. The date 800 is given by Feist, 5, p. 370.
157 : 18. Livy, V, 33 seq., is the authority for the date of the sixth century. See also Polybius, 1, II, c. XVII, § 1. Myers, Ancient History, makes the settlement of the Gauls in Italy about the fifth century B.C. Most authorities follow Livy.
157 : 21. To show how approximate the authorities are on this date, Rice Holmes, 2, p. 1, and Myers, Ancient History, make it 390, while Breasted gives 382.
157 : 23. Livy, V, 35-49, treats of the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The name Brennus means raven; it is from the Celtic bran, raven, crow.
157 : 26. There is a considerable Frankish element there also, among the aristocracy.
158 : 1 seq. An interesting discussion of this event is given by Salomon Reinach, 2. The invasion was resisted first at Thermopylae and later at Delphi. On p. 81 Reinach says: "In the detailed recital which Pausanius has left us of the invasion of the Galatic bands in Greece, dealing with the glorious part which the Athenians played in the defence of the Pass of Thermopylae. But, when the defile had been forced, the Athenians departed and Pausanius makes no more mention of them in relating the defence of Delphi, where only the Phocians, four hundred Locrians and two hundred AEtolians figured. It is only after the defeat of the Gauls that the Athenians, according to Pausanius, came back, together with the Boeotians, to harass the barbarians in their retreat. . . ." On p. 83 he says: "The barbarians are incontestably the Galatians." See also by the same author, The Gauls in Antique Art. G. Dottin, pp. 461-462 gives us the following: "Hannibal, traversing southern Gaul, found on his passage only Gauls. On the other hand, Livy mentions the arrival of Gauls in Provence at the same time as their first descent into Italy, and Justinius places the wars of the Greeks of Marseilles against the Gauls and Ligurians before the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The invasion of the Belgae is placed then in the third century. It is doubtless contemporaneous with the Celtic invasion of Greece which was perhaps caused by it." See also the notes to p. 174 : 21 of this book. According to Myers, Ancient History, where the account of these events is briefly given on pp. 269-270, the year was 278 B.C. Breasted, 1, p. 449, gives 280 B.C.
As late as the fourth century of our era, Celtic forms of speech prevailed among the Galatians of Asia Minor. According to Jerome (Fraser's Golden Bough, II, p. 126, footnote), the language spoken then in Anatolia was very similar to the dialect of the Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle, of whose name Treves is the perpetuator. "It was to these people that St. Paul addressed one of his epistles."
It is interesting to note that at the present time the finest soldiers of the Turkish army are recruited in the district of Angora which includes the territory of ancient Galatia.
158 : 13. Procopius, IV, 13, says that a number of Moors and their wives took refuge in Sicily and also in Sardinia where they established colonies. The recent article by Giuffrida-Ruggeri sums up the data for Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. See also Gibbon, passim, and Ripley, pp. 115-116.
158 : 16. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 94 seq., and the notes to pp. 127 : 26 and 128.
158 : 21. Pelasgians. Sergi, 4, followed by many anthropologists, describes as Pelasgian one branch of the Mediterranean or Eurafrican race of mankind and one group of skull types within that race. Ripley, pp. 407, 448, considers them Mediterraneans in all probability, as this is the oldest layer of population in these regions. So also do Myres, Dawn of History, p. 171, and most of the other authorities. In his History of the Pelasgian Theory, Myres sums up all that was written up to that time. Homer and other early writers make them the ancient inhabitants of Greece, who were subdued by the Hellenes. It is generally agreed that a people resembling in its prevailing skull forms the Mediterranean race of north Africa was settled in the AEgean area from a remote Neolithic antiquity. D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, devotes a chapter or more to them, and declares on p. no: "In fact the Pelasgians and the Hellenes are of different origin; the first are one of the races which preceded the Indo-Europeans in Europe, the others are Indo-European."
Another recent writer who deals with this puzzling problem is Sartiaux, in his Troie, pp. 140-143. Finally, Sir William Ridgeway says: "The Achaeans found the land occupied by a people known by the ancients as Pelasgians who continued down to classical times the main element in the population, even in the states under Achaean, and later, under Dorian rule. In some cases the Pelasgians formed a serf class, e.g. in Penestas, in Thessaly, the Helots in Laconia and the Gymnesii at Argos; whilst they practically composed the whole population of Arcadia and Attica which never came under either Achaean or Dorian rule. This people had dwelt in the AEgean from the Stone Age, and though still in the Bronze Age at the Achaean conquest, had made great advances in the useful and ornamental arts. They were of short stature, with dark hair and eyes, and generally dolichocephalic. Their chief centers were at Cnossus, Crete, in Argolis, Laconia and Attica, in each being ruled by ancient lines of kings. In Argolis, Prcetus built Tiryns but later under Perseus, Mycenae took the lead until the Achaean conquest. All the ancient dynasties traced their descent from Poseidon, who at the time of the Achaean conquest was the chief male divinity of Greece and the islands."
As to the Pelasgian being a Non- Aryan tongue, the ancient script at Crete has not yet been deciphered. Since the ancient Cretans were presumably Pelasgians, it is safe to identify them with this Non-Aryan language, although Conway, 2, pp. 141-142, is inclined to believe that it is related to the Aryan family. See also Sweet, The History of Language, p. 103.
158 : 22. Nordic Achaeans. Ridgeway, 1, p. 683, says: "We found that a fair-haired race greater in stature than the melanochrous AEgean people had there [in Greece and the AEgean] been domiciled for long ages, and that fresh bodies of tall, fair-haired people from the shores of the northern ocean continually through the ages had kept pressing down into the southern peninsulas. From this it followed that the Achaeans of Homer were one of these bodies of Celts [i.e., Nordics], who had made their way down into Greece and had become the masters of the indigenous race.
"This conclusion we further tested by an examination of the distribution of the round shield, the practise of cremation, the use of the brooch and buckle, and finally the diffusion of iron in Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Our inductions s howed that all four had made their way into Greece and the AEgean from Central Europe. Accordingly as they all appeared in Greece along with the Homeric Achaeans, we inferred that the latter had brought them with them from central Europe." Elsewhere, in the same book, Ridgeway identifies the Homeric age with the Achaean and Post-Mycenaean, the Mycenaean with the Pre-Achaean and Pelasgian.
Bury, The History of Greece, p. 44, says: "The Achaeans were a people of blond complexion, of Indo-European speech. Among the later Greeks, there were two marked types, distinguished by light and dark hair. The blond complexion was rarer and more prized. This is illustrated by the fact that women and fops used sometimes to dye their hair yellow or red, the [x] mentioned in the Danae of Euripedes."
159 : 4-5. Date of the siege of Troy. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, p. 69, and many other authorities accept the Parian Chronicle, which makes it 1194-1184 B.C. For the whole question of the Trojan War see Felix Sartiaux, Troie, La Guerre de Troie.
159 : 6 seq. See the notes to p. 225 : XX.
159 : 10 seq. Bury, History of Greece, p. 44; DeLapouge, Les selections sociales. Beddoe noted in his Anthropological History of Europe that almost all of Homer's heroes were blond or chestnut-haired as well as large and tall. There are many passages in the Iliad which refer to the blondness and size of the more important personages.
159 : 19 seq. Bury, History of Greece, pp. 57, 59, describes the Greek tribes which moved down before the Dorians, conquering the Achaeans — the Thessalians, Boeotians, etc. But see Peake, 2, for Thessalians. Also D'Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. II, p. 297, and Myers, Anc. Hist., pp. 127, 136 seq.
159 : 23. Dorians. See the authorities quoted above; also Ridgeway, Von Luschan, Deniker, 2, pp. 320-321, and Hawes.
160 : 1. C. H. Hawes, p. 258 of the Annal of the British School at Athens, vol. XVI, "Some Dorian Descendants," says the Dorians were Alpines, and this view is shared by many others, among them Von Luschan. See also Myres, The Dawn of History, pp. 173 seq. and 213. While this may be partially true even of the bulk of the population, all the tribes to the north of the Mediterranean fringe carried a large Nordic element, which practically always assumed the leadership.
160 : 17. For the character of the Dorians, see Bury, p. 62.
161 : 20. The philosopher Xenophanes, a contemporary of both Philip and his son, in discussing man's notion of God, insists that each race represents the Great Supreme under its own shape: the Negro with a flat nose and black face, the Thracian with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion.
161 : 27. Loss of Nordic blood among the Persians. See the note to p. 254 : 11.
162 : 8. Barbarous Macedonia. Bury, The History of Greece, pp. 681-731.
162 : 14. Alexander the Great. Descriptions of Alexander are found in Plutarch, who quotes the memoirs of Aristoxenus, a contemporary of Alexander, regarding the agreeable odor exhaled from his skin; Plutarch also says, without giving his authority, who was probably the same, that Alexander was "fair and of a light color, passing to ruddiness in his face and upon his breast." An authority for the statement of blue and black eyes is Quintus Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian of the first century A.D., in Historiarum Alexandri Magni, Libri Decern. This was written three and one-half centuries after the death of Alexander. The quotation, from North's translation of Plutarch, reads: "But when Appeles painted Alexander holding lightning in his hand he did not shew his fresh color, but made him somewhat blacke and swarter than his face in deede was; for naturally he had a very fayre white colour, mingled also with red which chiefly appeared in his face and in his brest."
In Galton's Inquiries into the Human Faculty, original English edition, frontispiece, is a composite photograph of Alexander the Great from six different medals selected by the curator in the British Museum. The curly hair and Greek profile are significant features. The sarcophagus of Alexander in the Constantinople Museum called the Sidonian, throws some light on this point, although there is some uncertainty among archaeologists as to whether or not it is Alexander's sarcophagus.
162 : 19. See Von Luschan, The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia, the section on Greece.
163 : 7. Graeculus, -a, -um. According to the Latin dictionaries, the diminutive adjective, understood mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense — a paltry Greek.
163 : 10. Physical types in early Greece. Ripley, pp. 407-408, quotes Nicolucci, Zaborowski, Virchow, DeLapouge and Sergi. Cf. Peake, 2, pp. 158-159, also Ripley, p. 411.
163 : 14. Physical types of modern Greeks. See the authorities given on p. 409 of Ripley's book, and Von Luschan, pp. 221 seq. Von Luschan and most other observers say that the modern Greeks, at least in Asia Minor, are a very mixed people. See his curve for head form.
163 : 16. Von Luschan, p. 239: "As in ancient Greece a great number of individuals seem to have been fair, with blue eyes, I took great care to state whether this were the case with the modern 'Greeks' in Asia. I have notes for 580 adults, males and females. In this number there were 8 with blue and 29 with gray or greenish eyes; all the rest had brown eyes. There was not one case of really light-colored hair, but in nearly all the cases of lighter eyes the hair also was less dark than with the other Greeks." See Ripley for European Greeks.
163 : 19. Albanians. Deniker, 2, pp. 333-334; Von Luschan, p. 224; Ripley, p. 410. Most Albanians are tall and dark. C. H. Hawes, Some Dorian Descendants, p. 258 seq., says that the percentage of light eyes over light hair is nearly ten times as great, i.e., there is 3 per cent of light hair to 30-38 per cent light eyes among Albanians and selected Greeks and Cretans. Also Gluck, Zur Physischen Anthropologie der Albanesen, pp. 375-376, and the note to p. 25 : 25 of this book. Hall gives some interesting data on p. 522 of his Ancient History of the Near East.
163 : 26. See the note to p. 138 : 1 seq.
164 : 4 seq. Dinaric type identified with the Spartans. See C. H. Hawes, op. cit., pp. 250 seq., where he discusses the Spartans and the Dinaric type, and Hall, Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 74 and 572.
164 : 12. On p. 57 of his History of Greece Bury inclines to the belief that the Dorians came through Epirus, and attributes the cause of their invasion to the pressure of the Illyrians, to whom the Dorians were probably related. It is known that the Illyrians were round-headed. Finally they left the regions of the Corinthian Gulf, and sailed around the Peloponnesus to southeast Greece, where they settled, leaving only a few Dorians behind, who gave their name to the country they occupied, but ever afterward were of no consequence in Greek history. Some bands went to Crete, others on other islands and some to Asia Minor.
164 : 15. Character of the Spartans. See Bury, History of Greece, pp. 62, 120, 130-135.
164 : 22. See p. 153 of this book.
165 : 6 seq. Cf. the note to p. 119 : 1 and that to p. 223 : 1.
165 : 10. G. Elliot Smith, Ancient Mariners.
165 : 14. See the note to p. 242 : 5 on languages.
166 : 3. Gibbon, chap. XLVIII.