VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS -- THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE WES

"Science," the Greek word for knowledge, when appended to the word "political," creates what seems like an oxymoron. For who could claim to know politics? More complicated than any game, most people who play it become addicts and die without understanding what they were addicted to. The rest of us suffer under their malpractice as our "leaders." A truer case of the blind leading the blind could not be found. Plumb the depths of confusion here.

Re: VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS -- THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE

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PART 2 OF 2

CHAPTER ELEVEN: THREE SHORT EXCURSIONS INTO THE UNREASONABLE

1. See, for example, Maurice F. Strong's address to the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., March 3, 1987.

2. For a full description, see Peter Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System (London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982).

3. Quotes on Robert Dole from Life magazine, September 1987, 63 and 64, in an article by George Gilder.

4. International Herald Tribunes report of 21 January 1989, 4, taken from the Washington Post Service.

5. Quoted in the New York Times, 12 January 1989, 8.

6. Quoted in the Independent (London), 18 January 1989.

7. On Reagan's visit to Japan see International Herald Tribune, 12 May 1989, news story as well as column by William Safire. The Japanese company was the Fujisankei Group.

8. London Times, 13 February 1989.

CHAPTER TWELVE: THE ART OF THE SECRET

1. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, 144. Subsequent quotations, 147.

2. Desiderius Erasmus, De Civilitate Morum Puerilium, 1530. French version, 1544. Quoted in Guerrand, Les Lieux, 24.

3. Quoted in Harold Nicolson, The Age of Reason (London: Panther, 1930), 219.

4. Jefferson, The Life, three quotations: letter from Paris to James Madison, 20 December 1787, 436; Inauguration Address, 4 March 1801, 321; to the Secretary of the Treasury (Albert Gallatin), Washington, 1 April 1802, 566. On Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists, see the last chapter of James Thomas Flexner, The Young Hamilton (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978).

5. A standard text on Western approaches to toilet training and its results is Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (London: Penguin, 1965).

6. Asa Briggs, The Longman Encyclopedia. (London: Longmans, 1989).

7. Security figure: International Herald Tribune, 30 May 1986. Secrets figure: International Herald Tribune, 19 April 1990; editorial from New York Times entitled "6,796,501 Secrets." The actual number was 6,796,501.

8. Times (London), 11 February 1989.

9. The book in question is Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia. (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).

10. See, for example, Le Monde, 23 May 1986, article by Bernard Guetta.

11. Daily Telegraph, 12 May 1989.

12, Toronto Star, 21 June 1991. The Commissioner is John Grace.

13. First quote is from A. M. Rosenthal in New York Times, 11 June 1991, A15. Rosenthal was managing editor during the Pentagon Papers incident. His June 11 column summarized the events surrounding the whole incident.

14. See portrait of Robert Armstrong in chapter 4 of this book.

15. Re British SAS and Gibraltar, see the Independent, 27 January 1989, 1. The Thames Television program was "Death on the Rock." The report was prepared by a former Conservative Home Office minister, Lord Windelesham, and Richard Rampton, QC.

16. Diderot: "On doit exiger de moi que je cherche la verite, mais non que je la trouve."

17. Definitions, in order:

Johnson's Pocket Dictionary of the English Language (London: Chiswick. 1826).

E. Chambers. Cyclopaedia: or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London. 1738), 2 vols.

Dictionnaire Littre (Paris: Librairie Hachette. 1876): "Verite-Qualite par laquelle les choses apparaissent telles qu'elles sont."

Noah Webster. An American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: S. Converse, 1828), 2 vols.

Le Petit Robert (Paris: Robert): "Verite -- Connaissance conforme au reel. Ce a quoi l'esprit peut et doit donner son assentiment."

18. Robert Calvi was involved as a high-profile banker in the obscure triangle linking the Vatican Bank, the Mafia and the world of finance during the 1980s. Igor Gouzenko was a cipher clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. He defected in 1945. The information he provided on North American-based Soviet spy rings gave some early impetus to the red scare campaign of Senator Joseph McCarthy -- which involved widespread, unsubstantiated attacks.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE SECRETIVE KNIGHT

1. Jacob Bronowski. Science and Human Values (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 59.

2. Michael Polanyi, "The Republic of Science," Minerva vol. 1 no. 1., (Autumn 1962), 53-73.

3. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Science and the Common Understanding (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1953), 85.

4. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monde, 5 July 1968, from an interview given late in his life.

5. John Ruskin, Selections and Essays. "Time and Tide: The White-Thorn Blossom," (New York: Charles Scribner's, 1918), 365. Originally written 1871.

6. Bronowski, Science and Human Values, 7 and 19.

7. John Ruskin, Introduction to Modern Painters, ed. David Barrie (London: Andre Deutsch, 1987), XXXII. Quote from Barrie's introduction.

8. Much of the discussion of nuclear responsibility here and in the next section is drawn from an unpublished paper written by John Polanyi, dated February 1986, including quotes from Polanyi and from the Franck Report. Supplied by the author.

9. Oppenheimer, Science and the Common Understanding, 4.

10. Quoted in Le Canard Enchaine, 21 May 1987." L'incident est d'une gravite ... encore jamais recontree jusqu'ici sur les reacteurs a eau pressurisee .... Une defaillance supplementaire ... aurait donc conduit a une perte complete des alimentations electroniques de puissance, saturation hors dimensionnement.... La nonfermeture des vannes aurait constitue une voie de degenerescence supplementaire de l'incident vers une situation difficilement controlable."

11. Guardian, 6 July 1987, 5.

12. Matthew L. Wald, "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated?" New York Times, 31 March 1991.

13. Reported in International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988.

14. Martin Amis, Einstein's Monsters (London: Jonathan Cape, 1987), 8 and 9.

15. Quotes from Guardian, 10 November 1989, 1 and 7. See also Financial Times, 11 November 1989, 6.

16. See, for example, Liberation, Paris, 24 avril 1991, 24: "Seule certitude: les centrales de demain seront sures ou ne seront pas. C'est du moins ce qu'affirment les industriels. Leur nouveau credo:- la 'surete passive.'" New York Times, 31 March 1991: "Can Nuclear Power Be Rehabilitated? The industry is trying to mend its image by curbing human errors."

17. A few references for these statements are:

On salmonella: London Times, 7 December 1988: Marian Burros; ibid.. 10 February 1989, 1 and 12; ibid., 11 February 1989, 1 and 16; ibid., 13 February 1989, 10; ibid., 15 February 1989, 1

On hormones: Le Monde, October 1987, Philippe Lemaitre

On pesticides: Toronto Star, 3 January 1988, Andrew Chetley; London Times, 20 June 1989, Michael McCarthy

On fertilizers: Toronto Star, 28 August 1988, Lynda Hurst; International Herald Tribune, 9 August 1988, Steven Greenhouse; New York Times, 8 September 1989, 1, Keith Schneider

On nuclear plants: International Herald Tribune, 5 October 1988, Keith Schneider

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: OF PRINCES AND HEROES

1. There are many descriptions of the Calas casc. Gustave Lanson's classic biography, Voltaire, published in 1906, provides a clear description of the context and I have drawn heavily on it. An excellent English translation was published in 1960 (Voltaire trans, Robert Wagoner [New York: published by John Wiley and Sons]).

2. Oxford English Dictionary, s. v, 3rd ed., "justice."

3. J. J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, 99.

4. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses of Learned Hand (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), 189.

5. Edmund Burke, 22 March 1775.

6. See Anthony Sampson's description of this debate in The Changing Anatomy of Britain, 159.

7. William Shawcross, "The Crips and the Bloods," The Spectator, 28 May 1988, 10.

8. Lord McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, The Reith Lectures (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1986), 2.

9. Quoted in Archibald Cox, "Storm Over the Supreme Court," Blumenthal Memorial Lecture, February 13, 1986, 21.

10. Montesquieu, De L'Esprit des Lois. Originally published in 1748." Quand je vais dans un pays, je n'examine pas s'il y a des bonnes lois, mais si on execute celles qui y sont, car il y a des bonnes lois partout."

11. McCluskey, Low, Justice and Democracy, 6.

12. "The Court's Pivot Man," Time, 6 July 1987, 8.

13. Supreme Court of the United Slates. Payne v. Tennessee. June 28, 1991. With Justice Marshall's resignation, seven out of nine justices will cast votes on the basis of ideology ranging from conservative to right-wing. See New York Times, 28 June 1991, A1, 10 and 11, for quotes from Justices Marshall, Stevens and Rehnquist.

14. Benjamin Hart, The Task of the Third Generation; Young Conservatives Look to the Future, forewords by Attorney General Edwin Meese and President Ronald Reagan (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation/Regenery Gateway, 1987).

15. Chief Justice Brian Dickson, address to the annual meeting of the Canadian Bar Association, August 24, 1987.

16. Quoted in Time magazine, 6 July 1987, 32.

17. International Herald Tribune, 20 May 1987.

18. Financial Times, 12 February 1992.

19. Le Monde, 26 January 1989, 14. Reported by Maurice Peyrot. La Fontaine: "Selon que vous serez puissant ou miserable . .."

20. Jim Wolf, "CIA Says It Used BCCI Legally," Toronto Globe and Mail, August 1991, B11.

21. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).

22. Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, trans. H. Lowe Porter (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1985), 513. First published in 1924.

23. Voix de Napoleon, 35. Speech given outside the Assembly on 18 Brumaire. "Qu'avez-vous fait de cette France que je vous avais laissee si brillante? Je vous ai laisse la paix et j'ai retrouve la guerre! Je vous ai laisse des victoires et j'ai retrouve des revers! Je vous ai laisse les millions d'Italie et j'ai retrouve les lois spoliatrices et la misere! Qu'avez-vous fait de cent mille Francais que je connaissais, mes compagnons de gloire? Ils sont mort! Cet etat de choses ne peut pas durer."

24. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.

25. The subject of endless biographies, Garibaldi and the other players in the Risorgimento, such as Cavour and Mazzini, have been clearly and dispassionately described in a series of books published over the last few decades by Denis Mack Smith, from which much of this information is drawn.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE HERO AND THE POLITICS OF IMMORTALITY

1. Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther (New York: Norton and Co., 1958), 75.

2. Schmidt, Albert Speer: The End of a Myth, 13-20.

3. Erikson, Luther, 109.

4. Jean Genet, Tire Thief's Journal (Harmondsworth: Penguin Modern Classics, 1967), 170. First published in French in 1949 as Journal du Voleur.

5. Jean Genet, Le Balcon (Lyon: Marc Barbezat, 1962), (37); le Juge: "Miroir qui me gloriie!" le General: "Proche de la mort ... ou je ne serai rien, mais refletee a l'infini dans ces miroirs que mon image" (55); le Chef de Police: "Non le cent millieme reflet du'un miroir qui se repele; je serai I'Unique, en que cent mille verlent se confonde" (117); and le Chef de Police: "Mais des que je me sentirai me multiplier infiniment, alors ... alors, cessent d'etre dur, j'irai pourrir dans les consciences" (219).

CHAPTER SIXTEEN: THE HIJACKING OF CAPITALISM

1. Ross Johnson rose to prominence as chief executive officer of R. J. R. Nabisco from 1984 to 1988. He was ejected from the company after an attempt to take over ownership of the company. Following the publication of Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of R. J. R. Nabisco (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), he became a symbol, depending on your point of view, of extravagant or unacceptable or irresponsible financial management. See, for example, Barbarians at the Gate: "He would come to be the very symbol of the business world's 'Roaring Eighties'" (11). He had become a friend of Brian Mulroney in Montreal in the 1970s and played a key role in organizing American business to push the U.S.-Canada trade agreement through Congress. His fleet of ten corporate planes was used to fly around a wide range of business and sports figures as well as Mulroney and his wife. Mrs. Mulroney also became known as a shopping partner of Mrs. Johnson, who had access to a far larger income.

2. Andre Malraux, La Condition Humaine (Paris: Folio/Gallimard, 1977), 230. Original published 1933." Le capitalisme moderne ... est beaucoup plus volonte d'organisation que de puissance."

3. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, professor at the Harvard Business School, began her career with studies on the community and cooperative approach to economics. She has gradually moved through a justified critique of the large corporations to a view of the "postentrepreneurial economy." The quotation is from Where Giants Learn to Dance: Mastering the Challenging Strategy, Management and Careers in the 1990s (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 52. This book ends with a section on "The Coming Demise of Bureaucracy and Hierarchy."

In the context of this discussion, see a practical analysis in the humanist tradition: David Olive, Just Rewards: The Case for Ethical Reform in Business (Toronto: Penguin, 1987). See also Olive's program for reform of boards of directors -- "Board Games" in The Report on Business Magazine, Toronto Globe and Mail, September 1991.

4. Le Monde 18 February 1989, 31.

5. Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 August 1987, 17; and Newsweek, 31 August 1987, 27.

6. Michael Porter, professor at the Harvard Business School and author of Competition Strategy (1980), Competitive Advantage (1985) and The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990; all New York: Free Press). Interesting comments on his methods can be seen in "Competitiveness, Strategic Management, Democracy and Justice: The Bad News," a preliminary paper for a three-year study on the phenomenon of "competitiveness" as perceived by Porter. The study was led by Professor Jon Alexander of Carlton University, Ottawa. Preliminary conclusions are that Porter's approach would lead to governments abandoning social and economic leadership; instead limiting themselves to creating an environment "in which markets are free to adjudicate their own interests."

7. See a description of the Boeing situation in International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1989, Business Section, 1, by Laura Parker, Washington Post Service.

8. James G. Rogers of Butler, Rogers and Baskett, quoted in New York Times, 6 September 1987, R15.

9. Maurice F. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth in an Interdependent World, 17 May 1987, speech to Banff Conference.

10. Strong, speaking at the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, Cambridge, Mass., 3 March 1987.

11. Dominic Lawson in Spectator, 17 June 1989, 9.

12. All three examples are drawn from Spectator, lead article of 18 May 1991, 5.

13. Figures for this paragraph drawn from International Herald Tribune, 3 November 1988, 15; Globe and Mail, 2 January 1989, B7; Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990; International Herald Tribune, 26 January 1990.

14. Merger figures from 100 Information Services, reported in Bangkok Post, 24 January 1990. A more accurate calculation of the percentage of corporate cash flow absorbed by interest payments would be based on the $2.2 trillion plus the $1.1 trillion. The financial institution figures do not, of course, include the banks' proper role as intermediaries receiving deposits. Guidance, in this area was received from economists at the Federal Reserve Bank (Robert Rewald and Sarah Holden).

Guidance for British figures comes from the economists of The Bank of England.

See also articles in: Newsweek, 7 November 1989; Time, 7 November, 1988; and Globe and Mail, 6 January, 1989.

15. Quoted in International Herald Tribune, 1 November 1988, 13.

16. Akio Moriia, with Edwin M. Reingold and Mitsuko Shirnomura, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1987).

17. These and the immediately succeeding statistics are from Peter Drucker, writing in Foreign Affairs. They were quoted by Maurice F. Strong in a lecture to the University of Victoria, British Columbia, on October 30, 1986.

18. Strong, "Opportunities for Real Growth."

19. Friedrich Nietzsche, Die Frohliche Wissenschaft, vol. 3, 16, "Moralitat ist Herden-Instinkt, in Einzelnen."

20. Sir Derek Alun-Jones, chairman of Ferranti International, quoted in the Times of London, 18 November 1989, 17. This article outlines the case.

21. Socialist International Congress, Resolution, Vancouver, November 1978.

22. Robert Engler, The Brotherhood of Oil (New York: New American library, 1977), 9.

23. Ibid., 51.

24. See The Brotherhood of Oil and Toronto Globe and Mail, March 14, 1984.

25. Diderot, Encyclopedie, vol. 2, 129: "FORTUNE (Morale): Les moyens de s'enrichir peuvent etre criminels en morale, quoique permis par les lois."

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE MIRACLE OF THE LOAVES

1. Jim Slater's fall can be followed in The Economist, 1 June 1974, 95; 24 August 1974, 81; 1 November 1975, 72; 15 November 1975, 89; 18 September 1976, 115; 15 October 1977, 121. The whole phenomenon is analysed in Charles Raw, Slater Walker (London: Andre Deutsch, 1977).

2. The Economist, 15 October 1977, 121.

3. The Snake originally took shape in 1972, in the wake of the first major monetary crisis of the 1970s. The Snake is an exchange-rate regime in which countries must keep their currencies within agreed upper and lower margins determined by a grid which fixes the relative values of all participants. The EMS began in 1979 and is gradually evolving towards a single European currency or something not too distant from that ideal. For a good description of the origins of the EMS, see Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System.

4. Quoted by Anthony Sampson in International Herald Tribune, 24 November 1982, 4.

5. See Diane Cohen, "Signals of a Looming Depression," Maclean's, 25 August 1988, 7; Anthony Bianco, "The Casino Society," Business Week, 16 September 1985, 78; Rowan Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to be True: How to Survive in the Casino Society (London: Bodley Head, 1987); John Taylor, Storming the Magic Kingdom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987).

6. Bianco, ''The Casino Society," 79; and Cohen, "Signals."

7. Jefferson, The Life, letter to James Madison, from Paris, 16 September 1789.

8. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), originally published in German 1904-5. See pages 177, 182 and the footnote to page 64.

9. See Deuteronomy 23:20-21, Exodus 22:24, Leviticus 25:35-37, Ezekiel 18:13, the Psalmist 15:5.

10. Emile Zola, L'Argent (Paris: Bibliotheque Charpentier, 1893), 107. "A quai bon donner trente ans de sa vie, pour gagner un pauvre million, lorsque, en une heure, par une simple operation de Bourse, on peut le mettre dans sa poche? ... Le pis est qu'on se degoute du gain legitime, qu'on finit meme par perdre la notion de l'argent."

11. See Harold Lever and Christopher Hulme, Debt and Danger (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986).

12. As described in Anthony Storr. Solitude -- A Return to the Self (New York: Free Press, 1988).

13. For descriptions of the Gulf-Pickens fight see New York Times, 1 November 1983, D9; Financial Times, 25 November 1983, 18; ibid., 28 November 1983, 7, full-page Gulf ad; ibid., 31 December 1983; International Herald Tribune, 31 December 1983, Business Section, 1.

14. International Herald Tribune, 27 May 1987, Business Section, 1.

15. For description of Beatrice takeover see New York Times, Sunday, 6 September 1987, Business Section, 1.

16. Warren Buffett, quoted by David Hilzenrath, Sunday Star, 1 September 1991. Rudolph Giuliani, quoted in Gail Sheehy, "Heaven's Hit Man," Vanity Fair, August 1987.

17. Quoted in Bosworth-Davies, Too Good to Be True.

18. Carol Ascher, "Can't Anyone Tell Right from Wrong?" in Present Tense, January-February 1987, 6-13.

19. Ibid.

20. Times (London), 24 April 1987.

21. Dome Petroleum had vast holdings in the Canadian High Arctic. Discoveries in the late 1970s were used to sell successive share offerings around the world and created a spectacular price rise. In the 1980s the company's debt situation, combined with the continuing difficulties of commercially exploiting such inaccessible reserves, led to a spectacular collapse.

22. Phil Roosevelt, "The Secretive Ways of George Soros," International Herald Tribune, 13 April 1987, 9.

23. See Le Monde, 14 February 1989, 21; ibid., 1 March 1989; International Herald Tribune, 15 April 1991.

24. For example, see Le Monde, 15 February 1989.

25. Times (London), 17 July 1989.

26. Sidney Homer, A History of Interest Rates (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1972).

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: IMAGES OF IMMORTALITY OR THE VICTORY OF IDOLATRY

1. There is a remarkable discussion and a detailed description of the rise of the Church in Rome and its relationship to Roman beliefs, architecture and images, as well as of the arrival of Greek magic and idolatry, in Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City 312-1308, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980). I have drawn heavily from it in the references to Christianity and Rome.

2. Saint Augustine, City of God (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1958), book 7, chap. 5, 136.

3. See H. Daniel-Rops, The Church in the Dark Ages (London: Dent, 1959), 556-62.

4. The Koran, trans. N. J. Dawood (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1977), quoted from "The Merciful," 20. I have deleted the chorus -- "Which of your Lord's blessings do you deny?" -- after each verse.

5. King James Version, 15: 10; 18:4; 20:23.

6. The three most influential texts of the fifteenth-sixteenth-century transitional period were: Leon Battista Alberti, On Painting (1435), based on artistic changes in Florence; and Piero della Francesca; De Prospectiva pingendi (On Perspective in Painting) (1474-82) and De quinque corporibus regularibus (On the Five Regular Bodies) (after 1482).

7. Quoted in Claude Keisch, Grand Empire -- Virtue and Vice in the Napoleonic Empire (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 71.

8. R. G. Collingwood, The Principles of Art (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 6. Originally published in 1938.

9. Both Francis Bacon quotes are from The Spectator, 25 May 1985, 36, in an interview with Alistair Hicks.

10. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), 134.

11. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: New American Library, 1964), 269.

12. Ibid., 299.

13. See Le Point, Paris, 24-30 October 1988, 122.

14. Marshall McLuhan, Letters of Marshall McLuhan (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987), 220.

15. See, for example, by Liberatore and Tamburini, RanXerox a New York, (Paris: Albin Michel, 1982).

16. Bilal, La Femme Piege (Paris: Dargand, 1986).

17. Le Nouvel Observateur, Paris, 29 August 1986.

18. Art Spiegelman, Maus (New York: Pantheon, 1986).

19. Quoted in Claude Marks, World Artists, 1950-1980 (New York: H.W. Wilson Publishers, 1984), see Lichtenstein entry.

20. Chester Brown, "Returning to the Way Things Are," in Yummy Fur, no. 9 (Toronto: Vortex Publishing, 1988).

21. J. M. Le Clezio, Le Proces-verbal (Paris: Folio, 1963), 128. "Je suis pris dans la bande dessinee de mon choix."

CHAPTER NINETEEN: LIFE IN A BOX-SPECIALIZATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL

1. George Bernard Shaw, You Never Can Tell, The Bodley Head Bernard Shaw, vol. 1 (London: The Bodley Head, 1970), 671, 679, 685. Originally produced in 1899.

2. Mann, The Magic Mountain, 464.

3. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government (London: Everyman Library [Dent], 1964), 131-158; from On Liberty, chaps. iv and v.

4. For first usage of the following words see the Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., vol. xvi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 152-153:

Specialization: 1843, Mill, Logic, 270, "We have seen above in the words pagan and villain, remarkable examples of the specialization of the meaning of words; 1865, Mill, Comte, 94, "The increasing specialisation of all employments ... is not without inconveniences."

Specialise: 1865, M. Pattison, Oxford Ess., 292, "The very fact that the new statue has restrained and specialised the subjects in the School of Literal Humaniores ..."

Specialist: 1862, Herbert Spencer, First Princ. II. 1. 36. 130, "Even the most limited specialist would not describe as philosophical an essay which ..."

5. Charles Bonnet, Palingenesie philosophique ou Idees sur l'etat passe et l'etat futur des etres vivants, 17 partie, chap. 4. "Je suis un etre sentant et intelligent: il est dans la nature de tout etre sentant et intelligent de vouloir sentir ou exister agreablement, et vouloir c'est cela s'aimer soimeme."

6. Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 7.

7. McLuhan, Lettres, 29 August 1973, to Commissioner Nicholas Johnson, U.S. Federal Communications Commission.

8. Both Strong and Polk quotes are from conversations with the author in 1989.

9. Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes (Paris: Folio, 1981), 215, lettre LXXXIX, Usbeka a Ibben: "Tout homme est capable de faire du bien a un homme: mais c'est ressembler aux dieux que de contribuer au bonheur d'une societe entiere." Voltaire, "Poeme sur le desastre de Lisbonne": "Et vous composerez dans ce chaos fatal/Des malheurs de chaque etre un bonheur general!"

10. Jefferson, The Life, 711. Letter to Monsieur A. Coray, 31 October 1823.

11. "Happinees," TM Pending - "If you do it on your knees -- HAPPINEES -- the ultimate knee protector." Happinees Inc., P.O. Box 130, Station Z, Toronto, Canada M5N 2Z3.

12. Charles Murray quoted in Sunday Telegraph, 14 May 1989, 7.

13. Vanity Fair, August 1987, 134.

14. John F. Love, McDonald's -- Behind the Arches (New York: Bantam Press, 1986), 15.

15. The description of the Hyatt Regency Waikoloa is drawn from Time, 27 February 1989, 67.

16. Louis Harris, Inside America (New York: Random House, 1987). This includes the subsequent table.

17. See Walter Kenrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (New York: Viking, 1987). See also a review of this book by John Gross in the New York Times, 7 May 1987.

18. This pornography and its context are fully discussed in Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: a Study of Sexuality and Pornography in mid-Nineteenth Century England (New York: Norton, 1985).

19. McLuhan, Letters. To Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 2 July 1975, 511.

20. American Vogue, June 1986, 236. Symposium, "American Men: What Do They Want?" quoted by Dr. Robert Goald, psychiatrist and professor at New York Medical College.

21. Conversation with the author in Belgrade, 22 October 1987.

22. Andre Malraux, quoted in Le Monfe, 5 July 1986. This was a publication of a 1975 interview with Ion Mihaileanu." Pour moi, le grand decalage, c'est que les terroristes que nous voyons a l'heure actuelle sont des personnages assez logiques alors que les terroristes que j'ai connus etaient assez pres des nihilistes russes, c'est-a-dire au fond assez metaphysiciens."

23. List from "Rebirth of a Notion," by Marni Jackson, Toronto magazine, September 1988.

24. International Herald Tribune, Octoher 1987. Italics added.

CHAPTER TWENTY: THE STARS

1. Thomas Jefferson, The Life, Autobiography, 104.

2. Quoted in Jesse Kornbluth, "Faye Fights Back," Vanity Fair, August 1987,94.

3. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, 71.

4. Hand, The Spirit of Liberty, 38; from a speech called "The Preservation of Personality."

5. Mills, The Power Elite, 74.

6. The source of Goya's inspiration for this position has been endlessly debated. The art historian Jeanine Baticle attributes Goya's image to an engraving of the same scene by Miguel Bamborino. However, there is also The Vision of the Apocalypse by El Greco. It is in the Zuloaga Museum, Zumaya, and was painted in 1613. This was late in his life, when he had entered into his period of free-flowing, lyrical lunacy, which was not unlike the unchained self-absorbed vision of the modern painter. The main figure in this picture has his arms raised with the same ambiguous expression of joy and fear.

7. Eugene Delacroix, Le 28 Juillet 1830 -- La Liberti guidant le peuple. Painted in 1831.

8. Daily Mail, 1 July 1987, 1.

9. Times (London), 20 June 1989, 42.

10. Quoted by William R. McMurtry, Q. C., in a speech to the Canadian Bar Association, Toronto, 16 January 1987.

11. Ibid.

12. Lannick Group ad in Toronto Globe and Mail Report on Business Magazine, August 1989.

13. See Albert Goldman's biography The Lives of Lohn Lennon (New York: William Morrow, 1988). An example of the public reaction is the New York Times analysis on 12 September 1988, CIS, by Allan Kozinn.

14. Christian de la Maziere quoted in Paris-Match, 15 May 1987, 75. Dalida quote from same article: "Je sers un art mineur mais c'est quand meme une servitude qui implique d'aller jusqu'au bout de soi-meme." "Loin dans la nuit, elle me confiait sa fascination pour le neant."

15. New York Times, September 8, 1987, A24.

16. Joseph Roth, Confession of a Murderer, Told in One Night (New York: Overlook Press, 1985), 107. Original edition published in 1937.

17. New York Times Magazine, 11 June 1989, 28.

18. For a description of the Presley house, see "Amazing Graceland," Life magazine, September 1987, 44.

19. David Bowie quoted in Paris-Match, 10 April 1987, 37.

Question: "Dans les annees 70, vous clamiez votre bisexualite. Aujourd- hui, vous vivez avec votre fils, Zowie, en Suisse pres de Lausanne. Vous semblez avoir renonce a vos extravagances."

Bowie: "J'ai beaucoup change depuis mon depart des Etats-Unis, en 1976. La-bas, je menais une vie stereotypee, decadente. Je ne savais plus qui j'etais. Je suis retourne en Europe et j'ai decide de consolider mon role de pere. En vivant au cote de mon fils, j'ai grandi. J'ai muri."

Question: "Vous avez dit un jour: 'Je veux traverser ma vie comme Superman....'

Bowie: "Mon Dieu! Je devais etre ivre mort. J'ai du lire trop d'ouvrages de Nietzsche."

Question: "Quel est le plus grand risque que vous avez pris dans votre vie?"

Bowie: "Celui de me droguer. C'est un risque que je ne recommande a personne. .. '

20. Paris-Match, 3 June 1988, 26.

Macciocchi sur le Pape: "J'avais rencontre Mao, de Gaulle, Ho Chi Minh, et un fois, tout au fond de Qom, la ville sainte de l'Iran, j'avais ete recue par le-terrible Khomeini. Mais jamais je ne m'etais sentie aussi chiffonnee ..."

Beatrice Dalle: "Moi scandaleuse? Jamais!" Et, "On me propose toujours des roles de bete de sexe alors que je suis la reincarnation de la Sainte Vierge!"

Question: "C'est difficile d'etre un sex-symbol?"

George Michael: "Il y a des hauts et des bas."

Le Pape: "Jean-Paul II Pasteur du Tiers Monde."

21. Le Monde, 20 May 1987, report on a poll carried out by IPSOS between May 6 and 13, 1987, among fifteen- to twenty-five-year-olds. The question was: "Quelles sont les personalites dont le nom vous vient a l'esprit lorsque vous pensez aux actions efficaces d'aide au developpement?" Forbes list of forty highest-paid entertainers, 21 September 1987. Some of the figures are for 1991." Quelles sont les trois femmes celebres sur lesquelles vous vous retourneriez en les croisant dans la rue?" Le Monde, 13 mai 1987, special insert, "Image de Femmes."

22. The description of the sale is largely drawn from Dominick Dunne, "The Windsor Epilogue," Vanity Fair, August 1987, 100.

23. See, for example, the profile by Sally Bedell Smith in Vanity Fair, July 1991.

24. Paris-Match:

"Si le sultan de Brunei achete le 'Nabila I' en mars, dans ce cas je ferai construire le 'Nabila II' qui est deja dessine. Il sera equipe d'un sous- marin pouvant contenir six personnes et d'une camera placee sous la coque, permettant de filmer les fonds marins. Chaque cabine aura son ecran."

"Si les moderes prennent le pouvoir en Iran et si la paix avec l'Irak en decoule, ce sont deux nations qu'il faudra reconstruire. Soit un marche de 170 milliards de dollars. Si nous obtenons le dixieme de ce marche, cela fera 1,7 milliards de dollars!"

25. International Herald Tribune, 7 April 1987, 1.

26. Hebe Dorsey, "A Princely Birthday in Bavaria," International Herald Tribune, 10 June 1986, 10.

27. Details of the Grace Kelly-Rainier Grimaldi wedding taken from James Spada, Grace: The Secret Lives of a Princess (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1987). The designer of the wedding dress was Helen Rose.

28. Bangkok Post, 28 January 1990.

29. Mills, The Power Elite, 75.

30. See cover of Toronto magazine, December 1989.

31. Re Sarah Bernhardt, see Le Figaro, Journal des Debats, L'Intransigeant, Le Journal, 26-30 March 1923. Re Edith Piaf (13-15 October 1963) and Gerard Philipe (26-29 November 1959), see Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Combat. Re Yves Montand: All of page 1: Liberation, Quotidien de Paris, France-Soir; half of page 1: Figaro, Le Monde; weekly covers: Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express, Evenements de Jeudi, VSD.

32. Ronald Reagan, Where's the Rest of Me? (1965), 51.

33. Toronto Globe and Mail, 6 May 1986, AB.

34. Trudeau's most controversial interview was on December 28, 1975. with Bruce Phillips and Carole Taylor on the CTV Network.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: THE FAITHFUL WITNESS

1. There is a general consensus that Homer never existed as a single poet. He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey in somewhat the same sense that Matthew wrote a Gospel.

2. On the question of Revelations' debt to the Old Testament, see Northrop Frye, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1982), in general and specifically pp. 73 and 35. Regarding the confusion between the Apostle John and John of Patmos, it remains widespread. For example, the subject index of the Oxford University Press edition of the King James Version places the reference to John (of Revelations) under the entry for the Apostle John.

3. For a discussion of the linguistic phenomenon of Francis in the context of his time, see Erich Auerbach, Mimesis, The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (New York: Doubleday, 1953), chap. 7. Original German 1946.

4. Three of the best known rector poets were Dinko Ranjina (1536-1607), Dominko Zlataric (1558-1613) and Ivan Gundulic (1589-1638), who wrote Dubrovnik's greatest epic poem, Osman.

5. Charles Baudelaire, Curiosites esthetiques: "Tout livre qui ne s'addresse pas a la majorite -- nombre et intelligence -- est un sot livre."

6. Moliere, La Critique de l'Ecole des Femmes, scene vi, Complete Works, vol. 2 (Paris: Flammarion, 1965), 132. "Je voudrais bien savoir si la grande regie de toutes les regles n'est pas de plaire . . ."

7. Richelieu, Testament, 41.

8. A whole literature exists on the Dreyfus affair. The finest single book is Jean- Denis Bredin, L'Affaire (Paris: Julliard, 1985). On Zola's involvement see part 3.

9. Ford Madox Ford, The English Novel (Manchester: Carcanet, 1983), 76. Original publication 1930.

"En art il n'y a pas des regles, il n'y a que des exemples," Julien Gracq, quoted by Hubert Haddad in Julien Gracq (Paris: Le Castor Astral, 1986), 74.

Balzac: "Ainsi va le monde litteraire. On n'y aime que ses inferieurs." Une fille d'Eve.

Spengler, The Decline of the West, 32.

10. Remy de Gourmont: "Nous n'avons plus de principes et il n'y a plus de modeles; un ecrivain cree son esthetique en creant son oeuvre: nous en sommes reduits a faire appel a la sensation bien plus qu'au jugement," Les Pas sur le Sable, Le Livre des Masques, 2nd series.

11. Edmond and Jules de Goncourt: "Votre roman ... un roman ... la France se fiche pas mal des romans aujourd'hui, mes gaillards!" Journal, Memoires de la Vie Utteraire, vol. 1, 1851-1861 (Paris: Pasquelles Editeurs), 9.

12. This phrase belongs to someone else. The American writer Stanley Crouch will know who.

13. Introduction by Herbert Gorman (1928) to James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York: Modern Library, 1944).

14. Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1938), 108.

15. Quoted in Bryan F. Griffin, "Panic Among the Philistines," Harpers (August 1981), 38.

16. Voltaire: "Tous les genres sont bans, hors le genre ennuyeux," L'Enfant Prodigue, preface.

17. See, for example, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, rev. ed., ed. Alan Bullock and Oliver Stallybrass (London: Fontana, 1988), 206.

18. Quoted in Le Monde, July 5, 1986, 19. "Ecoutez, est-ce qu'il existe serieusement du vecu quelque part? N'est-ce pas une espece de chimere incroyable? Qu'a-t-on considere comme le comble du vecu en France? Balzac. Mais Baudelaire ecrivait qu'il est le plus grand visionnaire de notre temps."

19. Quoted in New York Times profile of I. F. Stone, 22 January 1978.

20. R A. D. Ford, Doors, Words and Silence (Toronto: Mosaic Press, 1985).

21. T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London: Faber and Faber, 1974), 218. "Four Quartets, Little Gidding," originally published 1942.

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: THE VIRTUE OF DOUBT

1. For a discussion of Palladio. see Michelangelo Muraro. Civilisation des Villas Venitiennes (Paris: Editions Menges, 1987). Italian original 1986. See also various books and articles by James S. Ackerman, such as Palladio (Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1966).

2. Sir Michael Howard, "Process and Values in History" (Lecture given at Oxford University. 1989).
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Re: VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS -- THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE

Postby admin » Thu Jul 02, 2015 10:10 pm

Acknowledgments

The writing of this book has gone on for over a decade and the list of people who have helped me is endless. What follows here is therefore incomplete. For that matter, some people may by now have forgotten giving advice or information. It goes without saying that in acknowledging help, I am not suggesting that anyone, from Maurice Strong on, agrees with what I have written. I'm simply thanking them.

First, there is Adrienne, for her advice, patience, encouragement and love.

Second, there is Adam Bellow, an extraordinary editor who has engaged in this long task with great imagination, care and consideration.

Third, there are the friends who have read drafts, made comments and suggestions and been supportive. Erwin Glikes, Laura Roebuck, Robin Straus, Mike Shaw, Michael Levine, Cynthia Good, Michelle Lapautre, Diana Mackay" Kirsten Hanson, Wendy Law-Yone, Linda Spalding, Vivienne Moody, Emile Martel, Ursula Bender, Roberto Santachiara and Olga Villalba.

Fourth; as someone virtually unable to write while sitting or lying at home, there are all the friends who have turned their houses into writing asylums. Bill and Cathy Graham in the Hockley Valley. Tim and Fran Lewis, as well as the, late Roy Whitehead and Hillie in Bangkok. Bill Glassco at Tadoussac. Emile and Nicole Martel in Paris. Norm Lofts and Lisa Wood on Lake Joseph. Sandy and Jane Crews on Arma Island, Lake Joseph. John and Sue Polanyi on Sashile, Georgian Bay. Elizabeth Gordon at Seldom Seen. And, of course, my friends at Eygalieres, who have put up with me wandering about distractedly.

Fifth is the astonishing number of people -- some friends, some simply responding to requests -- who helped in specific areas, In the swamp of philosophy, religion and history, I was periodically dragged back onto solid Buddhist ground by Sulak Sivaraksa and Father Joe Maier in Bangkok, Professor Andrew Watson in Toronto on Islamic and Arabic questions, Professor Alain Pons in Paris on Vico and the Encyclopedistes, Father Edgar Bull, John McMurtry, Len Pennachetti, Henri Robillot, Professor Marjory Rogers, Professor William Rogers and Olivier Todd. On the Jesuits, Michael Coren, Andre Fournier, S. J., and Professor Michael Higgens. On Arthurian mythology, David Staines. On torture, Professor Edward Peters.

On arms, the staff of the International Institute of Strategic Studies in London, Donald Agger in Washington and Anthony Sampson. On military questions, Professor Anthony Clayton at Sandhurst, Richard Gabriel, General Pierre Gallois, Sir Michael Howard, Jean Planchais and Professor John Polanyi, who was also a great help on the relationship between science and social responsibility. On cybernetics, Stephen Bingham.

On financial and economic questions, David Mitchell in New York; Robert Rewald and Sarah Holden at the Federal Reserve Bank in Washington; Samuel Brittan, Roger Garside, Simon Lovett, M. D. Craig of the Bank of England, all in Britain; Jack Belford, John Grant, Jim Laxer, Professor Abraham Rotstein, Mary E. Webb in Canada; and Alain Vernholes of Le Monde in Paris.

On government and administration, Romee de Bellescize, Georges Berthoin, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Charles Galtier, Richard Reeves and Glen Treverton. On legal questions, Michael Alexander, Maitre Denis Debost, professor William Graham, Q.C., Christopher Ives, and Martin Katz. On secrecy, Bernard Cade and Johannes Gottwald, both of whom dragged out wonderful material.

On bullfighting, Luc Perrot and Aline Pelissier. On the image, Jean-Michel Beurdelay, Tim Clifford, Gerard Drouillet, Pierre Legue, Christopher Pratt, Mary Pratt, and Bernard Paul. On writing, Julien Gracq, the late Terence Kilmartin and Rene de Obaldia. The late Sir Angus Wilson and Tony Garrett volunteered themselves as a two-man provencal Encyclopedie on a whole range of subjects.

And many other friends, including Diane de Bellescize, Bernard Bois, Guy Dupre, Mary Harrison, Odile Hellier, Phoebe Larmore, Bernard Kaplan, Bill McMurtry, Michael Ondaatje, Paulo and Marzia Perini, Jeremy Riley, Michael Robison, Sarah Thring, Martha Warnes and Julie Wadham, who, some time ago, before The Birds of Prey, helped me over the wall.
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Re: VOLTAIRE'S BASTARDS -- THE DICTATORSHIP OF REASON IN THE

Postby admin » Thu Jul 02, 2015 10:11 pm

Index

Abbasid caliphate, 77
Abortion, 327
Acadamie Francaise, 191
Acid rain, 291, 292, 316
Acquisitions, 375-378, 409-411
Adam Smith Institute (Great Britain),
139
"Address to the Electors of Bristol"
(Burke), 65
Advertising, 481-482, 484-485,
513-514, 568, 569
Advisers, 235, 252, 254-257
Aegis protection system, 220
Affirmative action, 327
Agincourt, Battle of, 18, 213
Agnelli, Gianni, 520
Agnelli/Fiat, 149
Agriculture, 312-315, 408
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome), 485, 487
Ailleret, Charles, 227
Airbus, 158
Akkas, 181
A la Recherche du Temps Perdu
(Proust), 558-559
Alchemy of Finance, The (Soros),
415
Alexander II, Czar, 94
Alexander the Great, 430
Algeria, 33, 37, 162, 216, 227,
274
Allenby, Edmund, 198, 199
Allende, Salvador, 57
Alun-Jones, Sir Derek, 387-388
Amadis de Gaule, 548
Amado, Jorge, 572
Ame de Napoleon, L' (Bloy), 71
American Bill of Rights, 325, 326
American Civil War, 18, 326, 459
American Revolution, 55, 56, 62,
64, 321, 324-325
Amis, Martin, 311, 574
Angelico, Fra, 437, 446
Animism, 427, 430, 446, 537
Anne, Queen of England, 502
Anne of Austria, 283
Answers, 116, 124, 129, 175, 282,
584, 585
Antibiotics, 313, 314
Anti-Semitism, 15, 37, 74, 212,
296, 297, 404
Apartheid, 162
Apodaca v. Oregon (1972), 330
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 548
Apparent money, 369-370, 372
Arctic, 578-579
Ardbo, Martin, 161
Aretino, Pietro, 488
Argument, 11 5-11 7
Aristotle, 14
Armada complex, 222
Armaments, 12, 21, 23, 24, 27, 81,
82, 141-171, 219-224; 226,
228-229, 234, 271, 362, 395,
452, 580
Armstrong, Sir Robert, 26, 80, 89-
91, 292
Arnold, Benedict, 459
Arnold, Matthew, 18
Art history, 131
Art market, 418
Asexuality, 48, 50
Asher, Carol, 414
Aspen Institute, 133
Assemblies, elected, 241-244, 247,
257-264, 324
Athens, 111, 117-118, 401-402,
419, 471, 472, 540-541
Atlantic Richfield, 392-393
AT&T Company, 133
Atwater, Lee, 533
Auchinleck, Claude, 198, 209
Auden, W. H., 548
Augustine, Saint, 429, 460, 543
Austen, Jane, 552

Bacon, Francis, 15, 31, 48, 50, 52,
114, 170, 247, 301, 318, 475
Bacon, Francis (painter), 446
Bagehot, Walter, 397, 557
Baghdad caliphate, 77, 78
Bailey, David, 522
Baker, James, 80, 103-106, 257
Balavoine, Daniel, 517
Balcony, The (Genet), 354, 486
Ball, George, 86
Ballet, 134
Balzac, Honore de, 503, 552, 557,
564
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
(BCCI), 333, 334
Bankruptcies, 400
Banks, 28, 333, 361-362, 376, 406-
407, 413
Barre, Raymond, 102, 527
Barrias, Louis-Ernest, 302
Barrows, Sydney Biddle, 522
Barth, John, 562, 563, 566, 573
Barthes, Roland, 510
Bartholi, Thadeu, 436
Baudelaire, Charles-Pierre, 546,
555, 557, 564
Beatrice Corporation, 411
Beaux Arts approach, 439, 445
Beaverbrook, Lord, 253
Beer, Michael, 139
Bentham, Jeremy, 65
Bentsen, Lloyd, 263
Berggren, Hakan, 380
Berlin, Isaiah, 38
Bernard of Clairvaux, 544
Bernhardt, Sarah, 527
Betrothed, The (Manzoni), 552
Beveridge report, 273
Biggs, Ronald, 522
Bilzerian, Paul, 409, 411
Bismarck, Otto von, 246, 341, 359
Black middle class, 236
Black Monday (October 19, 1987),
362
"Black Programs, " 160
Blake, William, 31, 442, 443, 446,
461, 481
Bloy, Leon, 71-73, 339
Blum, Leon, 126, 274
Blumenthal, Michael, 255
Board of directors, 363-364
Boat people, 485
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 544, 545
Boeing Company, 158, 369
Boer War, 195, 459
Boesky, Ivan, 332, 409, 412, 522
Bohr, Niels, 305
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel, 103
Bonaparte, Carlo, 59
Bonaparte, Joseph, 59-61, 68
Bonaparte, Napoleon: see Napoleon
Bonaparte
Bonfigli, Benedetto, 437
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 37
Bonnet, Charles, 473
Book of Revelations, 542, 543, 583
Book of the Courtier, The (Castiglione),
79
Borden, Sir Robert, 156
Boswell, James, 56, 57
Boulanger, Georges, 342
Bourcet, Pierre-Joseph de, 190
Boutiny, Monsieur, 126, 130
Bowie, David, 515, 533
Bradwell v. Illinois, 326
Brady, James, 400-401, 408
Brandt, Willy, 497, 534
Braudel, Fernand, 37
Brave New World (Huxley), 447
Brent Walker Company, 413
Briefing books, 96-97, 116, 262,
364
Briggs, Asa, 289
Britain, Battle of, 209-210
British Bill of Rights, 325
Bronowski, Jacob, 301, 303
Bronzino, II, 328
Brown, Chester, 464
Brown, Raymond, 157
Brown v. Board of Education (1954),
326, 328
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 255
Buddhism, 19, 32, 52, 287, 348,
404, 427, 430, 469, 470
Buffett, Warren, 413
Bullfighting, 520-521
Bundy, McGeorge, 254, 255
Bureaucracy, 235, 239, 248-253,
264, 266, 583
Burgess, Guy, 299
Burke, Edmund, 65-66, 67, 324-
325
Burney, Derek, 256
Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 555
Bush, Barbara, 533
Bush, George, 103, 105, 155, 224,
237, 238, 254, 263, 275-279,
329, 358, 525, 530-531, 533
Business Council on National issues,
472,
Business Round Table, 472
Business schools, 21, 22, 115, 118123,
128, 129, 131, 139, 366,
368, 414
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 107,
471, 481, 503, 545, 556, 567

Calas, Jean, 320, 321
Calas, Marc-Antoine; 319-320
Calas case, 320-321, 325
Califano, Joseph, 255
Callas, Maria, 524
Calvi, Robert, 299
Calvin, John, 42
Campbell, Clarence, 511
Campeau, Robert, 361
Camus, Albert, 347, 556, 572
Candide (Voltaire), 550
Capitalism, 12, 17-21, 28, 29, 358-
393, 403-404, 408
Capote, Truman, 564
Carlos, John, 508
Carlyle, Thomas, 340-341; 345
Carnegie, Andrew, 387
Caroline, Princess of Monaco, 524
Carpaccio, Vittore, 440, 445
Carroll, Lewis, 358
Carter, Jimmy, 254-256, 274, 483,
531
Cartoons, 444, 461, 463-465
Carver, Raymond, 555, 557
Casanova, Giovanni Giacomo, 488,
502
Case method, 120-121, 122
Castiglione, Baldesar, 79
Castlereagh, Viscount, 94
Castration, 50, 78, 106
Catherine the Great, Empress of
Russia, 327, 549
Catholicism, 31, 42-, 43, 45, 46
Cave dwellers, 425-426
Cavour, Camillo, 344
Celine, Louis-Ferdinand, 559
Censorship, 8, 536, 549
Century of Louis XIV, The (Voltaire),
6
Cervantes, Miguel de, 537, 548
Cezanne, Paul, 440
Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 101-102
Chambers, Ephraim, 298
Chandler, Raymond, 573
Chaplin, Charlie, 444
Charlemagne, 242
Charles, Prince of England, 534
Charles VII, King of France, 405
Chastity, 48
Chateaubriand, Francois-Auguste-
Rene de, 244
Chatwin, Bruce, 564
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 537, 544, 545
Chemical weapons, 182, 224
Chernobyl, 308-309
Chesterton, G, K, , 288
Chirac, Jacques, 80, 98-102, 104,
108, 158-159, 483, 527, 531
Choice, freedom of, 466, 467, 483,
485
Christianity, 19, 22, 32, 242, 249,
347, 348, 354, 404, 426-432,
436, 542, 543
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 327
Church, Frank, 566
Churchill, Winston, 107, 156, 167,
203, 209, 273
Church of England, 42
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency),
334
Cincinnatus, 467-468
Cinq Mars, Marquis de, 49-50
CitiCorp, 409
Cities Service, 411
Clare, Saint, 356
Clausewitz, Carl von, 184, 189, 195
Cleland, John, 488
Clemenceau, Georges, 107
Clement VII, Pope, 301
Clinton, Bill, 167, 263
Cluett Peabody and Company, 411
CNN (Cable News Network), 449
Coal, 392-393
COCOM, I64
Coetzee, J.M., 572
Coeur, Jacques, 405
Cohen, Leonard, 567
Cold War, 156, 179, 223, 580
Collingwood, R, G, , 439
Collins, Joan, 519·
Colonial America, 61-62
Coluche, 517, 527
Comics, 132, 461-464, 567
Common sense, 16, 31, 34, 37, 3941,
43, 54, 80, 89, 97, 99, 109,
112, 121, 136, 139, 171, 333,
334, 352, 474, 585
Communism, 17, 19, 20, 581
Competition, 12, 19-20, 366-368,
506-507, 510, 511
Competitiveness, 121, 124, 139, 363
Computers, 12, 3Q
Conformism, 12, 466, 482, 484,
485, 497, 498
Confucianism, 287, 427
Congressional Research Service, 144
Connolly, Cyril, 561
Connors, Jimmy, 510
Conrad, Joseph, 107, 288, 556, 560,
561
Conran, Sir Terence, 332
Constant de Rebecque, Benjamin,
481
Constantine, Emperor, 428, 429
Constitution of the United States,
62, 67, see also American Bill of
Rights
Contractualism, 52, 324
Conze, Henri, 159
Cooperative movement, 380
Copernicus, 300, 301
Coray, Adamantios, 480
Corneille, Pierre, 70
Corporatism, 16, 234, 235, 472
Corruption of public officials, 254,
263-265, 277-278, 294
Corsica, 55-61, 68, 181, 192, 588
Cosmetic surgery, 486-487
Counter-Reformation, 31, 43, 113
Courage, 299-230
Courtiers/courtesans, 6, 36, 43, 77-
107, 134, 502, 524, 581
Coven, Enrico, 522, 523
Cowley, Abraham, 537
Cranach the Elder, 437-438
Creativity, 121, 448
Crecy, Battle of, 18
Credit cards, 416
Crime, 12, 325, 333, 334, 490
Crimean War, 194, 195, 459
Criticism, 8, 34, 384 ,
Critique de L'Ecole des Femmes, La
(Moliere), 546-547
Cromwell, Oliver, 338, 339
Cruise, Tom, 533
Cubism, 444
Cubrilovic, Vaso, 492
Currency speculation, 415-416
Currie, Edwina, 313, 315
Cynicism, 9, , 13, 34, 36, 94, 99,
112, 478, 580, 584

Dahl, Roald, 573
Dali, Salvador, 442, 444
Dalida, 513, 527
Daile, Beatrice, 516
Damasus, Pope, 429, 434, 460, 542
D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 481
Dante Alighieri, 423, 537, 540, 544,
579
Danton, Georges-Jacques, 56, 66
Dassault, 143, 144, 159
David, Jacques-Louis, 438-439,
443, 509
Davies, Laura, 510
da Vinci, Leonardo, 434, 435
Dean, James, 481, 483, 513
Death, 347, 457-458
Debre, Michel, 35, 126
Debt, 11, 124, 401-409, 412
Declaration of Independence, 66,
118, 479, 480
Deconstructionism, 563
Defeat in the East (Elliott-Bateman),
214
Defoe, Daniel, 548-549, 553
de Gaulle, Charles, 27, 84, 101,
126, 147, , , 149, 152, 189, 200,
206-208, 212, 226-228, 350,
534, 596
Delacroix, Eugene, 439, 440, 509
dell'Osservanza, 437
Democracy, 5, 17, 20, 31, 33-35, 234,
235, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248,
261, 318-319, 359, 360, 581
Deneuve, Catherine, 518, 533
Depersonalization, I 14
Depression (economic), 10-12, 21,
154, 155, 377, 399, 403
Deregulation, 11, 20, 32, 398, 399,
413-414, 418, 419
Descartes, Rene, 15, 20, 48-49, 52,
115, 318, 327, 473
Desert civilizations, 577-579
Dialogue on the Chief Systems
(Galileo), 301
Dickens, Charles, 107, 537, 552,
553, 556
Dickson, Brian, 329
Diderot, Denis, 39, 40, 78, 115,
298, 327, 393, 553
Dimitrov, Georgi, 355-356
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 48, 49
Discourses, The (Machiavelli), 42
Disney, Walt, 19, 446, 461
Disraeli, Benjamin, 554
Doctors, 110-111
Dole, Robert, 274-275
Dome Petroleum, 415
Dominicans, 41
Donald Duck, 444
Dorman-Smith, Eric, 209, 226
Dostoyevski, Fedor, 139
"Dover Beach" (Arnold), 18
Dowding, Sir Hugh, 209-210
Draco, 402
Dred Scott case (1857), 326
Dress, rules of, 29
Drexel Burnham Lambert, 412
Dreyfus affair, 211, 212, 296-297,
321, 553
Drug trade, 333_334, 417
Drunk driving, 291, 292
Dubcek, Alexander, 57
Dubrovnik, 545-546
Duccio di Buoninsegna, 433, 440,
441, 442, 451
Dumas, Alexandre (pere), 553
Dunaway, Faye, 502
Dylan, Bob, 567

Ecole de Guerre Superieure, 194
Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques,
126, 130
Ecole Nationale d'Administration
(ENA), 21, 22, 35, 100, 125129,
135, 251
Ecole Normale Superieure, 62
Ecole Royale des Ponts et Chausses, 62
Economies of scale, 374
Education: see Training
Efficiency, 20, 27, 82, 124, 257-
259, 266-270, 330, 331, 582
Einstein, Albert, 286, 304-306
Einstein's Monsters (Amis), 311
Eisenhower, Dwight D, , 146, 525
Electronic media, 257-258, 426,
428, 444, 446-463, 465, 566-
571
El Greco, 442
Eliot, George, 303
Eliot, T. S., 9, 548, 575
Elisabeth (sister of Louis XIII), 283
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 79,
499
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 524
Elliot, Sir Gilbert (Baron Minto),
60, 61, 192
Elliott-Bateman, Michael, 209, 214
Ellsberg, Daniel, 97
Eluard, Paul, 548
Emotion, 15, 539
Employment, II, 166, 236, 268269,
361, 396
Enarques, 21, 116, 127; see also
Ecole Nationale d'Administration
(ENA)
Encyclopedie (Diderot), 39, 393
Encyclopedists, 31, 42, 48, 136,
298, 321
Engineering schools, 62, 115, 125-
126, 151
Enlightenment, 17, 38-40, 54, 281
Environmentalism, 291, 315-316
Erasmus, 281-282, 287
Erikson, Erik, 350, 353
Essayists, 537, 538, 540, 550
Essex, Earl of, 48, 79
Esterhazy, Marie-Charles-
Ferdinand-Walsin, 296, 297
Estoile, Hugues de l', 157
Ethiopia, 180, 181, 185, 485, 498
Eugene, Prince, 190
"Eulogy to Chancellor Michel de
L'Hospital" (Guibert), 191
Eunuchs, 50, 77, 78, 106; see also
Courtiers/courtesans
Eupatridae, 401
Eurodollar, 394, 415
European Airbus consortium, 158
European Community, 272, 323
European Monetary System (the
Snake), 271, 397
Evil, 73, 74, 77, 78, 106
Exercises (Loyola), 44
Existentialism, 287, 471
Exocet missile, 159, 219
Expertise, 8, 11, 16, 27, 30, 175:
243, 247, 307, 473, 476-479
Expressionism, 444
Exxon, 392
Facts, 52-53
Falklands War, 159, 216
Fascism, 17, 20, 246, 472, 508, 510
Fauroux, Roger, 128
Fayol, Henri, 128
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation),
97
Fear, 38, 40-41, 47, 51, 97, 425,
426, 431
Feiffer, Jules, 463
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
491, 492
Ferrari, Bianchi, 437
Ferraro, Geraldine, 526
Fersen, Axel de, 499-500
Fertilizers, 313-315
Fielding, Henry, 321, 549, 551,
573, 574
Fil de l'epee, Le (de Gaulle), 189
Films, 132, 428, 444, 446-447, 461,
463, 465, 467, 511, 566-571
Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 559
First Boston Corporation, 398
First Vatican Council, 117
Fishing, 271
Fitzgerald, F, Scott, 555, 560
Flaubert, Gustave, 552-553, 556
Flexible Response, 83-85, 150, 228
Flexner, James, 284
Floating currencies, 271-272, 415
FMC Company, 164
Foch, Ferdinand, 117, 194, 198202,
204, 206, 210-212, 215,
232, 342
Forbes, Malcolm, 523
Forbidden City, Peking, 78
Ford, Ford Madox, 556, 560
Ford, Robert, 575
Foreign Military Sales Program, 165
Forest decimation, 291, 316
Fortified Villages, 217-218
Fouche, Joseph, 69
Fouquet, Nicolas, 332
Fourquet, Michel, 168
Fragonard, Jean-Honore, 438, 440
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 44, 442,
544
Franck, James, 305
Franck Report, 304-305
Franco, Francisco, 354-355, 356
Franks, Lord, 122
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia,
6, 190, 320, 327, 341, 549
Free enterprise, 19, 358, 359, 363
Free markets, 348, 358, 359, 367,
375, 581
Freemen, 241-243
French Revolution, 55, 58, 59, 62-
67, 338, 509
Frerot, Max, 493-494
Frontier tradition, 64
Frye, Northrop, 136, 542
Fulbright, William, 86
Fuller, J. F. C., 199-200, 206, 208,
226
Full-time employment, 166
Fussh, Heinrich, 442, 443

Gabriel, Richard, 82, 84, 221, 225,
232
Gaillard, Jean-Michel, 127, 136
Gainsborough, Thomas, 438
Galileo, 202, 301
Gall, France, 517
Galhem, Joseph, 197, 198, 203
Gallois, Pierre, 150
Gamlestaden, 413
Gance, Abel, 61
Garbo, Greta, 481
Gargantua (Rabelais), 550-551
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 343-345
GATT (General Agreement on
Trade and Tariffs), 272, 362
Gauguin, Paul, 440
Geldorf, Bob, 517, 533
Gelli, Licio, 522
General Dynamics Corporation, 331
General Essay on Tactics (Guibert),
191-194
Genet, Jean, 353, 354, 486, 522
Genghis Khan, 73
Genius, 193, 194, 208, 440'-441
George III, King of England, 209,
321
Gerard, Francois, 438
Germain-Thomas, Olivier, 32
Germinal (Zola), 553
Gil Blas; 551
Gilds, 241, 243, 471, 472
Ginsburg, Douglas, 497
Giotto di Bondone, 451
Giscard d'Estaing, Valery, 26, 80,
98, 100-103, 106, 273-274,
527, 531
Giuliani, Rudolph, 413
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 481,
503-504, 537, 549, 554, 566
Gogol, Nikolay, 566
Goldfriend, 327
Goldsmith, Jimmy, 396
Goncourt brothers, 558
Gorbachev. Mikhail, 144
Gordon, Charles George, 181
Gourmont, Remy de, 557
Gouzenko, Igor, 299
Government, 27, 234-240, 243,
244, 246-279, 290-292
Goya, Francisco Jose de, 442-443,
509, 510, 614
Grace, Princess of Monaco, 523-524
Gracq, Julien, 556, 562
Grandes Ecoles, 125, 127
Grant, Ulysses, 342
Great Depression, 154, 155, 377
Greeks, 13, 14, 53, 417, 428, 430,
431
Greene, Graham, 288, 556, 560,
572
Green movement, 185, 315, 316
Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior incident,
216
Gregory, Pope, 41, 429
Grenada, 215, 217, 221, 2'i5-226,
230, 289, 351
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste de, 190,
191, 194
Gripp, George, 339
Griswold, Erwin, 295
Gros, Antoine-Jean, 438
Grunewald, Matthias, 442, 443
Guderian, Heinz, 190, 207, 208,
212, 226
Guerrilla warfare, 55, 192-194,
213, 214, 221; see also Mobile
warfare
Guevara, Che, 481
Guibert, Comte de, 56, 190-194,
218, 231
Guilds: see Gilds
Guinness case, 331, 332, 412
Gulf Oil, 390, 409-411
Gulf War, 145, 155, 159, 167, 181,
186, 188, 203, 217, 222-224,
357, 459, 582
Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 53, 549,
574

Hadrian, 349
Hahn, Otto, 286, 304
Haig, Sir Douglas, 198-200, 202,
203-204, 206, 210, 215, 232,
342
Haldeman, H, R, , 256
Hamilton, Alexander, 70, 284
Hamlyn, Paul, 332
Hammermill Paper Company, 411
Hampshire, Stuart, 475
Hand, Learned, 324, 326, 473-474,
506
Happiness, 479-481
Hard Times (Dickens), 552
Harris, Jean, 522
Harvard Business School, 21, 22,
118-123, 128, 129, 131, 139,
368
Haussmann, Baron Georges, 244
Healey, Denis, 152
Heath, Edward, 89, 93, 531
Hegel, Georg, 340
Helicopters, 226
Hemingway, Ernest, 481, 555, 556,
560, 561
Henriade, La (Voltaire), 549
Henri IV, King of France, 316, 317,
327, 402, 403, 468, 549
Henry VIII, King of England, 79
Heroes, 22, 25-28, 39-40, 54,
58, 59, 61, 64, 68-76, 117,
135, 188, 194, 229-233,
318-319, 322, 335-346,
349-357, 387, 458, 481,
483, 503-506, 511, 539,
571, 584
Hinduism, 32
Hiroshima, 286
Hispanics, 236
Hitler, Adolf, 25, 27, 73-75, 117,
208, 224, 342, 343, 352-353,
355
Hobart, Percy, 206-208
Hobbes, Thomas, 52, 324
Ho Chi Minh, 355, 356
Holbein, Hans, 79
Holocaust, 16, 74, 75
Homer, 541
Howard, Sir Michael, 232, 585
Hoyt v. Florida, 326
Hugo, Victor, 471, 503, 545
Human Comedy (Balzac), 552
Humanism, 7, 16, 25, 40-42, 115,
137, 307, 326, 330, 581, 583584
Humanities, 130-133
Humphrey, Hubert, 86
Hundred Years' War, 18
Hussein, Saddam, 223, 224
Huxley, Aldous, 447, 511

Iacocca, Lee, 517, 533
Idolatry, 427-429, 438, 542
Iliad, The (Homer), 541
Illiteracy, 110-111, 131, 132, 249,
269
Images, 425-465
Imagination, 121, 132, 177
Immigration, 236, 359
Immortality, 347, 348, 350, 356,
357, 427, 428, 431, 451
Impotence, 487
Inchon, 186, 214
Individualism, 12, 29, 33, 34, 80,
337, 339, 354, 363, 466-474,
477-479, 481-498, 509, 581,
583
Indochinese War, 194, 197, 203,
214
Indulgences, 350, 432
Industrial Revolution, 13, 472
Infant mortality, 236
Inflation, 11, 27, 87, 98, 102, 124,
146, 237, 372, 376, 394-400,
405, 409, 416-419, 531
Ingham, Bernard, 256
Ingres, Jean, Auguste-Dominique,
438
Inquisition, the, 19, 41-42, 44, 46,
47, 76, 282, 301
Insider trading, 331, 412-414
Institutio Religionis Christianae
(Calvin), 42
Intercontinental strategic bombs, 83,
84
Interest rates, 11, 102, 376, 396,
399, 404, 417-419
International Development Agency,
87
International economic cooperation,
270-272
International Logistics Negotiations
Organization, 82, 150
International Monetary Fund
(IMF), 88, 166
Iran-Contra arms affair (Irangate),
145, 147, 156, 278
Iran hostage expedition, 221, 225,
289
Iran-Iraq war, 164, 165, 181
ISC Technologies, 387-388
Islam, 19, 32, 287, 348, 404, 427,
432

J'Accuse (Zola), 297, 553
Jacobins, 338
Jamil Pasha, Taj, 332
Japanese production methods, 379-
380, 382
Jeans, 483-485
Jefferson, Thomas, 22, 25, 40, 62,
65, 66-68, 70-72, 76, 107,
118, 135-137, 238, 240-241,
263, 284, 402-403, 408, 419,
453, 474, 479-481, 502, 584
Jenkins, Roy, 497
Jenkins' Ear, 237, 602
Jerusalem (Blake), 31
Jesuits (Society of Jesus), 31, 45-47,
108-109, 113-116, 117,
118, 127, 249, 284, 581
Jesus Christ, 540, 542, 544, 576
Jewison, Norman, 448
Job creation, 11-13, 237
Joffre, Joseph, 197-198, 201
John of Patmos, 542, 543
John Paul II, Pope, 516
Johnson, Ben, 507
Johnson, Lyndon B, , 86, 497
Johnson, Ross, 362, 608
Johnson, Samuel, 298
Jordan, Hamilton, 254-256
Journalism, 450-451, 549, 553
Joyce, James, 555, 558-562
Judaism, 74, 404, 427, 542
Junk bonds, 398, 413
Juries, 329-330
Justice, 322-335

Kant, Immanuel, 40, 557
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 366
Kapuscinsi, Ryszard, 564, 572
Karens, 181
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 145
Kennedy, John F., 57, 81, 147-150,
167, 253-255, 524, 525
Kennedy School of Government,
118, 124, 125
Kerouac, Jack, 555
Kerr, Richard, 334
Keynes, John Maynard, 398
Keynesian economics, 124, 154, 399
Khashoggi, Adnan, 156-157, 521-
523
Khashoggi, Nabila, 521, 522
Khmer Rouge, 75-76
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 572-573
Kidd, Bruce, 507
Kidder Peabody, 412
Kiggel, Launcelot, 200
Kissinger, Henry, 42, 80, 93-98,
103, 106, 118, 253-257, 293,
592-593
Kitchener, Lord Horatio, 194, 195,
198, 217, 224, 342
Klein, Calvin, 519
Knowledge, 16, 41, 109, 118, 121,
130, 282, 423, 473, 584
Koestler, Arthur, 572
Kohlberg, Kravis, Roberts, 411-412
Korean War, 186, 214
Korematsu v. U, S, A, , 326
Koskotas scandal, 277
Kraft Corporation, 378
Kramer, Jane, 564
Kravis, Henry, 409, 412, 413
Kray brothers, 522
Kundera, Milan, 574
Kurds, 181, 182, 485
Kuss, Henry, 150, 157

Labor unions, 386, 472
Lafayette, Marquis de, 66
La Fontaine, Jean de, 332
Laird, Melvin, 97
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 545, 554
Language, 8-9, 17, 30, 110, 475-
477, 536-551, 557-563, 571,
574-575
Lannick Group, 512
Laporte, Pierre, 494
La Tour, Georges de, 438
Lattre de Tassigny, Jean-Marie-
Gabriel de, 210
Lauren, Ralph, 513-515, 533
Laurier, Sir Wilfred, 156
Law, 12, 21, 28, 321-336
Law, John, III, 362, 405, 415
Lawrence, Paul R, , 139
Lawrence of Arabia, 481
Lawson, Nigel, 256
Lazard, 412
Leaded gasoline, 291, 292
Le Clezio, J. M. , 464
Left, 10, 12, 13, 146, 157, 166, 583
Lehman Brothers, 398
Lekachman, Robert, 414
Le Luron, Thierry, 527
Lenin, V, I, , 120, 355-357, 509-
510, 514
Lennon, John, 512-513
Leotard, Francois, 527
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 516
Lermontov. Mikhail, 93, 471, 481;
545, 549, 591
Lever, Lord, 406
Leveraged buyouts, 376-378
Levi, Primo, 564
L'Hospital, Michel de, 40, 191
Liberals, 12, 146
Liberation, 157, 160
Lichtenstein, Roy, 463-464
Liddell Hart, Sir Basil, 82, 184,
189, 195, 203, 206-208, 226
Light Brigade, 193, 195
Lisbon earthquake (1755), 54, 115,
480, 581
Littre, Maximilien-Paul-Emile, 298
Lloyd George, David, 156
Lobbyists, 263-265
Lochner v. New York (1905), 326
Locke, John, 15, 22, 48, 52, 53,
324, 475
Lockheed Corporation, 158
Logic, 15, 21, 23, 24, 30, 32, 36,
37, 44; 74, 112, 304, 330,
581
London Business School, I 18, 121,
123
London School of Economics, 22
Louis-Napoleon, Emperor see Napoleon
III
Louis Philippe, King of the French,
244, 359
Louis XIII, King of France, 48, 51,
283
Louis XIV, King of France, 63, 69,
78, 79, 190, 332, 337, 499-501,
519
Louis XV, King of France, 55
Louis XVI, King of France, 63, 125,
191, 337
Loyola, St, Ignatius, 31, 43-47, 50,
66, 94, 108-109, 113-115, 118,
170, 200, 249, 282, 318, 410,
581
Ludendorff, Erich, 204
Luther, Martin, 42, 301, 347
Luynes, Due de, 50

MacArthur, Douglas, 186, 210, 214,
276
Macciocchi, Maria-Antoniette, 516
Macdonald, Sir John A, , 107
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 42, 47, 48,
51, 170, 193, 230-231, 281,
282, 284, 318, 327, 548
Maclean, Donald, 299
Macmillan, Harold, 272, 273
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 552
Madison, James, 402
Madonna (popular singer), 502,
517
Magic, 425, 426, 429, 431, 452
Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 337,
340, 468
Magna Carta, 242
Magritte, Rene, 443
Mahdi, 179, 194, 224
Malagrida, Gabriele, 115
Mallarme, Stephane, 9, 548
Malraux, Andre, 302, 365, 493,
494, 556, 564
Management schools, 21, 22, 35,
62, 100, 118, 123-129, 135,
151, 251
Managers, 20, 21, 28, 29, 111,
118-119, 123, 133-135, 249,
359, 364-372, 377-381, 384,
385, 388, 389, 391
Managing East-West Conflict, 85
Managing Human Assets: The
Groundbreaking Harvard Business
School Program (Beer, Spector,
Lawrence, Mills and Walton),
139
Manchu dynasty, 19, 77
Mandarins, 240
Manet, Edouard, 440
Manhattan Project, 286, 306, 310
Mann, Thomas, 337, 340, 468,
556
Man's Fate (Malraux), 365, 493,
564
Mansfield, Mike, 86
Manstein, Erich von, 208
Manzoni, Alessandro, 552
Mao Tse-tung, 188, 189, 210, 214,
355, 356, 504
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France,
63, 455, 464, 499-502, 523
Marlborough, Duke of, 190
Marne, Battle of the, 197, 198, 203
Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 560, 572
Marshall, Thurgood, 62, 328, 330
Marshall Plan, 148
Marx, Karl, 15, 19, 57, 94, 240,
381, 488
Marxism, 17, 19, 163, 185
Mary II, Queen of England, 283
Massive Response, 83
Mass production, 119
Mazzoni, Guido, 437
McCarthy, Joseph, 299
McCarthyism, 306
McCluskey, Lord, 326-327
McDonald, Mac, 483, 485
McDonald's hamburgers, 218, 482-
483
McDonnell Douglas, 158
McEwan, Ian, 574
McLuhan, Marshall, 257, 447, 450,
463, 474, 489-490
McMurtry, William, 511
McNamara, Robert, 23-26, 80-91,
93, 106, 108, 119, 142, 148,
149, 152, 167, 170, 228, 254,
408, 591
Medecins Sans Frontieres, 181
Medicis, Marie de, 51, 501
Meese, Edwin, 277, 294, 329
Melville, Herman, 552
Memory, 14, 17, 85, 88, 107, 136,
175, 179, 203, 351, 452
Mendes-France, Pierre, 534
Mergers, 375-378
Meritocracy, 242, 243
Merlin/Lancelot, 300, 309
Metternich, Prince, 94-95, 97, 103,
105
Michael, George, 515, 516
Michelangelo, 434-436, 439, 508,
509, 511
Mickey Mouse, 444, 461, 504
Middle class, 34, 137, 236, 337,
385, 478-479
Military Agency for Standardization,
149
Military-industrial complex, 146,
151
Military strategy, 56, 82-84, 177-
233, 280
Milken, Michael, 26, 331, 412, 520
Mill, James, 65
Mill, John Stuart, 470, 473
Mills, C. Wright, 30, 146, 185,
505-507, 525
Mills, D, Quinn, 139
Milton, John, 545
Mirabeau, Octave-Henri-Marie, 55,
56, 58, 66, 184
Mitchelson, Marvin, 519
Mitterrand, Francois, 101, 127,
256, 260, 274, 277, 283, 351,
412, 526
Mobile warfare, 55, 191, 194, 213,
214, 221; see also Guerrilla warfare
Mobil Oil, 392
Modernism, 15, 78, 558, 561, 581
Mohammed, 430, 431
Moliere, 52, 79, 502, 520, 537, 546,
566
Monarchy, 15, 20, 30, 38, 39, 51,
57, 63, 94, 241-243, 247, 321,
499-503, 512, 534
Monet, Claude, 440
Monetarism, 124, 376, 399
Money (Zola), 245, 405, 406, 414,
553
Monroe, Marilyn, 481, 513
Montaigne, Michel de, 537
Montand, Yves, 527-528
Montesquieu, Baron de La Brede et
de, 52, 54, 68, 321, 480, 481
Montgomery, Viscount (Sir Bernard
Law), 210
Moore, Sir John, 192-193
Morality, 31, 34, 37, 39-41, 72, 80,
109, 110, 114, 121, )39, 232,
238, 240, 241, 248, 326, 353,
407, 474
Moreau, Gustave, 440, 443
Morita, Aldo, 381, 382
Morris, William, 303
Morse, Wayne, 86
Mother Teresa, 517, 518
Mujaheddin, 181
Muldoon, Robert, 406
Mulroney, Brian, 256, 274, 337,
351, 362, 533
Multinational corporations, 270,
333, 334, 388-392
Murray, Charles, 481
Murrow, Edward R, , 448
Mussolini, Benito, 25, 117, 246,
345
MX missile system, 229
Mysticism, 429, 441-443
Mythology, revolution in, 38, 39

Naipaul, Shiva, 564
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 277
Napoleon Bonaparte, 25, 27, 40, 55,
59-61, 68-75, 167, 178, 188,
189, 191, 192, 194, 219, 231,
240, 244, 246, 316, 319, 322,
335-337, 338-343, 346, 355,
356, 438, 503-504, 509, 546
Napoleonic Code, 322
Napoleonic Wars, 184, 538
Napoleon III, 126, 244, 341-342,
359, 471, 545, 558
Narbonne, Count, 70
National Health Service (Great Britain),
139
National Institute of Educational
Research (France), 132
Nationalism, 13, 51, 69, 108, 109,
112, 171, 581
Nationalization, 124, 348
National Security Council, 252, 253
Nation-state, 24, 48, 50, 184, 581
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
83-84, 144, 149,
150, 162, 164, 598
Natural law, 48
Nature Uncovering Herself Before Science
(Barrias), 302
Nazism, 17, 19, 37, 73, 74, 120,
206, 208, 246, 508~510
Neo-Classicism, 15
Neo-Realism, 15
Nero, Emperor, 505-506
New Atlantis, The (Bacon), 48, 301
New Caledonia, 216
New Left, 238
New Right, 238, 337, 366, 481, 583
New Testament, 542, 543
New York Times, 295
Nicholas II, Czar, 359
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 40, 71-73,
353-354, 387, 481, 515
95 Theses (Luther), 42
Nixon, Richard M, , 93, 96, 254-
256, 295
Nobel Company, 161
Nonconformism, 468, 479, 482-485
Nora, Simon, 126
Noriega, Manuel, 334
North, Oliver, 299
North Atlantic Council, 149
Norwich Union, 372
Novelists, 38-39, 537-540, 544,
546, 548-567, 570-575
Nuclear fission, 286, 304
Nuclear power; 144, 307-312
Nuclear weapons, 23, 83-86, 159,
179, 182-183, 186, 226, 228229,
286, 304-307, 311

Obedience, 114, 115
Odyssey, The (Homer), 541
OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development),
236
Offensive strategy, 188
Offshore funds, 414, 415
Oil prices, 87, 98, 146, 166, 271,
272, 391-393, 400
Ojeda, Paco, 521
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 552
Omdurman, Battle of, 194
Onassis, Aristotle, 524-525
Onassis, Jacqueline, 516, 519, 524-525
On Heroes, Hero Worship and the,
Heroic in History (Carlyle), 340
On the Revolution of the Celestial
Spheres (Copernicus), 300, 301
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries), 87, 391,
400
Opera, 134
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 30I, 305,
306
Organic farming, 314
Organization of African Unity, 180
Organized crime, 333, 334
Orwell, George, 556, 575
Owen, Robert, 380

Pagan image, 427, 428, 430-432
Painting, 426-428, 431-446, 462,
463, 508-510
Palladio, Andrea, 579
Palme, Olaf, 534
Palmerston, Lord, 167
Panama, 215, 217, 334
Panic, 196-197, 308-311, 315, 584
Paoli, Pascal, 25, 40, 55-62, 65, 68,
192, 419
Parade's End (Ford), 560
Parental participation in education,
138
Parkinson, Cecil, 497
Part-time employment, 166, 236
Pascal, Blaise, 52, 53
Passchendaele, Battle of, 200
Past, obsession with, 452-453
Pasternak, Boris, 572
Patriot missile, 159, 224, 601-602
Patton, George, 190, 210
Paul III, Pope, 45, 46, 349
Pelton, Ronald W., 293, 294
Peninsula Campaign, 193
Penn, William, 57
Pentagon Papers, 97, 295, 297
Pericles, 541
Peron, Eva, 481
Personality politics, 25, 26, 272-
279, 336, 339
Perugino, Pietro, 437
Pessimism, 582-583
Pesticides, 312, 313
Peterborough, Lord, 6
Petrarch, 545
Philby, Harold G, (Kim), 299
Philipe, Gerard, 481, 527
Philip IV, King of Spain, 283
Philip Morris, 378
Philosophical ages, invention of,
40-41
Philosophical Dictionary (Voltaire),
31
Philosophical Letters (Voltaire), 6
Photography, 440, 446, 448
Piaf, Edith, 527
Picasso, Pablo, 444, 509, 510
Pickens, T, Boone, 377, 406, 409-
411
Pinochet, Augusto, 162, 164
Pinturicchio, 433, 440, 441
Pirie, Madsen, 139
Pitfield, Michael, 80, 91-93, 106
Pitt, William (the Elder), 40, 55, 56
Pitt, William (the Younger), 167
Pius II, Pope, 433, 441
Plato, 541
Platoon, 459
Plaza agreement (1985), 105
Plessy, 154
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 326
Plutarch, 537, 544, 545
Poets, 537, 538, 540-541, 544-550
Polanyi, John, 304, 306
Polanyi, Michael, 301
Pohsario guerrillas, 182, 577
Politics as theatre or image, 272-279
Polk, William, 476
Pollution, 291, 292, 316
Pol Pot, 204
Polytechnique, L'Ecole, 62, 125-
126, 151
Pompidou, Georges, 101
Ponte Nuovo, Battle of, 56, 192
Pope, Alexander, 545, 549
Pornography, 488-489
Porter, Michael, 368, 609
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,
A (Joyce), 559
Postal systems, 267, 268-269
Pound, Ezra, 548
Poverty, 131, 237, 269, 399, 407
Powell, Charles, 256
Powell, Colin, 224
Powell, Lewis, 327
Praetorian guard phenomenon, 254-
257
Presidency, American, 260-261
Presley, Elvis, 514-515
Prince, concept of, 318, 327, 346
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 42, 51,
548
Princess of Cleves, The, 551
Princip, Gavrilo, 491, 494
Principles of Mountain Warfare
(Bourcet), 190
Private ownership, 19, 372-373
Privatization, 124, 348
Professionalism, 113-115, 124, 177,
193, 196, 466, 471-473, 549
Profitability, 267, 270
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,
The (Weber), 403-404
Protestants, 47
Proust, Marcel, 303, 555, 558-559,
561, 562
Prudential Corporation, 372
Psychiatrists, 22
Public education, 130-132, 137, 138
Public health, 238-239
Public opinion, 320
Pushkin, Aleksandr, 93, 545
Pynchon, Thomas, 574

Qaddafi, Muammar, 97
Quayle, Dan, 275-276, 337
Quantum Fund, 415-416
Queffelec, Yann, 574,

Rabelais, Francois, 537, 548, 550-551
Rail systems, 267-268, 403
Rainier, Prince, 523-524
Raison d'etat, 125, 166, 171, 538
Raleigh, Walter, 545
Ramolino, Maria Letizia, 59
Rape, 490, 491
Raphael, 433-435, 437, 439, 441,
447, 451, 460
Rather, Dan, 530-531
Ratio Studiorum, 114, 115
Rawls, John, 334
Reagan, Nancy, 255, 256, 351, 533
Reagan, Ronald, 26, 67, 102, 144,
167, 238, 254, 255, 257, 272,
275-278, 329, 339, 358, 497,
531-533
Reasonable doubt, 330
Red Cross, 517
Red spider epidemic, 312-313, 314
Reformation, 13, 42-43, 202, 242,
300-301, 349, 403, 407, 431,
432
Regan, Donald, 105, 254, 256, 412
Regnault, 438
Regnier, Mathurin, 125
Rehnquist, William, 328
Reisman, Simon, 80, 103-105, 593-595
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
(Tawney), 407
Renaissance, 13, 42, 79, 426, 431,
439, 451
Republic, The (Plato), 541
Research and development (R and D),
151, 152, 155, 166, 168, 169
Restif de La Bretonne, 488
Retirement, 495
R'gibat tribe, 577, 578
Rhetoric, 36, 115-118, 149, 580,
584
Richelieu, Cardinal, 24-26, 31, 34,
39, 48-53, 69, 80, 115, 125,
130, 170, 193, 238, 2ili, 283,
287, 318, 547, 587
Right, , 10, 13, 20, 146, 157, 166,
235, 304, 329; 337, 583
Rimbaud, Arthur, 470, 481, 498, 548
Rio d'Oro, 182, 577
Ritual, 425, 426, 455-460, 569
Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 563, 566
Robertson, Sir William, 195-196,
198, 199, 202
Robesplerre, Maximilien-Francois Marie-
Isidore de, 56, 58, 66,
338
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 549, 551
Rockne, Knut, 339
Rockwell International Corporation,
146, 154
Roederer, Count, 70
Rogers, William, 97, 255
Rolls-Royce, 372
Romans, 13, 14, 36, 53, 109, 167,
261, 266, 417, 428, 431, 432,
467, 468, 508, 542, 585
Romanticism, 15, 17, 435, 545
Rommel, Erwin, 209
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 154, 273
Rosenberg, Ethel, 286
Rosenberg, Julius, 286
Roskill, Lord, 413
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 303
Roth, Joseph, 514
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 55-57, 95,
324
Rubens, Peter Paul, 440
Rude, Francois, 509, 510
Rushdie, Salman, 572-573
Rusk, Dean, 255
Ruskin, John, 303
Russell, Richard, 87
Russian Revolution, 248, 538

Safavid dynasty, 77
Saint-Germain, Comte, 190-191,
193, 194
Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine-Leon de,
66, 338
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri, Due de,
78
Saint-Simon, Louis, Duc de, 78-79,
502
Salmonella scandal (United Kingdom),
277, 313, 315
Salomon Brothers, 412, 413
Salute, 276-277, 508-510
Sampson, Anthony, 265
Sarnoff, Dorothy, 275
Satanic Verses, The (Rushdie), 572-
573
Saunders, Ernest, 331, 332
Scargill, Arthur, 386
Scarman, Lord, 325
Scepticism, 15, 34, 36, 111-112
Schiele, Egon, 443
Schlesinger, James, 255
Schlieffen, Alfred von, 197
Schlieffen Plan, 197, 207
Schmidt, Helmut, 531
Scholasticism, 14
Schultz, Charles (cartoonist),
518
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 465,
517, 525
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 222
Science, 144, 286, 300-315
Scientific Management, 119-120,
124, 128
Scud missile, 222, 224
SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative),
159, 167, 168, 226, 229
Sears, John, 275
SEC, (Securities and Exchange
Commission), 413
Secrecy, 12, 16, 22, 29, 43, 47-49,
90, 97, 105, 160, 164, 171,
280-290, 292-301, 307-311,
317, 342
Seeckt, Hans von, 206-207
Seelig, Roger, 332
Segregation, 15, 326
Self-indulgence, 337, 468, 486
Self-interest, 13, 20, 121-122, 583,
584
Service industries, 12, 123, 237,
269, 361, 380-383, 385, 394395,
418
Sewer system (France), 239, 245
Sex, 29, 487-490
Shah of Iran, 97-98
Shakespeare, William, 520, 537,
546, 566
Shareholders, 20, 21, 370, 372, 377,
393, 410, 411
Sheffield, 159
Shelley, Mary, 302
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 471
Shell Oil, 392
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 554
Shintoism, 427
Short stories, 570
Shriver, Maria, 525
Sidewinder missile, 221
Signorelli, Luca, 437
Signoret, Simone; 527
Sihanouk, Norodom, 57
Sindona, Michele, 522
SIPRI, 144
Six-Day War, 162
Slater, Jim, 26, 395-396, 409
Slavery, 7, 15, 65, 66, 326
Slim, William Joseph, 198, 210
Smith, Adam, 247
Smith, Tommie, 508
Smith, William Kennedy, 520
SNECMA, 143, 144
Snow White, 444
Social Contract (Locke), 324
Social Contract, The (Rousseau),
56-57, 95
Socialism, 17-20
Social sciences, 131, 137, 536
Socrates, 14, 107, 116-117, 134,
475, 541, 544, 576, , 579
Soft drinks, 482, 483
Solomon, 327
Solon, 111, 401-402, 419, 420,
540-541, 576, 584
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 572
Soma di Pietra, 442
Somalia, 181, 185
Somme campaign, 201
Somoza, Anastasio, 164
Sophists, 54 I
Sorel, Agnes, 405
Soros, George, 415-416
Sorrows of Young Werther, The
(Goethe), 504
South Sea Bubble, 32, 362, 414-415
Soyinka, Wole, 572
Sparrow missile, 221
Special-interest groups, 263
Specialist, 473, 613
Specialization, 29, 466, 473-477,
488, 539, 612-613
Specialize, 473, 613
Spector, Bert, 139
Speculation, 377, 398, 399, 403,
405, 406, 414-416, 419
Speer, Albert, 120, 246, 352, 353
Spencer, Herbert, 473
Spengler, Oswald, 72, 556
Spiegelman, Art, 462, 463
Spies, 280, 285-286, 288, 293~294,
299
Sports, 506-508, 510-51 I, 570-571
Spy Catcher (Wright), 296
Stael, Madame de, 244
Staff colleges, 115, 117, 190, 194-
218, 231-233
Stalin, Joseph, 73, 117, 120, 356
Stallone, Sylvester, 508, 511, 517
Stamp, Gavin, 210
Standardization of weapons, 149-
150, 162
Stark, 159, 219-220
Stars, 29, 30, 499-535
Statistics, 141-142
Steel industry, 366
Stephanie, Princess of Monaco, 524
Stevens, John Paul, 328
Stimson, Henry, 304,
Stock markets, 361, 362, 395-399
Stockton, Lord, 294
Stoics, 14
Stokes, Lord, 395
Stone, Oliver, 459
Strange, Curtis, 510
Stress, 487
Strong, Maurice F., 270, 371, 383,
476
Structure, 16, 22, 31, 36, 72, 238,
248, 249, 259, 266, 583, 584
Sudan, 179, 181, 217, 224
Suez landing, 215
Suicide, 486, 495
Sully, Duc de, 402
Sun Oil, 392
Sun Tzu, 169, 185, 188-189, 197,
200, 202, 206, 207, 210, 211,
214, 230, 232, 280, 287
Sununu, John, 254
Superstition, 15, 38, 130, 441
Supreme Court of the United
States, 326-330
Surrealism, 444
Swift, Jonathan, 6, 53, 283, 321,
502, 537, 549, 553, 557, 574,
576
Szilard, Leo, 305

Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de,
504
Taubman, Alfred, 523
Tawney, Richard Henry, 407
Taxis of the Marne, 198
Taylor, Elizabeth, 519
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 119,
120
Taylorism, 119-120, 124, 128
Teachers, 269
Technocrats, 22-29, 39, 40, 48, 49,
51, 58, 64, 74, 76, 78, 81-107,
109-111, 116, 117, 119-121,
130, 133, 134, 178-179, 199,
366, 387
Television, 132, 257, 428, 444,
446-452, 454-460, 465, 517,
529-530, 566-571
Temple, Sir William, 283, 287
Templer, Gerald, 214, 217
Tennis, 510-511
Terminator II, 465
Terrorism, 182-184, 213, 491-495
Texaco, 392
Thatcher, Margaret, 90, 102, 256,
272, 276, 295-296, 531
Theatre, 537, 540, 546-548, 549,
550
Thief's Journal, The (Genet), 353
Third World debt crisis, 23, 24, 81,
87-88, 400, 401, 406-409,
413
Thomas, Clarence, 449
Thurman, Maxwell, 215
Thurn und Taxis, Princess Gloria
von, 522, 523
Thurn und Taxis, Prince von, 522,
523
Tienanmen Square, 33
Time magazine, 156-157
Titian, 435, 437
Tito, Marshal, 492
Toilet training, 287
Tolstoy, Leo, 503, 537, 549, 556,
573
Tombs, Lord, 372
Tom Jones (Fielding), 321, 549, 551,
574
Torture, 5, 75-76, 282
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 440
Tourism, 485-486
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Francois-
Dominique, 69
Tower, John, 263, 277
TOW missile, 221
Training
business schools, 21, 22, 115,
118-123, 128, 129, 131, 133,
139, 366, 368, 414
engineering schools, 62, 115,
125-126, 151
Jesuit, 113-116
military staff colleges, 115, 117,
190, 194-218, 231-233
public service schools, 21, 22, 35,
100, 118, 123-129, 135, 151,
251
Tribalism, 109
Trickle-down effect, 155, 169
Trost, Carlisle, 220-221
Trotsky, Leon, 120
Trudeau, Garry, 463
Trudeau, Pierre, 91, 92, 531, 535
Trump, Donald, 361

Uccello, Paolo, 442
Ulysses (Joyce), 559, 560
Unemployment, 11, 166, 236, 268-
269, 361, 396
United Nations, 180
Universal suffrage, 15, 34, 243, 359
University of Virginia, 135, 136,
453
Urbino, Duchess of, 79
Urbino, Duke of, 79

Valmy, Battle of, 63
van Gogh, Vincent, 440
Varennes, escape 10, 63, 499-501
Vargas Llosa, Mario, 572
Vasari, Giorgio, 435
Veil, Simone, 518
Veneral diseases, 487
Verdun, Battle of, 201
Verlaine, Paul, 555
Veronese, Paolo, 440
Vers l'Armee de Metier (de Gaulle),
207, 212, 227
Vian, Boris, 481
Vickers Company, 164
Vico, Giamballisla, 53-54, 68
Victor Emmanuel, King of Piedmont,
344
Victoria, Queen of England, 519
Video cassettes, 568
Vietnam War, 10, 23, 54, 81, 86,
118, 146, 165, 189, 194, 195,
203, 214-215, 217-218, 226,
458-459
Vigilante groups, 325-326
Vincennes, 220
Violence, 40-41, 64, 75, 178-187,
452, 458, 48-91
Virgin Mary, 426; 430, 431
Vocabulary
dictatorship of, 36, 46-47, 314
"professional, " 112
specialized, 475-477
Voltaire, 5-7, 22, 31, 34, 36, 39,
55, 59, 64, 69, 108-111, 115,
129, 138-140, 190, 320-321,
325, 327, 475, 480, 503, 504,
537, 54~550, 553, 556, 557,
563, 573, 574, 576, 585
von Bulow, Claus, 52tr, 522
Vonnegut, Kurt, 574

Wales, Princess of, 518
Waiters, Alan, 256
Walton, Richard E., 139
Wansee Conference, 74
Wards Cove Packing v. Antonio, 328
Warhol, Andy, 463, 464
War Memoirs (de Gaulle), 149
Warsaw Pact, 33, 229
Washington, George, 62, 64, 65, 67,
68, 107, 467-468
Watergate, 321, 325
Wavell, Archibald, 198, 209
Wealth, 495
Weber, Max, 235, 341, 403-404
Webster, Noah, 298, 480
Weinberger, Caspar, 154, 167
Weinstock, Sir Arnold, 395
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke
of, 193
Wesley, John, 56
Westland Helicopter crisis, 90
Westmoreland, William, 26, 214-215
Weygand, Maxime, 206, 211-212
Where's the Rest of Me? (Reagan),
278, 531-532
Whitman, Walt, 303
Wilde, Oscar, 555, 557
Wilhelm n, Kaiser, 246, 341, 359
Wilkes, John, 56 ,
William III, King of England, 283
Wilson, Harold, 27, 80, 99-100,
147, 152, 162, 272-2H, 531
Wilson, Michael, 526-527
Wilson, Woodrow, 167
Windsor, Duchess of (Wallis Simpson),
502, 518-520, 523
Windsor, Edward, Duke of, 502,
518-519
Wine, 316-317, 373
Winfrey, Oprah, 514, 515, 517
Wingate, Orde, 210-211, 226
Wiretapping, 95, 97, 292
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 7
Wolfe, James, 209, 214
Wolfe, Tom, 564
Women, 34-35, 134, 490-491
Working class, 236
World Bank, 23, 81, 86-88, 408
World War I, 156, 177, 180, 194-
206, 217, 222, 342
World War II, 154, 155, 190, 194,
198, 205-213, 217, 222
Wright, Peter, 296

Yeats, William Butler, 548
Yourcenar, Marguerite, 564
Yugoslavia, former, 180

Zadig (Voltaire), 550, 574
Zaharoff, Basil, 157, 521
Zaire (Voltaire), 549
Zen Buddhism, 495
Zola, Emile, 245, 296-297, 405,
406, 409, 414, 537, 553, 557
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