Re: The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of
Posted: Sat Mar 03, 2018 7:24 am
INDEX.
Abinger, Roman villa at, 178
——— castings from Roman villa, with rounded particles, 253
Acids of humus, action on rocks, 240
Africa, dust from, 235
Air, currents of, worms sensitive to, 28
Amount of earth brought to the surface by worms, 129
Ants, intelligence of, 93
Archiac, D, criticisms on my views, 4
Artemisia, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Ash-tree, petioles of, 79
Beaulieu Abbey, burial of the old pavement, 193
——— castings from, with rounded particles, 255
Beaumont, Élie de, on vegetable mould, 2
——— the rubbish underlying great cities, 178
——— the transport of dust, 237
——— the permanence of mould, 289
——— the permanence of ancient tumuli, 290
Beech-forests, stones not buried under by castings, 144
Bengal, worms of, 123
Bones, crushed, burial of, under castings, 146
Brading, Roman villa at, 199
———, castings from, with rounded particles, 254
Bridgman, Mr., on worms eating leaves of a Phlox, 33
Buckman, on grasses profiting by being rolled, 10
Burial of the remains of ancient buildings by worms, 176
Burrows, depth of, 109
——— direction of, on a slope, 270
——— excavation of, 98
——— lined with black earth, 111
——— lined with leaves, 112
——— mouths of, worms lie motionless near, 15
——— old, their collapse, 118
——— plugged up, 58
——— terminating in a small chamber, often lined with stones or seeds, 114
Calciferous glands, 17, 43
Cannibal worms, 36
Carnagie, Mr., depth of burrows, 114
Castings, acid, 52
——— from Beaulieu, 101
——— tower-like, near Nice, 106
——— ejection of, 116
——— tower-like, from near Calcutta, 123
——— of great size on the Nilgiri Mountains, 126
——— weight of, from a single burrow and from a given area, 160
——— thickness of layer formed from, during a year, 169
——— ejected over ancient buildings, 253
——— flowing down slopes, 261
——— washed away, 272
——— dry, disintegration of, 275
——— blown to leeward, 283
Cells, free, with calcareous matter in the calciferous glands, 47
Cellulose, digestion of, 37
Chalk-formation, surface of, much denuded, 137
Chalk, residue of, forming a superficial deposit, 138
——— fragments of, soon buried and corroded, 139
——— formation of mould over, 297
Chedworth, Roman villa of, 197
Circular trenches near Stonehenge, 287
Claparède, structure of the intestines of worms, 19
——— on the salivary glands of worms, 42
——— on the calciferous glands, 44
——— the pharynx adapted for suction, 56
——— doubts whether earth serves worms as food, 102, 105
——— on the gizzards of worms, 246
Clematis, petioles of, used in plugging up burrows, 58, 77
Cobra-snake, intelligence of, 94
Collapsing of old burrows, 118
Concluding remarks, 305
Concretions of lime in the anterior calciferous glands, 45
——— calcareous, use of, 54
Corals, mud derived from, 256
Corniche Road, disintegrated castings on, 276, 281
Croll, Mr., on denudation, 233
Crowns or ridges on old ploughed fields, 292
Currents of air, worms sensitive to, 28
Dancer, Mr., on the action and number of worms, 146, 159
Deafness of worms, 26
Débris, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
Decay of leaves not hastened by the secretion with which they are bathed, 38
Denudation of the land, 230
Depth to which worms burrow, 109
Digaster, 246
Digestion of worms, 37
——— extra-stomachal, 43
Disintegration of rocks, aided by worms, 240
Distribution of worms, 120
Down, amount of earth here brought annually to the surface, 137
Downs near Winchester, valleys in, 301
Dust, distance transported, 235-237
Earth, amount of, brought to the surface by worms, 129
——— amount of, which flows down a given slope, 266
——— swallowed as food, 100
——— weight of, ejected from a single burrow, 160
Eisen, number of species of worms, 9
——— depth of burrows, 110
Ejection of castings, 116
Embankments on hill-sides, 278, 282
Encampments, ancient, 290
Ernst, Dr., on worms at Caracas, 121
Excavation of the burrows, 98
Fabre, M., on the instincts of Sphex, 93
Farrer, Mr. T. H., on the Roman villa at Abinger, 178-188
Fat eaten by worms, 36
Fields formerly ploughed, 292
Fish, Mr., criticisms on my views, 6
Flints, standing vertically in the residue over the chalk, 138
——— acted on externally and internally by atmospheric agencies, 245
Flowing down of castings, 261
Fluid, digestive, of worms, 37
Food of worms, leaves, 35
——— earth, 100
Foster, Michael, on the pancreatic ferment, 37
——— on the acidity of the contents of the intestines, 52
Foundations, deep, of the Roman buildings at Wroxeter, 227
Furrows on old ploughed fields, 292
Galton, Mr., on the number of dead worms, 14
Geikie, Archibald, on Denudation, 233
——— controverts É. de Beaumonts views on Denudation, 289
———, James, controverts Richthofens views, 237
——— on glaciated rocks, 245
Geographical distribution of worms, 120
Gizzards of worms, 246
Glands, calciferous, 17, 43
——— function of, 49
Glen Roy, evidence of rarity of debacles, 260
Haast, Von, on aboriginal instruments in New Zealand found buried, 147
Hearing, sense of, 26
Heat, perception of, 25
Heaths, inhabited by few worms, except where paths cross them, 10
Hensen on the number of worms in gardens, 5
——— on worms not subsisting on earth, 108
——— depth of burrows, 110
——— on number of worms living in a given area, 158
——— on the composition of mould, 238
——— on the amount of humus formed by two worms, 310
Henslow, Prof., on ledges on hill-sides, 278
Hoffmeister, number of species of worms, 9
——— on worms hybernating in company, 34
——— perception of light by worms, 20, 22
——— on the enemies of worms, 62
——— depth of burrows, 110
——— on hybernation of worms, 114
Hooker, Sir J., on ledges of earth on the Himalaya, 278
Humus acids, action of on rocks, 240, 244
Instinct of worms, 35
Intelligence of worms, 35, 64
Intestines of worms, their contents acid, 51
Islands, inhabited by worms, 120
Johnson, Dr. H., on the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 222-228
——— on ammonia in worm-castings, 242
Johnson, S. W., 'How Crops Feed, 242
Joyce, Rev. J. G., on the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
Julien, Mr. A. A., on the composition of peat, 238
——— on the humus acids, 240, 244
Key, Rev. H., on the burial of cinders by worms, 146
King, Dr., on the formation of mould in forests in France, 5
——— on castings near Nice, 106, 117
——— on great castings on the Nilgiri Mountains and in Ceylon, 126
——— weight of castings near Nice, 163
——— on disintegrated castings on the Corniche road, 276, 281
——— on the washing away of the castings on the Nilgiri Mountains, 274
Knole Park, beech-woods, worms absent, 12
Koninck, De, on the disintegration of rocks, 235
Laburnum leaves, 67
Land, denudation of, 230
Lankester, Ray, on the structure of worms, 18
——— on worms from Kerguelen Land, 121
La Plata, dust storms of, 236
Layard, Mr., on the habits of the cobra, 94
Leaves, worms distinguish the taste of different kinds, 32
——— consumed by worms, 35
——— their decay not hastened by the alkaline secretion with which they are bathed, 38
——— decayed, generate acids, 50
——— used in plugging up burrows, 65
——— used to line burrows, 112
Ledges of earth on hill-sides, 278
Léon, F., on the digestive fluid of worms, 38
Light, perception of, by worms, 20
Lime, carbonate, concretions of, 45
Maer Hall, amount of earth brought to surface, 130
Mallett, Mr., on the sinking of the ground under great buildings, 158
Meat, raw, eaten by worms, 36
Mental qualities of worms, 34
Mint, leaves of, only nibbled, 33
Mississippi, drainage area of, 233
Möbius on the habits of a pike, 94
Moniligaster, 246
Morren on worms surviving long immersion, 13
——— on worms lying motionless near mouths of their burrows, 15
Morren on worms eating sugar, 36
——— on the disappearance of the calciferous glands during winter, 48
——— on stones in the gizzards of worms, 247, 249
Mould, thickness of, annually ejected by worms, 169
——— thickness of, over Roman remains at Chedworth, 199
——— nature and thickness of, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 218
——— thickness of, at Wroxeter, 223
——— formation and thickness of, over the chalk, 297
Mountains, worms absent from, 12
Müller, Fritz, on the worms in South Brazil, 121
Nice, castings near, 106
——— disintegrated castings near, 276
Night, worms leave their burrows, 14
Nilgiri Mountains, castings on, 126
Objects strewed on the surface soon buried under castings, 130
Obliteration of old furrows on ploughed land, 292
Odours, degree of sensitiveness to, by worms, 29
Pancreatic secretion, 37
——— not acid, 53
Paper, triangles of, 82
Path, paved, burial of, by worm-castings, 145
Paths inhabited by worms, 10
Pavement, modern, undermined by worms, 192
Pavements, ancient, subsidence of, at Silchester, 212
Peat, formation of, 239
Percolation of earth into the chalk, 297
Perichæta, naturalized near Nice, 106
Perrier, worms surviving long immersion, 13
——— on the calciferous glands, 44
——— on the action of the pharynx, 56
——— on the burrowing power of worms, 99
——— on naturalized worms, 106
——— on worms killed by acetic acid, 159
——— on the gizzards of worms, 246, 249
Petioles of Clematis, 77
——— of the ash, 79
Pharynx, action of, 56
Pike, stupidity of, 94
Pine-leaves used in plugging up burrows, 58, 70
——— lining burrows, 112
Pipes, formation of, in the chalk, 137
Playfair on Denudation, 290
Ploughed fields, old, 292
Plugging up of the burrows, 58
——— use of the process, 62
Prehension, power of, by worms, 56
Qualities, mental, of worms, 34
Ramsay, Mr., on the sinking of a pavement undermined by worms, 192
——— on Denudation, 231
Remains, ancient, buried by worms, 176
Rhododendron leaves, 69
Richthofen on dust deposits in China, 237
Robinia, petioles of, 81
Rocks, disintegration of, aided by worms, 240
——— triturated in the gizzards of worms, 249
Rolling down of dry castings, 275
Romanes, Mr., on the intelligence of animals, 95
Sachs on living roots corroding rocks, 243
Sage, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Saliva, doubtful whether any secreted by worms, 42
Saussure, H. De, on brick-pebbles, 254
Schmulewitsch on the digestion of cellulose, 37
Scott, Mr. J., on worms near Calcutta, 123
Seeds preserved in the burrows of worms, 115
Semper on various animals swallowing sand, 102
Senses of worms, 19
Silchester, old Roman town, 201
Silica, colloid, acted on by the humus acids, 242
Sinking of the pavements at Silchester, 212
Sites inhabited by worms, 9
Smell, sense of, 29
Social feelings of worms, 34
Sorby, Mr., on the trituration of small particles of rock, 257
Starch eaten by worms, 36
——— digestion of the granules in the cells of leaves, 41
St. Catherine's Hill, near Winchester, 302
Stones, great, undermined by worms at Leith Hill and at Stonehenge, 148
——— small, heaped over burrows, 60
——— small, in the gizzards of worms, 247
——— rounded in the gizzards of worms, 249
Stonehenge, great stones of, undermined by worms, 154
——— circular trenches near, 287
Structure of worms, 16
Subsidence of the pavements at Silchester, 212
Suction, power of, 56
Sugar eaten by worms, 36
Summary of whole book, 305
Surface, objects strewed on, buried under castings, 130
Taste, power of, 32
Thickness of the layer of mould annually ejected by worms, 169
——— of the mould over the remains at Chedworth, 199
——— of the mould over the remains at Silchester, 218
——— of the mould over the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 223
Thyme, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Touch, worms highly sensitive to, 28
Triangles of paper, 82
Trituration of particles of rock in the gizzards of worms, 249
Tumuli, ancient, 290
Tylor, Mr. A., on Denudation, 233
Tylor, Mr. E., on anciently ploughed land, 293
Typhosolis, 19
Utricularia, bladders of, 109
Vibrations, worms sensitive to, 27
Vision, power of, in worms, 20
Walls, ancient, at Abinger, penetrated by worms, 188
——— penetrated by worms at Silchester, 209
Washing away of castings, 272
Wedgwood, Mr., on the formation of mould, 3
Weight of earth ejected from a single burrow, 160
Whitaker, Mr., on Denudation, 232
White, on worms leaving their burrows at night, 14
Winchester, chalk formation near, 301
Wind, action of, on castings, 283
Worms, nocturnal, 13
——— large numbers occasionally die, 14
——— dead eaten by other worms, 36
Worms, contents of intestines, acid, 51
——— their castings, acid, 52
——— power of suction, 56
——— plugging up their burrows, 58
——— intelligence of, 64
——— formation of their burrows, 98
——— number of, living in a given area, 158
——— penetrating ancient walls, 188, 209
——— gizzards of, and the trituration of the containe stones, 246
——— prefer to live in fine earth, 291
Wright, Mr., on the age of Wroxeter, 221
Wroxeter, old Roman town of, 221
Abinger, Roman villa at, 178
——— castings from Roman villa, with rounded particles, 253
Acids of humus, action on rocks, 240
Africa, dust from, 235
Air, currents of, worms sensitive to, 28
Amount of earth brought to the surface by worms, 129
Ants, intelligence of, 93
Archiac, D, criticisms on my views, 4
Artemisia, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Ash-tree, petioles of, 79
Beaulieu Abbey, burial of the old pavement, 193
——— castings from, with rounded particles, 255
Beaumont, Élie de, on vegetable mould, 2
——— the rubbish underlying great cities, 178
——— the transport of dust, 237
——— the permanence of mould, 289
——— the permanence of ancient tumuli, 290
Beech-forests, stones not buried under by castings, 144
Bengal, worms of, 123
Bones, crushed, burial of, under castings, 146
Brading, Roman villa at, 199
———, castings from, with rounded particles, 254
Bridgman, Mr., on worms eating leaves of a Phlox, 33
Buckman, on grasses profiting by being rolled, 10
Burial of the remains of ancient buildings by worms, 176
Burrows, depth of, 109
——— direction of, on a slope, 270
——— excavation of, 98
——— lined with black earth, 111
——— lined with leaves, 112
——— mouths of, worms lie motionless near, 15
——— old, their collapse, 118
——— plugged up, 58
——— terminating in a small chamber, often lined with stones or seeds, 114
Calciferous glands, 17, 43
Cannibal worms, 36
Carnagie, Mr., depth of burrows, 114
Castings, acid, 52
——— from Beaulieu, 101
——— tower-like, near Nice, 106
——— ejection of, 116
——— tower-like, from near Calcutta, 123
——— of great size on the Nilgiri Mountains, 126
——— weight of, from a single burrow and from a given area, 160
——— thickness of layer formed from, during a year, 169
——— ejected over ancient buildings, 253
——— flowing down slopes, 261
——— washed away, 272
——— dry, disintegration of, 275
——— blown to leeward, 283
Cells, free, with calcareous matter in the calciferous glands, 47
Cellulose, digestion of, 37
Chalk-formation, surface of, much denuded, 137
Chalk, residue of, forming a superficial deposit, 138
——— fragments of, soon buried and corroded, 139
——— formation of mould over, 297
Chedworth, Roman villa of, 197
Circular trenches near Stonehenge, 287
Claparède, structure of the intestines of worms, 19
——— on the salivary glands of worms, 42
——— on the calciferous glands, 44
——— the pharynx adapted for suction, 56
——— doubts whether earth serves worms as food, 102, 105
——— on the gizzards of worms, 246
Clematis, petioles of, used in plugging up burrows, 58, 77
Cobra-snake, intelligence of, 94
Collapsing of old burrows, 118
Concluding remarks, 305
Concretions of lime in the anterior calciferous glands, 45
——— calcareous, use of, 54
Corals, mud derived from, 256
Corniche Road, disintegrated castings on, 276, 281
Croll, Mr., on denudation, 233
Crowns or ridges on old ploughed fields, 292
Currents of air, worms sensitive to, 28
Dancer, Mr., on the action and number of worms, 146, 159
Deafness of worms, 26
Débris, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
Decay of leaves not hastened by the secretion with which they are bathed, 38
Denudation of the land, 230
Depth to which worms burrow, 109
Digaster, 246
Digestion of worms, 37
——— extra-stomachal, 43
Disintegration of rocks, aided by worms, 240
Distribution of worms, 120
Down, amount of earth here brought annually to the surface, 137
Downs near Winchester, valleys in, 301
Dust, distance transported, 235-237
Earth, amount of, brought to the surface by worms, 129
——— amount of, which flows down a given slope, 266
——— swallowed as food, 100
——— weight of, ejected from a single burrow, 160
Eisen, number of species of worms, 9
——— depth of burrows, 110
Ejection of castings, 116
Embankments on hill-sides, 278, 282
Encampments, ancient, 290
Ernst, Dr., on worms at Caracas, 121
Excavation of the burrows, 98
Fabre, M., on the instincts of Sphex, 93
Farrer, Mr. T. H., on the Roman villa at Abinger, 178-188
Fat eaten by worms, 36
Fields formerly ploughed, 292
Fish, Mr., criticisms on my views, 6
Flints, standing vertically in the residue over the chalk, 138
——— acted on externally and internally by atmospheric agencies, 245
Flowing down of castings, 261
Fluid, digestive, of worms, 37
Food of worms, leaves, 35
——— earth, 100
Foster, Michael, on the pancreatic ferment, 37
——— on the acidity of the contents of the intestines, 52
Foundations, deep, of the Roman buildings at Wroxeter, 227
Furrows on old ploughed fields, 292
Galton, Mr., on the number of dead worms, 14
Geikie, Archibald, on Denudation, 233
——— controverts É. de Beaumonts views on Denudation, 289
———, James, controverts Richthofens views, 237
——— on glaciated rocks, 245
Geographical distribution of worms, 120
Gizzards of worms, 246
Glands, calciferous, 17, 43
——— function of, 49
Glen Roy, evidence of rarity of debacles, 260
Haast, Von, on aboriginal instruments in New Zealand found buried, 147
Hearing, sense of, 26
Heat, perception of, 25
Heaths, inhabited by few worms, except where paths cross them, 10
Hensen on the number of worms in gardens, 5
——— on worms not subsisting on earth, 108
——— depth of burrows, 110
——— on number of worms living in a given area, 158
——— on the composition of mould, 238
——— on the amount of humus formed by two worms, 310
Henslow, Prof., on ledges on hill-sides, 278
Hoffmeister, number of species of worms, 9
——— on worms hybernating in company, 34
——— perception of light by worms, 20, 22
——— on the enemies of worms, 62
——— depth of burrows, 110
——— on hybernation of worms, 114
Hooker, Sir J., on ledges of earth on the Himalaya, 278
Humus acids, action of on rocks, 240, 244
Instinct of worms, 35
Intelligence of worms, 35, 64
Intestines of worms, their contents acid, 51
Islands, inhabited by worms, 120
Johnson, Dr. H., on the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 222-228
——— on ammonia in worm-castings, 242
Johnson, S. W., 'How Crops Feed, 242
Joyce, Rev. J. G., on the Roman remains at Silchester, 201
Julien, Mr. A. A., on the composition of peat, 238
——— on the humus acids, 240, 244
Key, Rev. H., on the burial of cinders by worms, 146
King, Dr., on the formation of mould in forests in France, 5
——— on castings near Nice, 106, 117
——— on great castings on the Nilgiri Mountains and in Ceylon, 126
——— weight of castings near Nice, 163
——— on disintegrated castings on the Corniche road, 276, 281
——— on the washing away of the castings on the Nilgiri Mountains, 274
Knole Park, beech-woods, worms absent, 12
Koninck, De, on the disintegration of rocks, 235
Laburnum leaves, 67
Land, denudation of, 230
Lankester, Ray, on the structure of worms, 18
——— on worms from Kerguelen Land, 121
La Plata, dust storms of, 236
Layard, Mr., on the habits of the cobra, 94
Leaves, worms distinguish the taste of different kinds, 32
——— consumed by worms, 35
——— their decay not hastened by the alkaline secretion with which they are bathed, 38
——— decayed, generate acids, 50
——— used in plugging up burrows, 65
——— used to line burrows, 112
Ledges of earth on hill-sides, 278
Léon, F., on the digestive fluid of worms, 38
Light, perception of, by worms, 20
Lime, carbonate, concretions of, 45
Maer Hall, amount of earth brought to surface, 130
Mallett, Mr., on the sinking of the ground under great buildings, 158
Meat, raw, eaten by worms, 36
Mental qualities of worms, 34
Mint, leaves of, only nibbled, 33
Mississippi, drainage area of, 233
Möbius on the habits of a pike, 94
Moniligaster, 246
Morren on worms surviving long immersion, 13
——— on worms lying motionless near mouths of their burrows, 15
Morren on worms eating sugar, 36
——— on the disappearance of the calciferous glands during winter, 48
——— on stones in the gizzards of worms, 247, 249
Mould, thickness of, annually ejected by worms, 169
——— thickness of, over Roman remains at Chedworth, 199
——— nature and thickness of, over the Roman remains at Silchester, 218
——— thickness of, at Wroxeter, 223
——— formation and thickness of, over the chalk, 297
Mountains, worms absent from, 12
Müller, Fritz, on the worms in South Brazil, 121
Nice, castings near, 106
——— disintegrated castings near, 276
Night, worms leave their burrows, 14
Nilgiri Mountains, castings on, 126
Objects strewed on the surface soon buried under castings, 130
Obliteration of old furrows on ploughed land, 292
Odours, degree of sensitiveness to, by worms, 29
Pancreatic secretion, 37
——— not acid, 53
Paper, triangles of, 82
Path, paved, burial of, by worm-castings, 145
Paths inhabited by worms, 10
Pavement, modern, undermined by worms, 192
Pavements, ancient, subsidence of, at Silchester, 212
Peat, formation of, 239
Percolation of earth into the chalk, 297
Perichæta, naturalized near Nice, 106
Perrier, worms surviving long immersion, 13
——— on the calciferous glands, 44
——— on the action of the pharynx, 56
——— on the burrowing power of worms, 99
——— on naturalized worms, 106
——— on worms killed by acetic acid, 159
——— on the gizzards of worms, 246, 249
Petioles of Clematis, 77
——— of the ash, 79
Pharynx, action of, 56
Pike, stupidity of, 94
Pine-leaves used in plugging up burrows, 58, 70
——— lining burrows, 112
Pipes, formation of, in the chalk, 137
Playfair on Denudation, 290
Ploughed fields, old, 292
Plugging up of the burrows, 58
——— use of the process, 62
Prehension, power of, by worms, 56
Qualities, mental, of worms, 34
Ramsay, Mr., on the sinking of a pavement undermined by worms, 192
——— on Denudation, 231
Remains, ancient, buried by worms, 176
Rhododendron leaves, 69
Richthofen on dust deposits in China, 237
Robinia, petioles of, 81
Rocks, disintegration of, aided by worms, 240
——— triturated in the gizzards of worms, 249
Rolling down of dry castings, 275
Romanes, Mr., on the intelligence of animals, 95
Sachs on living roots corroding rocks, 243
Sage, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Saliva, doubtful whether any secreted by worms, 42
Saussure, H. De, on brick-pebbles, 254
Schmulewitsch on the digestion of cellulose, 37
Scott, Mr. J., on worms near Calcutta, 123
Seeds preserved in the burrows of worms, 115
Semper on various animals swallowing sand, 102
Senses of worms, 19
Silchester, old Roman town, 201
Silica, colloid, acted on by the humus acids, 242
Sinking of the pavements at Silchester, 212
Sites inhabited by worms, 9
Smell, sense of, 29
Social feelings of worms, 34
Sorby, Mr., on the trituration of small particles of rock, 257
Starch eaten by worms, 36
——— digestion of the granules in the cells of leaves, 41
St. Catherine's Hill, near Winchester, 302
Stones, great, undermined by worms at Leith Hill and at Stonehenge, 148
——— small, heaped over burrows, 60
——— small, in the gizzards of worms, 247
——— rounded in the gizzards of worms, 249
Stonehenge, great stones of, undermined by worms, 154
——— circular trenches near, 287
Structure of worms, 16
Subsidence of the pavements at Silchester, 212
Suction, power of, 56
Sugar eaten by worms, 36
Summary of whole book, 305
Surface, objects strewed on, buried under castings, 130
Taste, power of, 32
Thickness of the layer of mould annually ejected by worms, 169
——— of the mould over the remains at Chedworth, 199
——— of the mould over the remains at Silchester, 218
——— of the mould over the Roman remains at Wroxeter, 223
Thyme, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33
Touch, worms highly sensitive to, 28
Triangles of paper, 82
Trituration of particles of rock in the gizzards of worms, 249
Tumuli, ancient, 290
Tylor, Mr. A., on Denudation, 233
Tylor, Mr. E., on anciently ploughed land, 293
Typhosolis, 19
Utricularia, bladders of, 109
Vibrations, worms sensitive to, 27
Vision, power of, in worms, 20
Walls, ancient, at Abinger, penetrated by worms, 188
——— penetrated by worms at Silchester, 209
Washing away of castings, 272
Wedgwood, Mr., on the formation of mould, 3
Weight of earth ejected from a single burrow, 160
Whitaker, Mr., on Denudation, 232
White, on worms leaving their burrows at night, 14
Winchester, chalk formation near, 301
Wind, action of, on castings, 283
Worms, nocturnal, 13
——— large numbers occasionally die, 14
——— dead eaten by other worms, 36
Worms, contents of intestines, acid, 51
——— their castings, acid, 52
——— power of suction, 56
——— plugging up their burrows, 58
——— intelligence of, 64
——— formation of their burrows, 98
——— number of, living in a given area, 158
——— penetrating ancient walls, 188, 209
——— gizzards of, and the trituration of the containe stones, 246
——— prefer to live in fine earth, 291
Wright, Mr., on the age of Wroxeter, 221
Wroxeter, old Roman town of, 221